Butylbenzene

134.22

134.22

1903395

203-209-7

S8XZ2901RZ

8465

2709

DTXSID6022472

Colorless liquid

2902909090

0

4.38

Clear colorless Liquid

0.8601 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

-87.9 °C

183.3 °C

139 °F

n 20/D 1.489(lit.)

H2O: INsoluble

0-6°C

1.03 mm Hg ( 23 °C)

>1 (vs air)

Oral-Rat LDL0: 8750 mg/kg

Combustible in case of open flame, high temperature and strong oxidant; burning emits irritating smoke

0.8-5.8%(V)

Henry's Law constant = 0.016 atm-cu m/mol @ 25 °C /Estimated/

Standard enthalpy of formation (liquid): -63.2 kJ/mol; molar heat capacity: 243.4 J/K-mol|Enthalpy of fusion: 11.22 kJ/mol|Relative permitivity: 2.359 @ 293.2 K (20 °C)|Wt/vol conversion: 5.49 mg/cu m = 1 ppm @ 1 atm|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 8.7X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec @ 25 °C /Estimated/

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Hydrocarbons, Aromatic

Highly Flammable

Vigorous reactions, sometimes amounting to explosions, can result from the contact between aromatic hydrocarbons, such as BUTYL BENZENE, and strong oxidizing agents. They can react exothermically with bases and with diazo compounds. Substitution at the benzene nucleus occurs by halogenation (acid catalyst), nitration, sulfonation, and the Friedel-Crafts reaction.

770 °F (410 °C)

-5872.50 kJ/mol @ 25 °C

Lower flammable limit: 0.8% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 5.8% by volume

51.36 kJ/mol @ 25 °C; 38.87 kJ/mol @ 183.31 °C

Critical temperature: 720 K; critical pressure 3.65 MPa

III

3

UN 2709 3/PG 3

3

10-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-11-50/53

16-45-36/37-7-61-60

CY9070000

F,T,N

Complete packaging, light loading and unloading; warehouse ventilated, away from open flame, high temperature, and stored separately from oxidant

Explosive when mixed with air

Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

P210-P260-P273-P280-P301 + P310-P311

H225-H301 + H311 + H331-H370-H412

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

UN 2709

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substance may be transported hot. For hybrid vehicles, ERG Guide 147 (lithium ion batteries) or ERG Guide 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted. If molten aluminum is involved, refer to ERG Guide 169. (ERG, 2016)|Flammable - 2nd degree

|Warning|H226 (97.14%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]|P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P264, P273, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 40 companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]|P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. (ERG, 2016)|Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. ... /Butyl benzenes/

Personnel protection: ... Wear positive pressure self-container breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. ... /Butyl benzenes/|If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Butyl benzenes/

Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. ... If contact with the material anticipated, wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. /Butyl benzenes/|If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to knock-down vapors. /Butyl benzenes/

/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. Substances may be transported hot. /Butylbenzenes/|/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Butylbenzenes/|/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Butylbenzenes/|/GUIDE 128: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (NON-POLAR/WATER-IMMISCIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. /Butylbenzenes/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for n-BUTYLBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

| 1 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant irritation.| 2 - Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials would not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating could release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air.| 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

n-Butylbenzene was observed only at minor concns in the volatile organic compounds introduced into the water by boats with combustion engines(1). n-Butylbenzene was detected in industry average gasoline, EPA certification gasoline and M-85 (85% methanol, 15% gasoline), but was not detected in either exhaust or evaporative auto emissions(2). n-Butylbenzene was identified in the volatile organic compounds releases from textile floor coverings(3). n-Butylbenzene was one of the volatile organic compounds emitted into the water by a four-stroke outboard motor(4). n-Butylbenzene was one of the compounds found in the vapor and on particles emitted during the combustion of coal at the Ames power plant in Iowa(5). n-Butylbenzene was detected at a concn of 8 ng/g in the neutral fraction of wastewater from a Class B refinery after dissolved air floatation treatment(6). The average concn of n-butylbenzene in trade effluents in England and Wales in 1995 was 3.31 ug/L, with a 24% frequency of detection(7).

SOIL: Soil samples were collected from 30 industrial sites in Taiwan (8 chemical and petrochemical industrial districts, 2 technology industrial parks, 11 general industrial districts, 2 metal processing areas, 2 oil refinery plants, 1 pesticide manufacturing plant, and 4 landfills) were monitored for 60 volatile organic chemicals; n-butylbenzene was detected with a frequency of approximately 1% in 705 soil samples(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: n-Butylbenzene was 1 of the 19 chemicals detected at concns between 0.1 and 0.15 ppbC in air samples collected during August-September 1992 in Atlanta, GA; it was detected with an occurrence of 12%(1). n-Butylbenzene concns in the air from the exhaust ventilation system of the Elbtunnel, a major highway tunnel in Hamburg, Germany at 4 sites were 2.5, 1.5, 1.5, and 2.2 ug/cu m(2). concns of n-butylbenzene ranged from 0-2 ppb volume in morning air from Los Angeles, CA samples from September-November 1981(3). n-Butylbenzene was detected in the atmosphere if 6 large cities, Baku, Kemerovo, Leningrad, Murmansk, Tashkent, and Tbilisi located in different geographic and climatic zones in the former USSR(4). Emissions from light-duty vehicle traffic were measured at the Caldecott Tunnel in the San Francisco Bay area during August and October 1994, between these 2 periods the average oxygen content of gasoline sold in this area increased from 0.3 to 2.0% by weight; n-butylbenzene composed 0.66 and 0.55% of the total volatile organic compounds measured during August (low oxygenate) and October (high oxygenate), respectively(5). n-Butylbenzene concns ranged from 0.004 to 0.024 ppb volume in ambient air in the Los Angeles basin(6). According to a national survey of ambient air, which included five site types (remote, rural, suburban, urban, and source dominated) the average daily atmospheric concns of n-butylbenzene was 0.051 ppb volume for 52 samples(7).|INDOOR: Based on a survey of the literature, n-butylbenzene was determined to have a weighted average geometric mean of <1 ug/cu-m for indoor air in established dwellings(1). Mean n-butylbenzene concns were 0.27 and 0.34 ug/cu m in nonsmoking (n=24) and smoking (n=25) homes, respectively(2). n-Butylbenzene was detected with an occurrence of 54% in the indoor air of 26 homes in Finland(3). In a survey of 300 Dutch homes in two cities between 1981 and 1983, the maximum indoor concn of n-butylbenzene reported was 40 ug/cu m(4).|RURAL/REMOTE: n-Butylbenzene was identified in forest air collected in the center of the Southern Black Forest (Kaelbelescheuer, Germany) in November 1984 and January 1985(1).|SOURCE DOMINATED: n-Butylbenzene was identified in the ambient air during 2 of 10 sample collections from the Kanawha Valley, WV, a heavily industrialized area with a wide variety of chemical industries(1). A survey of 8 different composting facilities found average n-butylbenzene air concn of ranging from 1 to 47 ug/cu m in 8 of the 10 areas sampled(2).

practically nontoxic

LD50 Mouse sc 1994.5 mg/kg

n-Butylbenzene's production and use in organic synthesis(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 2,450-2,510(2-6), indicate that n-butylbenzene is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-butylbenzene from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.016 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.06 mm Hg(7), and water solubility, 11.8 mg/L(8). The potential for volatilization of n-butylbenzene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(7). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). n-Butylbenzene was categorized as difficult to degrade; having a persistence of 3 months to 1 year in unadapted soils(9).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 2,450-2,510(2-6), indicate that n-butylbenzene is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(7) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 0.016 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.06 mm Hg(8), and water solubility, 11.8 mg/L(9). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(7), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 3.5 and 110 hours, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 16 days if adsorption is considered (10). According to a classification scheme(10), an estimated BCF of 470(SRC), from its log Kow of 4.38(12) and a regression-derived equation(13), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). n-Butylbenzene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(14). Biodegradation data in water were not located(SRC). n-Butylbenzene biodegradation in aquatic systems may be slow based on it being difficult to degrade in unadapted soils(15).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-butylbenzene, which has a vapor pressure of 1.06 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase n-butylbenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.8 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 8.7X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). n-Butylbenzene does not absorb light with wavelengths >290 nm(4), and is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-butylbenzene with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 8.7X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.8 days at an atmospheric concn of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). n-Butylbenzene is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2). n-Butylbenzene does not absorb light with wavelengths >290 nm(3), and is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 470 was calculated for n-butylbenzene(SRC), using a log Kow of 4.38(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

2.45e+03 L/kg|An average of the log of the sediment to water partition coefficient (average log Kp) for n-butylbenzene of 2.00 was determined from 16 measurements(1); from this value a log Koc of 3.40 (Koc=2,510) was calculated(2). A measured log Koc of 3.39 (Koc=2,450) was reported for n-butylbenzene(3). A Koc of 2,460 was reported for n-butylbenzene(4), calculated from a measured partition coefficient of 3.69 for natural aquifer material and water(5). According to a classification scheme(6), these Koc values suggest that n-butylbenzene is expected to have slight mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for n-butylbenzene is estimated as 0.016 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.06 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 11.8 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that n-butylbenzene is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.5 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 4.6 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column(SRC). The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is 16 days if adsorption is considered(4). n-Butylbenzene's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of n-butylbenzene from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.06 mm Hg(1). However, volatilization is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to soil(SRC).

GROUNDWATER: n-Butylbenzene was detected with a frequency of approximately 10% with a maximum concn of 6 ug/L in shallow groundwater beneath Denver, CO in 1993(1). n-Butylbenzene was identified in the leachate plume from a closed, unlined municipal landfill located near Norman OK; groundwater was collected in November 1995 and April 1996 along a NE/SW transect extending approximately 200 m from the downgradient edge of the landfill in the general direction of groundwater flow(2). Nine urban studies of shallow groundwater carried out as part of the US Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program; n-butylbenzene was detected in fewer than 5% of the wells(3). Groundwater samples from existing wells at 30 industrial sites in Taiwan (8 chemical and petrochemical industrial districts, 2 technology industrial parks, 11 general industrial districts, 2 metal processing areas, 2 oil refinery plants, 1 pesticide manufacturing plant, and 4 landfills) were monitored for 60 volatile organic chemicals; n-butylbenzene was detected, along with 7 other organic chemicals, with a frequency of approximately 2.5% of 214 samples(4). Ambient groundwater samples were collected as part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program of the US Geological Service from 2,948 well from around the US in 1985-1995; n-butylbenzene was detected in wells in urban areas (n=406) and rural areas (n=2,542) with a frequency and range of 1.7% and approximately 1-8 ug/L, and 0.1% and approximately 0.3-5 ug/L, respectively(5). Three groundwater samples collected near 2 underground coal gasification sites in northeastern Wyoming were analyzed for dissolved organic contaminates; n-butylbenzene concns ranged from 27-51 ppb(6). n-Butylbenzene was detected at 0.59 ug/L in 1 groundwater sample from the Orange County Landfill in Orlando, FL collected in 1992-1993; it was not detected in 3 other samples at this site(7). n-Butylbenzene was detected at 0.015 mg/L in groundwater samples (15.5 ft below land surface) in 1990 from a site in Galloway Township, NJ where an underground gasoline storage tank leaked(8). Concns of various organic compounds were measured in groundwater at three creosote contaminated sites in Denmark(9). At a former asphalt factory in Ringe, Denmark that operated from 1915 to 1954, n-butylbenzene concns in groundwater were not detected, 12, and 1 ug/L at 0, 25, and 25 meters from the source(9). At Holte Sollerod Gasworks (1907-1963) in Denmark, n-butylbenzene concns were 324, 259, 10 ug/L at 0, 5, and 10 meters from the source(9). At Frederica Gasworks (1866-1966) in Denmark, n-butylbenzene was not detected at the limit of detection 1 ug/L(9).|DRINKING WATER: n-Butylbenzene has been identified in various tap water samples in the US(1,2), concns were not provided.|SURFACE WATER: n-Butylbenzene was not detected in the Rickenbach River, a weakly polluted river that flows into Lake Constance in southwest Germany(1). The concn of 55 volatile organic compounds were determined in water samples from 30 sites from urban rivers and estuaries in Osaka, Japan, a populated industrialized city; n-butylbenzene was detected (detection limit=0.38 ug/L) in 5 of 136 samples at a range of approximately 0.4-1.2 ug/L(2). n-Butylbenzene was not detected in surface water collected in 1992-1993 from water samples obtained from a swamp near the Orange County Landfill in Orlando, FL(3). concns of n-butylbenzene in the Brazos River at the site of industrial outfall from a large petrochemical complex that is 13 km upstream from the coast and at the river's mouth at the Gulf of Mexico near Freeport, TX ranged from not detected to 0.04 ug/L and not detected to 0.001 ug/L, respectively(4).|RAIN/SNOW/FOG: n-Butylbenzene was found at 15 ng/L in surface snow samples collected in 1990/91 at Carezza Lake in Antarctic; n-butylbenzene were below the detection limit of 5 ng/L at the other sites sampled in 1987/88 or 1988/98(1).

n-Butylbenzene was identified as one of the volatile compounds in headspace samples of peanut oil heated to 150 and 200 °C(1). n-Butylbenzene was detected in 28 foods of the 234 table-ready food items of the FDA Total Diet Study; the average concn was 15.9 ppb (range: 7.26-93.7 ppb), with the highest levels found in cake doughunts(2). n-Butylbenzene was identified in the noncondensable volatile fraction extracted from raw beef with supercritical carbon dioxide(3). n-Butylbenzene was identified during the headspace analysis of the uncondensed volatile compounds emitted during atmospheric pressure steam distillation of roasted filberts(4). n-Butylbenzene was found in volatiles of cooked mutton, cooked chicken, and roast beef(5).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 42 workers are potentially exposed to n-butylbenzene in the US(1). Occupational exposure to n-butylbenzene may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-butylbenzene is produced or used(SRC). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-butylbenzene via inhalation of ambient air and ingestion of food and drinking water(SRC).

They are metabolized by side-chain hydroxylation and conjugation for urinary excretion. /Butylbenzenes/|The effects of methyl n-alkyl ketones and n-alkylbenzenes on hepatic cytochrome P450s in vivo and in vitro were investigated. Male rats were treated with acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl n-propyl ketone, methyl n-butyl ketone, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, n-propylbenzene, or n-butylbenzene. The methyl n-alkyl ketones induced the metabolic activities of hepatic microsomes toward aminopyrine, 7-ethoxycoumarin, and aniline. n-Alkylbenzenes induced aminopyrine and 7-ethoxycoumarin metabolic activities. ...Testosterone 16 beta-hydroxylation activity was induced by n-alkylbenzenes. These results indicate that the levels of multiple forms of cytochrome P450 were changed by treatment with these chemicals. P450IIE1, an acetone-inducible form, was induced by methyl n-alkyl ketones or n-alkylbenzenes. The inducibility did not depend on the length of the side chain of these chemicals. P450IIB1 and IIB2, both phenobarbital-inducible forms, were induced with methyl n-alkyl ketones and n-alkylbenzenes to an extent depending on the length of the side chain of these chemicals. Thus, the hydrophobicity of the inducer affected phenobarbital-type induction but not the induction of P450IIE1. /The authors/ further investigated the interactions of ketone and benzene derivatives with cytochrome P450 in vitro. Testosterone hydroxylation activities of hepatic microsomes were measured in the presence of methyl n-alkyl ketones and n-alkylbenzenes. Methyl n-alkyl ketones inhibited testosterone 16 beta-hydroxylation activity. n-Alkylbenzenes inhibited 2 beta-, 6 beta-, 15 alpha-, 16 alpha-, and 16 beta-hydroxylation activities. Testosterone hydroxylation activities were inhibited by these chemicals depending on the length of the side chain. n-Alkylbenzenes were stronger inhibitors than methyl n-alkyl ketones, n-Butylbenzene was the strongest inhibitor of these activities. These results indicate that hydrophobicity was important in the interaction of these chemicals with cytochrome P450, and that there is some relationship between the inducibility of cytochrome P450 and its interaction with inducers.|Regio- and stereo-selective oxidation of butylbenzene (1) has been examined in vitro by rat liver supernatant fraction(S-9). When phenylbutane (1 ) was incubated at 37 degrees C for 1 hr with S-9, asymmetric oxidation occurred regioselectively at benzylic and omega-1 positions to afford preferentially (R)- and (S)-alcohol (2, 4), respectively. This enzymatic propensity was the case for the production of 1, 3-diols. (1R, 3S)- or (1R, 3R)-Butanediols(3a, 3b) were also obtained at 87% and 27%, respectively. This oxidation was induced by phenobarbital (PB) or beta-napthoflavone(beta-NF), and significant sex-related differences in control and PB pre-treated rats have been observed. Since these oxidations were inhibited with SKF-525A and CO, it was inferred that cytochrome P-450 was responsible for the oxidation.|The effect on energetic metabolism of rat liver mitochondria (RLM) of styrene and other aliphatic benzene derivatives, i.e. toluene, ethylbenzene, alpha-methylstyrene and butylbenzene, is studied. It is shown that these compounds uncouple oxidative phosphorylation and this effect is connected with the stimulation of passive entry of protons into mitochondria.

In the present study /the authors have/ examined the effects of hydrocarbons on the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human neutrophil granulocytes in vitro. We found that hydrocarbons induce ROS formation in a concentration-dependent manner and that the ROS-inducing potency increases with increasing number of carbon atoms in the structure. In general, aromatic hydrocarbons were less potent inducers of ROS than aliphatic and cyclic hydrocarbons. The most potent compound in each group, t-butylcyclohexane, n-decane, and n-butylbenzene, were chosen for mechanistic studies. ROS formation was inhibited by the MEK1/2 inhibitor U0126, the tyrosine kinase inhibitor erbstatin-A, and the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor wortmannin. The involvement of the ERK1/2 pathway was confirmed by Western blot analysis of phosphorylated ERK1/2. The study revealed only small differences in the mechanisms involved for the three compounds. The responses were not affected by Pertussis toxin, indicating that Gi-protein coupled receptors are not involved in neutrophil activation after hydrocarbon exposure. Based on these findings we propose a mechanism involving tyrosine kinases, PI3 kinase, and the ERK1/2 pathway, leading to activation of the NADPH oxidase and production of ROS in neutrophils stimulated by organic solvents.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]: Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 128 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Immiscible)]: Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Keep victim calm and warm. (ERG, 2016)

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aromatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

1-phenylbutane

Benzene, butyl-: ACTIVE|The temperature range for smooth interaction of bromobenzene, 1-bromobutane, and sodium in ether to give butylbenzene is critical. Below 15 C reaction is delayed but later becomes vigorous , and above 30 C the reaction becomes violent. /Sodium/

Method: EPA-NERL 502.2, Volatile Organic Compounds in Water by Purge and Trap Capillary Column Gas Chromatography with Photoionization and Electrolytic Conductivity Detectors in Series; Analyte: n-butylbenzene; Matrix: finished drinking water, raw source water, or drinking water in any treatment stage; Detection Level: 0.02 ug/L.|Method: EPA-NERL 524.2, Measurement of Purgeable Organic Compounds in Water by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry; Analyte: n-butylbenzene; Matrix: surface water, ground water, and drinking water in any stage of treatment; Detection Level: 0.03 ug/L.|Method: STD-METH 6200B, Purge and Trap Capillary-Column GC/MS Method; Analyte: n-butylbenzene; Matrix: water; Detection Level: 0.02 ug/L.|Method: STD-METH 6200C, Purge and Trap Capillary-Column GC Method ; Analyte: n-butylbenzene; Matrix: water; Detection Level: 0.02 ug/L.|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for n-BUTYLBENZENE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 2nd degree