Manganese

54.94

54.93800

231-869-6

42Z2K6ZL8P

0174

3089

DTXSID2024169

Hard grey metal|Steel grey, lustrous, hard, brittle metal|Alpha is body centered cubic; beta is cubic; delta is body centered cubic.|Gamma or electrolytic manganese is face centered cubic; when stabilized at room temp it is face-centered tetragonal.|For more Color/Form (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

81110011

0

0.00000

Gray-brown to brown-black Powder

7.44 g/cm³

1244 °C

2095 °C

soluble in diluted acids. Insoluble in water.

2-8°C

0 mmHg (approx)

Oral-Rat LD50: 9000 mg/kg

Inflammable in case of open flame, high temperature and oxidant; inflammable hydrogen is generated in case of water and acid

Burns with white light when heated in air.

One stable isotope: 55; exists in 4 allotropic forms: alpha form: body-centered cubic, stable below approx. 710 °C, density (at 20 °C): 7.47; beta form: cubic, stable in the range 710-1079 °C, density (at 20 °C): 7.26; gamma form or electrolytic manganese: face-centered cubic, stable in the range 1079-1143 °C, density (at 1100 °C): 6.37; delta form: body-centered cubic, stable in the range 1143 °C to melting point, density (at 1143 °C): 6.28; gamma manganese when stabilized at room temperature is face-centered tetragonal, density (at 20 °C): 7.21; melting point: 1244 °C; boiling point: 2095 °C|Superficially oxidized on exposure to air. Burns with an intense white light when heated in air. Decomposes in water slowly in the cold, rapidly on heating; pure electrolytic manganese is not attacked by steam. Reacts with dilute mineral acids with evolution of hydrogen and formation of divalent manganous salts. Reacts with aqueous solns of sodium or potassium bicarbonate. When heated in nitrogen above 2000 °C burns to form a nitride. Converted by fluorine into the di- and trifluoride, by chlorine into the dichloride. In form of powder reduces most metallic oxides on heating. On heating, reacts directly with carbon, phosphorous, antimony or arsenic.|When stabilized at room temp, gamma has mp of 1244 °C and bp of 2095 °C|Specific heat 0.115 cal/g/deg C; latent heat of fusion 3.5 kcal/g-atom|COLORS GLASS AN AMETHYST COLOR, & IS RESPONSIBLE FOR COLOR OF TRUE AMETHYST|GAMMA FORM CHANGES TO ALPHA AT ORDINARY TEMP|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Manganese dust (finely divided) has been known to be pyrophoric. During a fire in an industrial bag filter, a mixture of aluminum and manganese dusts was released and an explosion resulted [Occ. Haz. 28:185-7. 1946-47].

Metals, Less Reactive

Pyrophoric

Manganese dust(finely divided) has been known to be pyrophoric. Powdered manganese ignites in chlorine and burns brilliantly; with fluorine the reaction takes place with incandescence [Mellor 12:185, 344. 1946-47]. Concentrated nitric acid reacts with manganese with incandescence and a feeble explosion [Mellor 12:188. 1946-47]. Manganese or potassium ignites in nitrogen dioxide [Ann. Chim. et Phys.(2) 2:317]. Manganese burns with a brilliant flame when heated in sulfur dioxide vapor [Mellor 12:187. 1946-47]. Contact with conc. hydrogen peroxide causes violent decomposition and/or ignition.

MANGANESE DUST CLOUDS HAVE MINIMAL IGNITION TEMP OF 450 °C. ... THE LIMITING OXYGEN (O2) PERCENTAGE PREVENTING IGNITION OF DUST CLOUD IS 15.

Metal: Combustible Solid

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air.

Latent heat of vaporization at boiling point: 4020 J/g

III

8

UN 3264 8/PG 3

2

36/38-15-11-34-23/24/25-2017/11/15

45-43-26-36-36/37/39-27

OO9625000

F,Xi,T,C

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored separately from oxidants and acids

Explosive when mixed with oxidant

Stable. Incompatible with water, strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, phosphorus.

P223-P231 + P232-P370 + P378-P422

H260

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Will react with water or steam to produce hydrogen; can react with oxidizing materials.|During a fire in an industrial bag filter, a mixture of aluminum and manganese dust was inadvertently released from the hopper below the bag and a drastic explosion resulted.|Heated manganese ignites in chlorine and burns brilliantly. Powdered manganese ignites in chlorine and burns brilliantly.|Concentrated nitric acid reacts with powdered manganese with incandescence and ... /an/ explosion.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]: May react violently or explosively on contact with water. Some are transported in flammable liquids. May be ignited by friction, heat, sparks or flames. Some of these materials will burn with intense heat. Dusts or fumes may form explosive mixtures in air. Containers may explode when heated. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. (ERG, 2016)|Combustible. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.|Flammable - 3rd degree, Reactive - 1st degree

|Warning|H228 (21.04%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]|P210, P240, P241, P264, P273, P280, P305+P351+P338, P337+P313, P370+P378, P391, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 2678 companies from 19 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Danger|H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]|P260, P264, P270, P314, and P501|H316: Causes mild skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P281, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P308+P313, P314, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 50 meters (160 feet). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 170 [Metals (Powders, Dusts, Shavings, Borings, Turnings, or Cuttings, etc.)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2016)

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body. Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection. Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift). Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated. Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the work shift. (NIOSH, 2016)|Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. Safety equipment suppliers/manufacturers can provide recommendations on the most protective glove/clothing material for your operation. All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available for work each day, and put on before work. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear dust-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full face-piece respiratory protection is worn. Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash.|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 10 mg/cu m /Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn)/: [Table#1628]|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 25 mg/cu m /Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn)/: [Table#1629]|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 50 mg/cu m /Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn)/: [Table#1630]|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|(See protection codes)

MODERATE, IN FORM OF DUST OR POWDER, WHEN EXPOSED TO FLAME.

Explosion Hazard: Moderate, in form of dust, when exposed to flame.|The minimum explosive concentration is 125 oz/1000 cu feet producing a maximal explosion pressure of 50 PSI ... .|Burns with white light when heated in air.

Use dry chemical to extinguish.

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area after cleanup is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped. OSHA 1910.120(q) may be applicable.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.|Prevention of manganese poisoning is primarily a question of suppression of toxic dusts & fumes. Good general ventilation of dust & fumes at source is essential. Airline respiratory protection equipment as well as independent respirators have to be used in specific situations to avoid excessive short-term exposures. /Manganese, alloys and cmpd/|High std of personal hygiene is essential, & personal cleanliness & adequate sanitary facilities, clothing & time must be provided so that compulsory showering after work, a change of clothes & a ban on eating at work place can be effected. Smoking at work should be prohibited as well. /Manganese, alloys and cmpd/|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Manganese dust and fumes are irritants to the eyes and mucous membranes of the respiratory tract ...

Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 1 mg/cu m; STEL 3 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Manganese cmpd and fume (as Mn)/|Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 Ceiling value: 5 mg/cu m. /Manganese cmpd (as Mn)/|Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 Ceiling value: 5 mg/cu m. /Manganese fume (as Mn)/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 1 mg/cu m. /Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn)/|Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 Min Short-Term Exposure Limit: 3 mg/cu m. /Manganese compounds and fume (as Mn)/

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Separated from acids. Dry.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

The aerosol is irritating to the respiratory tract.

The substance may have effects on the lungs and central nervous system. This may result in increased susceptibility to bronchitis, pneumonitis and neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders (manganism). Animal tests show that this substance possibly causes toxicity to human reproduction or development.

NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID EXPOSURE OF (PREGNANT) WOMEN!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.

Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990, directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Manganese is included on this list.|... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, form ambient air exposure to the substance. Manganese (50 FR 32627; Aug. 13, 1985) is included on this list.

Manganese is a naturally occurring metal that is found in many types of rocks. Pure manganese is silver-colored, but does not occur naturally. It combines with other substances such as oxygen, sulfur, or chlorine. Manganese can also be combined with carbon to make organic manganese compounds. Common organic manganese compounds include pesticides, such as maneb or mancozeb, and methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl (MMT), a fuel additive in some gasolines.Manganese is an essential trace element and is necessary for good health. Manganese can be found in several food items, including grains and cereals, and is found in high amounts in other foods, such as tea.|Manganese is naturally occurring in the environment. Manganese is essential for normal physiologic functioning in humans and animals, and exposure to low levels of manganese in the diet is considered to be nutritionally essential in humans. Chronic (long-term) exposure to high levels of manganese by inhalation in humans may result in central nervous system (CNS) effects. Visual reaction time, hand steadiness, and eye- hand coordination were affected in chronically-exposed workers. A syndrome named manganism may result from chronic exposure to higher levels; manganism is characterized by feelings of weakness and lethargy, tremors, a mask-like face, and psychological disturbances. Respiratory effects have also been noted in workers chronically exposed to manganese bearing particles by inhalation.

practically nontoxic

ON THE PACIFIC FLOOR ALONE, THERE IS AN ESTIMATED 400 BILLION METRIC TONS ... .

A group of chemical elements that are needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of an organism. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) (See all compounds classified as Trace Elements.)

... This study investigated the tissue distribution of manganese in iron-sufficient and iron-deficient rats after welding-fume exposure. The feeding of an iron-deficient diet for 4 wk produced a depletion of body iron, such as decreased iron levels in the serum and tissues, and upregulated the divalent metal transporter 1 expression in the rat duodenum. The iron-sufficient and iron-deficient rats were then exposed to welding fumes generated from manual metal arc stainless steel at a concentration of 63.5 +/- 2.3 mg/cu m for 2 hr per day over a 30-day period. Animals were sacrificed on days 1, 15, and 30. The level of body iron in the iron-deficient rats was restored to the control level after the welding-fume exposure. However, the tissue distributions of manganese after the welding-fume exposure showed similar patterns in both the iron-sufficient and iron-deficient groups. The concentration of manganese increased in the lungs and liver on days 15 and 30, and increased in the olfactory bulb on day 30. Slight and heterogeneous increases of manganese were observed in different brain regions. Consequently, these findings suggest that the presence of Fe in the inhaled welding fumes may not have a significant effect on the uptake of Mn into the brain. Thus, the condition of iron deficiency did not seem to have any apparent effect on the transport of Mn into the brain after the inhalation of welding fumes.|... To investigate the movement of manganese after welding-fume exposure, six cynomolgus monkeys were acclimated and assigned to three dose groups: unexposed, low dose (31 mg/cu m total suspended particulate [TSP], 0.9 mg/cu m of Mn), and high dose (62 mg/cu m TSP, 1.95 mg/cu m of Mn) of total suspended particulate. The primates were exposed to manual metal arc stainless steel (MMA-SS) welding fumes for 2 hr per day in an inhalation chamber system equipped with an automatic fume generator. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were conducted before the initiation of exposure and thereafter every month. The tissue Mn concentrations were then measured after a plateau was reached regarding the shortening of the MRI T1 relaxation time. A dose-dependent increase in the Mn concentration was found in the lungs, while noticeable increases in the Mn concentrations were found in certain tissues, such as the liver, kidneys, and testes. Slight increases in the Mn concentrations were found in the caudate, putamen, frontal lobe, and substantia nigra, while a dose-dependent noticeable increase was only found in the globus pallidus. Therefore, the present results indicated that a shortening of the MRI T1 relaxation time corresponded well with the Mn concentration in the globus pallidus after prolonged welding-fume exposure.

Exposure Routes: inhalation, ingestion Symptoms: Parkinson's; asthenia, insomnia, mental confusion; metal fume fever: dry throat, cough, chest tightness, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), rales, flu-like fever; low-back pain; vomiting; malaise (vague feeling of discomfort); lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); kidney damage Target Organs: respiratory system, central nervous system, blood, kidneys (NIOSH, 2016)

Breathing: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. Swallow: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2016)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Manganese and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Manganese and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Manganese and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In its acute form, manganese poisoning has the effect, characteristic of other heavy metals if /dust or fume is/ inhaled in sufficient quantity, of producing "metal fume fever".|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The authors ... compared the clinical features of 15 career welders, who were ascertained through an academic movement disorders center and compared to two control groups with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). One control group was ascertained sequentially to compare the frequency of clinical features, and the second control group was sex- and age-matched to compare the frequency of motor fluctuations. ... Welders were exposed to a mean of 47,144 welding hours. Welders had a younger age at onset (46 years) of PD compared with sequentially ascertained controls (63 years; p < 0.0001). There was no difference in frequency of tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, asymmetric onset, postural instability, family history, clinical depression, dementia, or drug-induced psychosis between the welders and the two control groups. All treated welders responded to levodopa. Motor fluctuations and dyskinesias occurred at a similar frequency in welders and the two control groups. PET with 6-[18F]fluorodopa obtained in two of the welders showed findings typical of idiopathic PD, with greatest loss in posterior putamen. /The authors concluded that/ Parkinsonism in welders is distinguished clinically only by age at onset, suggesting welding may be a risk factor for PD. These preliminary data cannot exclude a genetic contribution to susceptibility in these exposed individuals.|/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ In a cross-sectional study, the serum concentrations of inhibin B and prolactin of 96 male current welders were compared with the concentrations measured in 96 age-matched referents. Also, 23 patients who were all former welders diagnosed as having welding-related manganism were studied. The current welders' geometric mean (GM) airborne exposure to manganese (Mn) was 121 ug/cu m (range 7-2320). The serum concentrations of prolactin adjusted for age and smoking habits (GM 193 mIU/L vs. 166 mIU/L; p=0.047) and inhibin B adjusted for alcohol consumption (arithmetic mean (AM) 151 ng/L vs. 123 ng/L; p=0.001) were higher in the welders compared with the referents. The whole blood Mn concentration was associated with the serum prolactin concentrations. Tobacco smoking resulted in lower serum prolactin concentrations. The GM serum prolactin concentrations of the patients did not significantly differ from that of the referents, but their AM serum inhibin B concentration was statistically significantly lower. The results may suggest an effect of Mn on the pituitary that is reversible upon cessation of exposure. Lower inhibin B concentrations in the patients could point to a functional impairment of the testicular Sertoli cells, that may be caused by a welding fume component or other factors in their work environment.|/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ A battery of neuropsychological tests was administered to a group of 61 ferroalloy male workers and 87 controls. The average (geometric mean) manganese concentrations in total dust at the plant have changed from 1981 to 1997 respectively from 1597.03 ug/cu m to 239 ug/cu m at the furnace area; from 151.53 to 255.76 ug/cu m at the casting area; from 167 to 54.7 ug/cu m at the maintenance (welding operations), yielding a current overall value of 54.25 ug/cu m. A cumulative exposure index was calculated for each alloy worker and the average value (geometric mean) resulted to be 1204.87 ug/cu m x years, which divided by the average length of exposure (15.17 years), showed the concentration of 70.83 ug/cu m of manganese in total dust. Blood and urinary manganese geometric means resulted significantly higher in the exposed workers (9.18 ug/L and 1.53 ug/g creatinine, respectively) than in controls (5.74 ug/L and 0.40 ug/g creatinine, respectively). A positive correlation was observed between the airborne manganese concentrations in total dust and blood manganese (n = 55; R = 0.36; R2 = 0.13; p = 0.0068), whereas no association resulted between cumulative exposure index and both blood manganese and urinary manganese. Higher prevalence of symptoms reporting was observed in the alloy workers concerning irritability, loss of equilibrium and rigidity. Tremor parameters including the central frequency and its dispersion, resulted to be statistically different in the exposed workers compared to the controls. Motor functions exploring the coordination of rapid and alternating movements and memory functions resulted to be impaired in the manganese workers. Dose-effect relationships were observed between the cumulative exposure index and some of the test results, whereas no relationship was found with the airborne manganese concentrations and the biological indicators of exposure. These findings are consistent with the existing knowledge of a cumulative mechanism of action of manganese, which must be carefully considered when setting safe exposure levels. ...|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for MANGANESE, ELEMENTAL (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Manganese

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.|inhalation, ingestion

Manganism; asthenia, insomnia, mental confusion; metal fume fever: dry throat, cough, chest tightness, dyspnea (breathing difficulty), rales, flu-like fever; low-back pain; vomiting; malaise (vague feeling of discomfort); lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); kidney damage

Cough.

Neurological (Nervous System)|respiratory system, central nervous system, blood, kidneys

41% IS USED IN ALLOYS (OTHER THAN STEEL, CAST IRON, AND SUPERALLOYS); 24% FOR CARBON STEEL ALLOYS; 22% FOR STAINLESS AND HEAT RESISTING STEEL ALLOYS; 4% FOR MAKING FULL ALLOYS OF STEEL; 1% FOR HIGH STRENGTH LOW ALLOY STEEL; 3% FOR ELECTRIC AND TOOL STEEL ALLOYS; 1% FOR CAST IRON ALLOYS AND SUPERALLOYS; 4% IN MISC AND UNSPECIFIED APPLICATIONS (1972).|Construction, machinery, and transportation end uses accounted for about 24%, 9%, and 9%, respectively, of manganese demand. Most of the rest went to a variety of other iron and steel applications.

Grades: Technical, pure or electrolytic, powdered.

Aluminum rolling and extrusion|Manganese: ACTIVE|High-carbon ferromanganese (or standard ferromanganese), which contains up to 7.5 percent carbon, is used in larger quantities (primarily by the steel industry) than any other form of manganese.

Chemical Classes -> Inorganic substances|Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs)|Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 3rd degree, Reactive - 1st degree