1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane

265.93

265.93

1930600

252-681-0

1546

3261

DTXSID3024944

Yellowish-white granular solid|Crystals from ethanol

2926909038

47.6

1.63 (est)

Crystals with a pungent odor. Insoluble in water. Used as a preservative in latex paint, adhesives, etc.

1.1

52 °C

212°C

158.6±27.9 °C

1.554

Solubility in water: none

2-8°C

6.7E-3 Pascal /SRC: 5.025X10-5 mm Hg/ at 25 deg C

Slightly sweet odor

Henry's Law constant = 3.9X10-10 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

MP 52.2-53.2 °C|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 5.9X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C (est)

Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

Polymerizable

1-BROMO-1-(BROMOMETHYL)-1,3-PROPANEDICARBONITRILE may polymerize in the presence of metals and some metal compounds. Incompatible with acids; mixing nitriles with strong oxidizing acids can lead to extremely violent reactions. Nitriles are generally incompatible with other oxidizing agents such as peroxides and epoxides. The combination of bases and nitriles can produce hydrogen cyanide. Nitriles are hydrolyzed in both aqueous acid and base to give carboxylic acids (or salts of carboxylic acids). These reactions generate heat. Peroxides convert nitriles to amides. Nitriles can react vigorously with reducing agents.

III

9

3439

2

20/22-37/38-41-34-22

26-36/37/39-45

MA5599000

Xn

The chemical was found to be stable when subjected to Al, Sn, Ni, Fe, thermal and photosensitivity tests. One year storage at room temperature did not produce any significant change regarding purity, color, specific gravity, and refractive index.

P280-P305 + P351 + P338-P310

H302-H314

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. Limit: for use as a preservative only.|(a) Slimicides may be safely used in the manufacture of paper and paperboard that contact food, in accordance with the following prescribed conditions: (1) Slimicides are used as antimicrobial agents to control slime in the manufacture of paper and paperboard. (2) Subject to any prescribed limitations, slimicides are prepared from one or more of the slime-control substances named in paragraph (c) of this section to which may be added optional adjuvant substances as provided for under paragraph (d) of this section. (3) Slimicides are added to the process water used in the production of paper or paperboard, and the quantity added shall not exceed the amount necessary to accomplish the intended technical effect. (b) To insure safe usage, the label or labeling of slimicides shall bear adequate directions for use. c) Slime-control substances permitted for use in the preparation of slimicides include substances subject to prior sanction or approval for such use and the following: 1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane; Limitation: At a maximum level of 0.005% of dry weight fiber.

USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Dibromodicyanobutane. June 1996. The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of July 15, 2011: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. For electric vehicles or equipment, ERG Guide 147 (lithium ion batteries) or ERG Guide 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted. (ERG, 2016)|Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

|Danger|H302 (99.67%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P320, P321, P330, P332+P313, P333+P313, P362, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 1524 companies from 27 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P261, P264, P270, P272, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P330, P333+P313, P363, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire-control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. (ERG, 2016)|Use water spray, powder, foam, carbon dioxide.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. (ERG, 2016)

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and skin.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization.

NO open flames.

STRICT HYGIENE!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles.

/The objective of this study was/ to determine whether there exists evidence for synergy between contact allergens during the induction phase of skin sensitization using the mouse local lymph node assay (LLNA) as a model system. Proliferative responses in draining lymph nodes were assessed with increasing concentrations of 1,4-phenylenediamine (PPD), methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN), and a combination of PPD and MDBGN. Data from each of two independent experiments show that lymph node cell proliferation associated with combined exposure to PPD and MDBGN was, in general, only modestly increased relative to that predicted from a simple summation of their individual responses. Although the increase in response is very modest, it does imply a relationship between this combination of sensitizers that may not be simply additive in terms of their ability to stimulate proliferative responses in draining lymph nodes...|The present study was undertaken to evaluate the combined effect of the preservative methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) on the elicitation response of allergic contact dermatitis. 20 volunteers with contact allergy to MDBGN were patch tested with 5 concentrations (10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 p.p.m.) of MDBGN alone and in combination with 0.25% SLS on the upper arms for 24 hr. Skin reactions were evaluated by clinical scoring, and data were evaluated by logistic dose-response models. Additionally, evaluation of skin reactions was performed by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and skin colour. Measurements were obtained at baseline and at D3 and D7. As evaluated by clinical assessment, allergic reactions to MDBGN were elicited at lower concentrations when applied in combination with SLS than when applied alone. The response was augmented by a factor of 6.4. An increased response to combined exposure to SLS and MDBGN as compared with MDBGN alone was confirmed by TEWL and colour measurements. Effects of exposure time and concentration of the detergent are discussed. In conclusion, an augmented response was found after concurrent application of MDBGN and SLS. The response was augmented by a factor of 6.4, with confidence limits of 2.8-14.6 (P < 0.0001). This result is important in relation to the determination of threshold values and the risk assessment of contact allergens in consumer and industrial products, where allergens are often present in combination with surfactants.

LD50 Rat (male) oral 0.77 g/kg /Technical 99.9%/ /from table/|LD50 Rat (female) oral 0.515 g/kg /Technical 99.9%/ /from table/|LD50 Rabbit dermal >5 g/kg /Technical 98%/ /from table/

1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane was not mutagenic in any of several strains of Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli when tested with and without hamster and/or rat liver metabolic activation enzymes (S9). In addition, no increase in the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes was observed in male or female mice treated for 3 months with 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane by dermal application in acetone, indicating no potential for inducing chromosomal alterations in dividing cells in this test system.|Groups of 50 male and 50 female mice were dermally administered 0, 0.6, 2, or 6 mg/kg 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane in 95% ethanol, 5 days a week for 105 weeks. Survival of male and female mice was similar to that of the vehicle controls. Body weights of male and female dosed groups were similar to those of the vehicle control groups. No clinical findings were attributed to administration of 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane. There were no increases in the incidences of neoplasms in dosed mice. At the site of application, the incidences of minimal to mild hyperplasia of the epidermis were significantly increased in 2 and 6 mg/kg males and in all dosed groups of females. The incidences of minimal to mild chronic active inflammation in the dermis were significantly increased in all dosed groups of females.|Groups of 50 male and 50 female rats were dermally administered 0, 2, 6, or 18 mg/kg 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane in 95% ethanol, 5 days a week for 104 to 105 weeks. Survival of males administered 18 mg/kg was significantly greater than that of the vehicle controls. Body weights of 18 mg/kg males and females were 7% less than those of the vehicle control groups after 1 year. Irritation at the site of application was reported in most males and females administered 6 or 18 mg/kg. There were no increases in the incidences of neoplasms in dosed rats. At the site of application, the incidences of epidermal hyperplasia in males and females administered 6 or 18 mg/kg and the incidences of hyperkeratosis of the epidermis in all dosed groups were significantly increased. The incidences of minimal to mild inflammation in the dermis at the site of application were significantly increased in males administered 6 or 18 mg/kg and in all dosed groups of females. The incidence of epidermal necrosis at the site of application in 18 mg/kg females was significantly increased. The incidences of inflammation of the nose were significantly increased in all dosed groups of male rats. The combined incidence of mammary gland fibroadenoma, adenoma, or adenocarcinoma occurred with a negative trend, and the incidence was significantly decreased in 6 mg/kg female rats.|Groups of 10 male and 10 female mice were dermally administered 0, 0.2, 0.6, 2, 6, or 18 mg/kg 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane in acetone, 5 days per week for 14 weeks. All mice survived to the end of the study. Mean body weights of dosed male and female mice were similar to those of the vehicle controls. Irritation at the site of application was increased in male mice administered 18 mg/kg. The liver and lung weights of dosed females were generally significantly less than those of the vehicle control group. The incidences of minimal to mild epidermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis at the site of application were significantly increased in male and female mice administered 2 mg/kg or greater. The incidence of epidermal necrosis in 18 mg/kg males and the incidences of epidermal parakeratosis in 6 and 18 mg/kg males were significantly increased. In the dermis, the incidences of minimal to mild chronic active inflammation in 18 mg/kg males and in females administered 2 mg/kg or greater and fibrosis in 18 mg/kg males and females were significantly increased. The incidences of sebaceous gland hyperplasia at the site of application were significantly increased in males and females administered 6 or 18 mg/kg.|For more National Toxicology Program Studies (Complete) data for 1,2-DIBROMO-2,4-DICYANOBUTANE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a microbiocide/microbiostat against slime-forming bacteria and fungi(1) for latex paints, adhesives, latex emulsions, dispersed pigments, joint cements, and metal working fluids(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 528 to 33.4(2) indicate that 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane is expected to have moderate to very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.3X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 5.025X10-5 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 2.12X10+3 mg/L(2). 1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(2). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2011).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values ranging from 528 to 33.4(2) indicate that 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.3X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 5.025X10-5 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 2.12X10+3 mg/L(2). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of five(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 1.63(5) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2011).|AQUATIC FATE: Radio-labeled 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane at an initial concentration of 10 ug/g exhibited a half-life of 0.874 days in flooded sandy loam soil; degradates included 2-methyleneglutaronitrile and (E) and (Z) isomers of 1-bromo-2,4-dicyano-1-butene. Degradation appears to be controlled by alkaline hydrolysis and microbially-mediated processes(1).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane, which has a vapor pressure of 5.025X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 18 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.9X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane does no contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.9X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 18 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane, at starting concentrations of 10 and 40 ug/mL in buffer solutions at 25 °C, exhibited half-lives of 190-198 days at pH 5, 24 to 72.8 days at pH 7, and 12.6 to 14.0 days at pH 9. The major hydrolysis degradate is trans-1-bromo-2,4-dicyanobutene; minor degradates are the cis-isomer and methylene glutaronitrile(2). 1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC). It is stable to photosensitivity tests(2).

An estimated BCF of five was calculated in fish for 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 1.63(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

At concentrations of 0.1 to 1.0 ug/mL, 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane exhibited Koc values of 528 in sand, 87.8 in sandy loam soil, 72.9 in clay loam, and 33.4 in silt loam soil, corresponding to Freundlich coefficients of 0.264, 0.351, 0.474, and 0.701, respectively(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc range suggests that 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane is expected to have moderate to very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane is estimated as 8.3X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC)derived from its vapor pressure, 5.025X10-5 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 2.12X10+3 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(3). 1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 17,713 workers (3,345 of these were female) were potentially exposed to 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane via dermal contact consumer products containing 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane(SRC).

Bromothalonil is approved for use within allergenic epicutaneous patch tests which are indicated for use as an aid in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in persons 6 years of age and older.

Substances added to pharmaceutical preparations to protect them from chemical change or microbial action. They include ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS and antioxidants. (See all compounds classified as Preservatives, Pharmaceutical.)

The metabolism of (14)C-dibromodicyanobutane was studied in male CD rats following a single oral administration of 50 mg/kg (14)C-dibromodicyanobutane (labeled in the butane core of the molecule). Total recovery of radioactivity during the 7 day collection period in the urine, feces, and respired (14)C-CO2 was 84-91%, 6-10%, and 0.5% of the administered dose, respectively. Tissue assay showed that 7 days after administration organs contained relatively greater concentrations of compound including the lung (2.7 ppm), liver (2.5 ppm), kidneys (2.3 ppm), and spleen (2.3 ppm). Maximum blood concentration (71 ug/mL) of dibromodicyanobutane equivalent is attained at 5 hours postadministration. On the basis of percent dose per whole organ, each of these 11 ... /SRP: tissues contained/ <0.1%, except for liver at 0.3%. Although numerous deficiencies were noted, this study provides supplemental information. Since the compound is rapidly absorbed and excreted, most of the radioactivity in the urine was found during the first 24 hours post-administration.|Studies were conducted to characterize the absorption, disposition, metabolism, and excretion of 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane (BCB; methyldibromoglutaronitrile) following iv, oral, and topical administration to male Fischer 344 rats. Following iv administration of (14)C-BCB (8 mg/kg, 120 muCi/kg), no parent compound was detected in the blood; its debrominated metabolite, 2-methyleneglutaronitrile (2-MGN; Cmax 7.3 mug/mL), was observed up to 1 hr. Within 72 hr, greater than 60% of the dose was excreted in the urine and 4.1% in the feces, and 6.6% was exhaled as (14)CO2. ... Following oral administration of (14)C-BCB (80 mg/kg, 100 muCi/kg), approximately 85% of the dose was absorbed, whereas 72% of the dosed radioactivity was recovered in the urine and 9.7% in the feces, 7.5% was exhaled as (14)CO2, 3.5% bound to tissues, and 2.6% bound to blood.|The absorption of Methyldibromo Glutaronitrile over a 6 hr post-application period was evaluated. (14)C-Methyldibromo Glutaronitrile (99% pure, specific activity of 15.05 mCi/mmol), in 250 uL of either water or sunscreen formulation, was applied to samples of excised skin from Sprague-Dawley rats and humans such that the concentration loaded was established to be 0.08 mg/sq m of skin surface (radioactivity level of at least 5- 10 uCi/skin preparation). While the specific composition of the sunscreen formulation is not reported, 63% of it was water. Effluents were collected every 15 min for 6 hr. At the end of the assay the skin discs were combusted to determine radioactivity content contained therein. At 6 hr contact time, Methyldibromo Glutaronitrile in the sunscreen formulation was absorbed by human skin to about 0.9%; an additional 2% was detected via combustion of the discs. ... The test material in the sunscreen vehicle was absorbed to a slightly greater extent by female rat skin, where an average of 1.5% of the applied radioactivity was collected in the effluent after 6 hr, with an additional 3% being found in the discs. Methyldibromo Glutaronitrile in aqueous solution was more readily absorbed by both human and female rat skin, with approximately 33% being absorbed by human skin after 6 hr and 25% absorbed by female rat skin. Combustion of the skin discs detected an additional 13% radioactivity in the human samples and 10% in the rat (male and female). ... Of note is that when the chambers were stoppered to prevent vehicle evaporation, the radioactivity recovered in the effluent from human skin exposed to an aqueous solution dropped from the average of 33% to 16%.|Groups of 10 rats (five of each sex; strain and weight not specified) were dosed with (14)C-Methyldibromo Glutaronitrile according to the following procedures, respectively: in single oral doses of 5 and 200 mg/kg, daily oral doses of 5 mg/kg for 15 days, or a single intravenous dose at 5 mg/kg. Excretion via the urine accounted for recovery of >64.6% of radioactivity in all cases. At 168 hr post-exposure, and in all dose groups, the whole blood contained the highest levels of radioactivity. When three male rats were tested following a single oral administration of 5 mg/kg, the peak mean blood level of radioactivity (4.34 ug equiv/g) was measured at 8 hr. This level declined to 2.34 ug equiv/g at 48 hr and 0.75 ug equiv/g at 168 hr. At the time of maximum tissue concentration (8 hr), the gastrointestinal tract and kidneys contained the highest levels of radioactivity. The concentration in other tissues/locations were generally lower than in plasma, with the exception of whole blood. At 48 hr, the highest mean levels of radioactivity were associated with whole blood.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for 1,2-DIBROMO-2,4-DICYANOBUTANE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... After iv administration of (14)C-BCB to male Fischer 344 rats, (14)C-equivalents were observed to bind gradually to blood constituents. By 48 hr, approximately 12% of the total dose was covalently bound. At no time was parent compound detected in the blood. However, the debrominated BCB metabolite 2-methyleneglutaronitrile (MGN) was observed. In vitro experiments revealed that BCB was extremely labile and was readily debrominated in fresh whole blood, erythrocyte preparations, and buffered glutathione (GSH) solutions. In each case, the formation of MGN was inhibited by the alkylation of free sulfhydryls with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). For every 1 mole of BCB converted to MGN, 2 moles of GSH were oxidized to glutathione disulfide (GSSG) (BCB + 2 GSH --> MGN + GSSG + 2 HBr). The oxidation of free sulfhydryls during the conversion of BCB to MGN caused erythrocyte hemolysis (EC50 approximately 1 mM) in isolated preparations. Hemolysis was increased by coincubation of BCB with NEM (EC50 approximately 0.3 mM) and was decreased by coincubation with GSH (EC50 > 3 mM). However, MGN did not cause hemolysis of erythrocytes, even at concentrations 10-fold higher than the EC50 of BCB. In vitro experiments also demonstrated that incubation with either BCB or MGN resulted in significant macromolecular binding to the erythrocyte fraction of the blood (approximately 80%). Incubation with NEM resulted in a significant decrease in binding for both BCB (11.3% bound) and MGN (29.5% bound).

Data in industry submissions indicate that Methyldibromo Glutaronitrile is used in cosmetic products as a 98.5% pure substance. Impurities found are as follows: water 1.5% (maximum); bromide 0.1% (maximum); total organic impurities 100 ppm (maximum); and iron 5 ppm (maximum).

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim calm and warm. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. (ERG, 2016)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ A 2% dilution of the commercial solution containing 20% Methyldibromo Glutaronitrile in phenoxyethanol was applied in a single 24 hr occlusive patch to the inner forearm of 30 panelists. Observations made at the time of patch removal and at 48 hr and 72 hr after initial exposure revealed no reactions.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... From January 1993 until July 1994, all consecutive patients attending for routine patch testing were also tested with 1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane (0.1% petrolatum): one of 281 (0.3%), nine of 281 (3.2%) and six of 247 (2.4%) were found to be positive in the first and second halves of 1993 and the first half of 1994, respectively. In at least 12 of 16 patients this allergy was responsible for their presenting complaint (perianal and facial dermatitis).|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Seven presensitized individuals (37%) developed allergic contact dermatitis from the soap containing MDBGN. The mean dose of MDBGN per application was 2.2 ug/ sq cm and the reactions appeared between days 6 and 34. ... The difference in reactivity between test subjects and controls was significant (one-sided Fisher's exact test, P = 0.04). Patch test threshold values ranged from < 0.001% to 0.2% MDBGN in ethanol/water.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... A study group of 1,307 patients (Group 1) suspected of having allergic contact dermatitis was given patch tests using a standard series. Patch tests with Euxyl-K-400, its components methyldibromoglutaronitrile and phenoxyethanol (122996), and imidazolidinyl were performed on 1,109 patients (Group 2). Allergic reactions to Euxyl-K-400 were seen in 24 subjects (2.4%), all of whom also exhibited positive reactions to methyldibromoglutaronitrile. ... Of the chemicals in the supplementary series, allergic reactions were produced in 2.4% of the subjects by Euxyl-K-400 and methyldibromoglutaronitrile.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 1,2-DIBROMO-2,4-DICYANOBUTANE (31 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1,2-dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

... Has a significant share of the adhesive market, while use in paints or paper is relatively minor.

Soluble concentrate/liquid; soluble concentrate/solid; pelleted/tableted.

All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing|Pentanedinitrile, 2-bromo-2-(bromomethyl)-: ACTIVE

Methyldibromo Glutaronitrile can be determined by thin layer chromatography or by differential pulse polarography.

Cosmetics -> Preservative