Malachite green

364.91

364.170624

219-441-7

12058M7ORO

47726

2811

DTXSID1025512

Green crystals with metallic luster

29215900

6.25000

1.39760

Brown Solid

1.0448 (rough estimate)

112-114 °C

520.91°C (rough estimate)

1.5940 (estimate)

Solubility Very soluble in water; soluble in ethanol, methanol, amyl alcohol

Refrigerator

2.4X10-13 mm Hg at 25 deg C /Estimated/

LD50 oral in mouse: 80mg/kg

1% sol in water has a pH of 1.4

Water soln are blue-green; yellow below pH 2; as acid-base indicator; ph: 0.0 yellow; 2.0 green; 11.6 blue-green; 14 colorless.

Very soluble in water.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

C.I. BASIC GREEN 4 neutralizes acids in exothermic reactions to form salts plus water. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen may be generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

III

9

UN 2811 6.1/PG 3

3

22-41-50/53-63

26-36/37/39-46-60-61-39-36/37

BQ1190000

Xn,N

Stable. Substances to be avoided include strong oxidizing agents.

P273-P280-P305 + P351 + P338-P501

H302-H318-H361d-H410

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|A study was designed to (1) determine the type of filter and kind of carbon that was most efficient for removal of malachite green and (2) demonstrate that carbon filters can be used to remove malachite green from water used for egg incubation or to hold adult salmon before spawning. Minicolumn simulation studies showed that removing malachite green from water for 230 days at a flow rate of 500 gal/min for only 62 days at a flow rate of 1,000 gal/min. The removal capacity at the slower flow rate was 1.1 oz of malachite green per pound of carbon. A filter system that contained 20,000 lb of activated carbon in each of two chambers was effective for removal of malachite green from treated water in adult salmon holding ponds at flows of 500 gal/min (6.4 gal/min per sq ft) and greater. The removal efficiency was 99.8% after 105 hr of operation, and the adsorption capacity of the system was projected to be sufficient for 20 or more years of routine hatchery operation. A filter system that contained 2,000 lb of activated carbon in each of two chambers was effective for removal of malachite green from treated water in salmon egg incubation units at the designated flow rate of 50 gal/min (4.0 gal/min per sq ft) and also at faster flow rates. Removal efficiency decreased only slightly for faster flows in both filter systems, and the efficiency improved when treated water was passed through two filter chambers in series.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. For electric vehicles or equipment, ERG Guide 147 (lithium ion batteries) or ERG Guide 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted. (ERG, 2016)

|Danger|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P310, P330, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 38 companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H301 (18.32%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P264, P270, P273, P280, P281, P301+P310, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P321, P330, P391, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 202 companies from 12 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H301 (31.76%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 255 companies from 22 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P264, P270, P273, P280, P281, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P330, P391, P405, and P501|H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P310, P305+P351+P338, P310, P314, P321, P330, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire-control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. (ERG, 2016)

Malachite green had 0% biodegradation after 5 days using a sewage inoculum and the BOD5 test(1). However, ready biodegradability tests, i.e. static flask screening test, Warburg respirometer, and a semicontinuous flow activated sludge system, using acclimated wastewater from a malachite green-producing workshop resulted in a removal rate of greater than 70%, indicating ready biodegradability(2). A Mycobacterium sp has been shown to decolorize a 20 mg/ml solution of malachite green 53% in 2 hrs at 24 °C; the solution was completed decolorized in 22 hrs when incubated at 32 °C(4). The pH remained at 6.8 and the number of cells did not increase(3).|Coagulation with ferrous sulfate, ferric sulfate, and ferric chloride and treatment with ozone were tested for CI Basic Green 4 in wastewater. Effect of coagulation depended largely on pH of solution.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

LD50 Mouse oral 80 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 4.2 mg/kg

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Fingerling channel catfish were exposed to 0.1 mg/L, neutrophilia at 1 & 3 days after treatment was observed. Increases in erythrocyte counts, hemoglobin concentration & hemoblast percentages 3 days after treatment; erythrocytosis after 7 days; hematocrit increases, 14 days; & leukopenia after 21 days.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Prophylactic dip treatments using formalin and malachite green were applied to 4-day old larvae and 12- and 20-day old juveniles of the European common carp, Cyprinus carpio and the African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Treatments consisted of 100 mg/L malachite green for exposure periods of 10, 30 or 90 s and 200 mg/L formalin administered for 30, 60 or 90 min. Larvae and juveniles of Clarias gariepinus could be treated with 100 mg/L malachite green for 10 s, or with 200 mg/L formalin for 30 min, with minimum mortalities. Both chemicals affected the survival of the Clarias gariepinus juveniles, especially the 90 min exposure to formalin. Juveniles of both species were sensitive to 100 mg/L malachite green concentrations.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ...Rainbow trout eggs were treated during incubation with 5 mg/L of malachite green oxalate either every two days, or weekly. Mortality was minimal in the group treated with malachite green/formalin mixture. Residuesof malachite green in fish tissue were significantly greater in the fish treated with 5 mg/L of malachite green (both regimes) than in the fish treated with malachite green/formalin mixture. The residue levels in fry were directly related to the treatment concentration and frequency of treatments during egg incubation.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Exposure of the freshwater catfish H. fossilis to an acute concentration of 0.20 mg dm-3 (1/5th of 4 days LC50) of malachite green for 4 days evoked hepatic and muscle glycogenolysis with concomitant hyperglycemia and chloremia. Exposure of fish to sub-acute 0.10 mg dm-3 (1/10th of 4 days LC50) and sub-lethal 0.05 mg dm-3 (1/20th of 4 days LC50) concentrations of the dye also evoked a significant increase in blood glucose and chloride levels at short (10-20 days) and long (30-60 days) term as well as liver and muscle glycogenolysis at short term.|For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for MALACHITE GREEN (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Male and female F344/N Nctr BR rats and B6C3F1/Nctr BR (C57BL/6N x C3H/HeN MTV-) mice were exposed to malachite green chloride (95% pure) or leucomalachite green (99% pure) (male rats and female mice only) in feed for 28 days. Animals were evaluated for clinical pathology and histopathology. Genetic toxicity studies for malachite green chloride were conducted in vitro in Salmonella typhimurium and in vivo in rat bone marrow erythrocytes and in mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. Genetic toxicity studies for leucomalachite green were conducted in vivo in mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. Groups of 8 male and 8 female rats and mice were fed diets containing 0, 25, 100, 300, 600, or 1,200 ppm malachite green chloride for 28 days. Additional groups of 8 male and 8 female rats designated for thyroid hormone assays were fed diets containing 0 or 1,200 ppm malachite green chloride. Groups of 8 male rats and 8 female mice were fed diets containing 0, 290, 580, or 1,160 ppm leucomalachite green for 28 days. Additional groups of 8 male rats designated for thyroid hormone assays were fed diets containing 0 or 1,160 ppm leucomalachite green. All rats and mice survived to the end of the studies. In the malachite green chloride study, the body weight gain of males rats in the 1,200 ppm group was significantly less than that of the controls. The final mean body weight of female rats and mice in the 1,200 ppm groups and the body weight gains of female rats and mice in the 600 (rats only) and 1,200 ppm groups were significantly less than those of the controls. In the leucomalachite green study, the final mean body weight of male rats and female mice in the 1,160 ppm groups and the mean body weight gains of male rats and female mice in the 580 and 1,160 ppm groups were significantly less than those of the control groups. In the malachite green chloride study, feed consumption by all exposed groups of male and female rats and mice was generally similar to that by the control groups. Exposure concentrations of 25, 100, 300, 600, and 1,200 ppm resulted in average daily doses of 3 to 190 mg malachite green chloride/kg body weight to male and female rats and 5 to 250 mg/kg to male and female mice. In the leucomalachite green study, feed consumption by all groups of exposed male rats was similar to that by the controls. Dietary concentrations of 290, 580, and 1,160 ppm resulted in average daily doses of approximately 30, 60, and 115 mg leucomalachite green/kg body weight to male rats and approximately 62, 110, and 220 mg/kg to female mice. In female rats exposed to malachite green chloride, there was a significant increases in gamma-glutamyltransferase activities with an activity in 1,200 ppm females seven times greater than that in the controls. Likewise, gamma-glutamyltransferase activity in male rats exposed to 1,160 ppm leucomalachite green was twice that in the controls. On days 4 and 21, the concentration of thyroxine was significantly decreased in male rats exposed to 1,160 ppm leucomalachite green and the concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone was significantly increased. /Malachite green chloride/

Malachite green's production and use for directly dyeing silk, wool, jute and leather, in dyeing cotton after mordanting, as a biological stain, clinical reagent (inorganic phosphate assay), as a spot test reagent for detecting sulfurous acid and cerium, as an acid-base indicator(1), and as a dye for paper(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). It also has veterinary applications as a fungicide and parasiticide in fish(1).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Malachite green is a cationic dye(1) and cations generally adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts Volatilization of malachite green from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.9X10-14 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Malachite green is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.4X10-13 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3). A 0% degradation in 5 days using a sewage inoculum and the BOD5 test indicates(4) that biodegradation is not expected to be an important fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Malachite green is a cationic dye(1) and cations adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(2). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.9X10-14 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A 0% degradation in 5 days using a sewage inoculum and the BOD5 test indicates(8) that biodegradation is not expected to be an important fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), malachite green, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.4X10-13 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), as determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase malachite green may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Since malachite green absorbs light at 617 nm)(3), it has the potential for direct photolysis.

Malachite green has an estimated vapor pressure of 2.4X10-13 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), as determined from a fragment constant method(1), and is therefore expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase malachite green may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Malachite green is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). Since malachite green absorbs light in the environmental spectrum (absorbs light at 617 nm)(3), it has the potential for direct photolysis. The photoreaction of malachite green in water results in the formation of 4-dimethylamino benzophenone, the carbinol base of malachite green, and p-dimethylamino phenol(4).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for malachite green(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.62(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Malachite green is a cationic dye(1) and cations adsorb more strongly to organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(2).

The Henry's Law constant for malachite green is estimated as 1.9X10-14 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that malachite green is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Malachite green's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is unlikely to occur(SRC). Malachite green is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 2.4X10-13 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

Malachite green was not detected in 92 of 92 samples of farmed fish analyzed between October 1987 through February 1989, as part of the United Kingdom National Surveillance Scheme of home-produced and imported meat, meat products, and fish(1).

Occupational exposure to malachite green may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where malachite green is produced or used. (SRC)

Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Fungicides, Industrial|MEDICATION (VET): Antiseptic. Internally, in calf scours and canine dysentery (Escherichia coli). Externally (0.5-10%), on infected wounds and abrasions- often as triple dye, containing brilliant green, gentian violet, and rivanol. Bacteriostatic effectiveness decreased by increased concentration of bile salts.|MEDICATION (VET): Approximately 10 times more effective against gram-positive than gram-negative organisms.|MEDICATION (VET): ... (medical grade, zinc-free) has been used for treatment of mycotic infect in fish.|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for MALACHITE GREEN (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Infective Agents, Local.)|Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc. (See all compounds classified as Fungicides, Industrial.)|Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS. (See all compounds classified as Coloring Agents.)

The disposition of malachite green was determined in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) after intravascular dosing (0.8 mg/kg) or waterborne exposure (0.8 mg/L for 1 hr). After intravascular dosing, mean plasma concentrations of the parent compound exhibited a triphasic decline with a terminal elimination half-life of 6.2 hr. Malachite green was rapidly absorbed and concentrated in the tissues during waterborne exposure. The rate of accumulation was directly related to pH of the exposure water. After waterborne exposure, elimination of the parent compound from plasma also was triphasic with a terminal half-life of 4.7 hr. In muscle, the half-life of the parent compound was approximately 67 hr. Malachite green and its metabolites were widely distributed in all tissues. In fish exposed to 14C-labeled malachite green, total drug equivalent concentrations were highest in abdominal fat and lowest in plasma. Malachite green was rapidly and extensively metabolized to its reduced form, leucomalachite green, which was slowly eliminated from the tissues. Leucomalachite green is an appropriate target analyte for monitoring exposure of channel catfish to this drug.|... A 6-day-lasting therapeutic bath of rainbow trout was performed in malachite green of 0.2 mg/L concentration. Its residues were then observed in muscle, liver and skin of treated fish. Immediately after the bath, malachite green was detected in muscle, liver and skin at the levels of 0.383, 0.834 and 0.649 mg/kg, respectively, as a sum of both coloured form and leukoform. Eight weeks after the bath, an expressive decrease of the coloured form of malachite green was found while its leukoform was detected in fish as late as after 10 months. Results of analyses were found negative twelve months after the bath.

... The mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase signal transduction pathway in preneoplastic cells induced by MG /was studied/. Western blots of MG /Malachite Green/ induced preneoplastic cells showed no phosphorylation of ERK1, an increased phosphoactive ERK2 associated with a decreased expression of phosphoactive JNK2. However, total forms of ERKs, JNKs and p38 Kinases showed similar levels of expression in control and preneoplastic SHE /Syrian hamster embryo/ cells. Indirect immunofluorescence studies have shown a distinct nuclear localisation of phosphoactive ERKs in MG induced preneoplastic cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed an increase of S-phase cells in preneoplastic cells compared to control SHE cells.|... In order to understand the mechanism(s) of tumor promotion by MY /Metanil yellow/ and MG /malachite green/, we have studied the levels of PCNA, a marker of cell proliferation and cell cycle regulatory proteins, cyclin D1, and its associated kinase, cdk4, cyclin B1, and associated kinase, cdc2. Immunohistochemical staining showed an elevated level of PCNA in animals administered MY and MG subsequent to DEN /N-nitrosodiethylamine/ treatment. Western and Northern blot hybridization showed an increased expression of both cyclin D1 and its associated kinase cdk4, and cyclin B1 and its associated kinase cdc2, in livers of rats administered MY and MG after administration of DEN as compared to untreated or DEN controls. The increased level of mRNA was due to the increased rate of transcription of these genes as studied by run-on transcription assay.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim calm and warm. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. (ERG, 2016)

In treatment of eyes contaminated with cationic dyes, first aid measures are aimed at getting rid of dye which has not reacted with the tissues. This includes copious irrigation, mechanical removal of particles, and in the case of imbedded colored pencil may necessitate surgical exploration and careful removal of the particles. ... /Cationic dyes/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Ingestion causes diarrhea and abdominal pain.|/CASE REPORTS/ ...Injurious to... eye. In one patient an attempt to treat conjunctivitis with 1% solution of this dye resulted in destructive keratitis with hypopyon and terminated in bilateral blindness due to corneal opacification.

(4-(4-(dimethylamino) alpha-phenylbenzylidene)-2,5- cyclohexadien-1-ylidene)dimethylammonium chloride

100% AS A DYE (1976)

Methanaminium, N-[4-[[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]phenylmethylene]-2,5-cyclohexadien-1-ylidene]-N-methyl-, chloride (1:1): ACTIVE|IT HAS ALSO FOUND USE AS AN AGRICULTURAL FUNGICIDE. CHEMICALLY RELATED TO GENTIAN VIOLET ... .

Method: EPA-EAD 1625; Procedure: Isotope dilution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: malachite green; Matrix: water; Detection Limit: not provided.

Quantification of malachite green in fish using high performance liquid chromatography with visible spectroscopy at 618 nm. The detection limit is 1 ug/kg and the precision is 67-72%.

Food Contaminant -> CONTAMINANT; -> JECFA Functional ClassesVeterinary Drug -> ANTIMICROBIAL_AGENT; -> JECFA Functional Classes

Food Contaminant -> CONTAMINANT; Veterinary Drug -> ANTIMICROBIAL_AGENT;