Iodine

253.81

253.81

231-442-4

9679TC07X4

0167

42355

3495|3085

DTXSID7034672

C594

Bluish-black scales or plates; diatomic; violet vapor|Rhombic, violet-black crystals with metallic luster|Bluish-black, lustrous solid|Violet solid.|Heavy, grayish-black plates or granules having a metallic luster

D - Dermatologicals

28012000

0

1.7

Red-brown particles (round)

4.9 g/cm³

113.7 °C

184.4 °C @ Press: 800 Torr

<10℃

Index of refraction: 3.34

H2O: 0.3 g/L (20 ºC).Miscible with chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, cyclohexane, methanol, ethyl acetate, toluene, benzene, n-hexane, butan-2-ol, bromoethane, n-heptane, glycerol and diethyl ether.

Store at RT.

0.31 mm Hg ( 25 °C)

9 (vs air)

Oral-rat LD50: 14000mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 22000 mg/kg

Reacts with reducing agents; high temperature produces toxic fumes; burning produces toxic iodide fumes

Sharp characteristic odor.

Sharp, acrid

Only one stable isotope, Iodine-127, is found in nature.|Heat capacity (constant pressure): 13.011 cal/mole/deg C (25 °C)|Naturally occuring stable isotope (mass number): 127 (1005); known artificial isotopes: 108 to 141; commonly used radioactive tracer elements: 123 (half-life 13.27 hours, electron capture decay), 125 (half-life 59.408 days, electron capture decay), 129 (half-life 1.57X10+7 years, beta decay), 131 (half-life 8.02070 days, beta(-) decay)|Dissolves in iodide solutions to form triiodides such as sodium triiodide & potassium triiodide.|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No rapid reaction with air No rapid reaction with water

Oxidizing Agents, Weak

IODINE is an oxidizing agent. Reacts vigorously with reducing materials. Incompatible with powdered metals in the presence of water (ignites), with gaseous or aqueous ammonia (forms explosive products), with acetylene (reacts explosively), with acetaldehyde (violent reaction), with metal azides (forms yellow explosive iodoazides), with metal hydrides (ignites), with metal carbides (ignites easily), with potassium and sodium (forms shock-senstive explosive compounds) and with alkali-earth metals (ignites). Incompatible with ethanol, formamide, chlorine, bromine, bromine trifluoride, chlorine trifluoride.

9.31 eV

Noncombustible Solid

The substance readily sublimes.

Vapor is corrosive

164.45 J/g

Critical temperature: 546 °C; Critical pressure: 11.6 MPa

8

UN 2056 3/PG 2

2

36/37/38-50-20/21-36/38-20/21/22-22-40-19-11-36/37

26-61-25-23-36/37-16

NN1575000

Xn,N,F

Treasury is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from oxidant

The aqueous solution is corrosive

Readily sublimes at room temperature, forming violet corrosive vapor.

P261, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P312, P322, P363, P391, P501

H312

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|React with large volumes of reducing agent (hypo- or bisulfites or ferrous salts) solution, neutralize. Alternatively, iodine may be recovered from various process waste streams.

The reaction between liquid chlorine and iodine is violent.|Iodine and acetaldehyde interaction may be violent.|Ammonia solutions react with iodine ... to produce highly explosive addition cmpd of nitrogen triiodide and ammonia.|Dipropylmercury and iodine reaction is violent.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Dillon HK; Methods Development for Sampling and Analysis of Chlorine, Chlorine Dioxide, Bromine, and Iodine; NTIS Report PB83-246363 (SORI-EAS-82-828): 30 (1983). Sampling & analysis methods developed for the detection of toxic oxidants such as bromine, chlorine, chlorine dioxide & iodine in air.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. For electric vehicles or equipment, ERG Guide 147 (lithium ion batteries) or ERG Guide 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted. (ERG, 2016)|Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

|Warning|H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]|P261, P271, P273, P280, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P312, P322, P363, P391, and P501|Danger|H302 (21.94%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P314, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 761 companies from 34 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P314, P320, P321, P330, P332+P313, P333+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|H315: Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P314, P321, P332+P313, P333+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: SMALL FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. LARGE FIRE: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire-control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. FIRE INVOLVING TANKS OR CAR/TRAILER LOADS: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. (ERG, 2016)|In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

Skin: Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. Eyes: Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. Wash skin: The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. Remove: Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. Change: Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premise. Provide: Eyewash fountains should be provided (when concentration is >7%) in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided (when concentration is >7%) within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2016)|Wear appropriate clothing to prevent any possibility of skin contact with liquids of > 7% content or repeated or prolonged contact with liquids of < 7% content. Wear eye protection to prevent any possibility of eye contact with liquids of > 7% iodine content. Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated with liquids of > 7% iodine. Provide emergency showers and eyewash if liquids containing > 7% contaminants are involved.|Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.|Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.|Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possbility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. />7% content/|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|(See protection codes)

1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing iodine should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or similar material.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|Substitution of less irritating substances ... prevent contact, provision of a ... physical barrier against contact, proper washing facilities, work clothing, and storage facilities ... medical control is essential ... .|SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.|The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Irritation of ... nose ... skin rash.|Iodine vapor is irritating to the eye ... .|Iodine is a strong irritant of the mucous membrane, respiratory tract, eyes, and skin.

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 Ceiling value: 0.1 ppm (1 mg/cu m).

Recommended Exposure Limit: (15-min) Ceiling value: 0.1 ppm (1 mg/cu m).

Personal protection: filter respirator for inorganic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Well closed. Ventilation along the floor.

A harmful contamination of the air can be reached rather quickly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C.

Lachrymation. The substance is severely irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. The substance is irritating to the skin. Inhalation of the vapour may cause asthma-like reactions (RADS). Inhalation of the vapour may cause lung oedema. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization in rare cases. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause asthma-like syndrome (RADS). The substance may have effects on the thyroid.

NO contact with flammables.

STRICT HYGIENE!

Use ventilation (not if powder), local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Iodine is a naturally occurring element found in sea water and in certain rocks and sediments. There are non radioactive and radioactive forms of iodine. Iodine is used as a disinfectant for cleaning surfaces and storage containers and is used in skin soaps and bandages, and for purifying water. Iodine is also added to some table salt to ensure that all people in the United States have enough iodine in their diet. Most radioactive iodine is manmade. It is used in medical tests and to treat certain diseases. Most radioactive forms of iodine change very quickly (seconds to days) to stable elements that are not radioactive. However, 129I (read as iodine 129) changes very slowly (over millions of years).

practically nontoxic

IDENTIFICATION: Iodine is used as an antiseptic and disinfectant product. Iodine is blue greyish-black solid plates or small crystals with a metallic crystalline sheen with a characteristic acrid odor. It is soluble in water, of alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ether, of glycerol. Very readily soluble in strong aqueous solutions of iodides. A solution in alcohol, ether, or aqueous solutions of iodides is reddish-brown. In chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, or carbon disulfide it is violet-colored. Indications: In many countries culinary salt is iodized to prevent the development of goitre. In the pre-operative treatment of thyrotoxicosis to produce a thyroid gland of firm texture suitable for operation, it avoids the increased vascularity and friability of the gland with increased risk of hemorrhage. In the immediate treatment of thyrotoxic crisis. Its powerful bactericidal action is used for disinfecting unbroken skin before operation. Iodine may also be employed as a weak solution for the first-aid treatment of small wounds and abrasions, but it is rapidly inactivated by combining with tissue substances, and so delays healing. It has been applied topically in the treatment of herpes simplex. Iodine has been used in the treatment of dendritic keratitis. Iodine has been used in the purification of drinking water in case of emergencies. Strong iodine solution: (Lugol's solution) used in the treatment of many conditions in which the action of iodine ion is desired such as thyrotoxicosis, keratoscleritis, keratitis associated with excessive keratin. Iodine containing solutions are used as contrast media in radio diagnosis. Potassium iodide has been used as a mucolytic agent. Radioisotopes: radioactive iodine finds its widest use in the treatment of hyperthyroidism and in the diagnosis of disorders of thyroid function. The greatest use has been made of sodium iodide iodine-131. Sodium iodide I-123 is available for scanning purposes. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Main risks and target organs: Concentrated iodine is corrosive. Main risks in acute exposure to high iodine concentrations are largely due to the highly corrosive effect of iodine on the entire gastrointestinal tract and resultant shock. If rupture occurs mediastinitis or peritonitis develop. Target organs are mucous membranes of pharynx, larynx and oesophagus for the concentrated iodine, and thyroid for the diluted form as a systemic effect. Iodine is not a frequent cause of toxicity in the amounts available in the household. Summary of clinical effects: Ingestion of iodine may cause corrosive effects such as edema of the glottis, with asphyxia, aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary edema and shock, as well as vomiting and bloody diarrhea. The CNS, cardiovascular and renal toxicity following acute iodine ingestion appear to be due to the corrosive gastroenteritis and resultant shock. Vomiting, hypotension and circulatory collapse may be noted following severe intoxication. Eye: Eye exposure may result in severe ocular burns. Cardiovascular: Tachycardia, hypotension and circulatory collapse may be due to the ingestion of concentrated corrosive iodine solutions. Respiratory: Inhalation of iodine vapour may result in severe pulmonary irritation leading to pulmonary edema. Edema of the glottis and pulmonary edema have also resulted from oral ingestion. Neurological: Headache, dizziness, delirium and stupor may be noted following severe intoxication. Gastrointestinal: A severe corrosive esophagitis and gastroenteritis characterized by vomiting, abdominal pain and diarrhea may be noted following ingestion. The vomitus is blue if starch is present in the stomach. A metallic taste may be noted. Dermatological: Dermal application of strong iodine solutions may result in burns. Chronic ingestion may result in iodism characterized from acne form skin lesions and other skin eruptions. Cutaneous absorption may be significant and result in systemic symptoms and death. Endocrine: Hypothyroidism, as well as hyperthyroidism, has been reported. Immunological: Hypersensitivity reactions including angioedema and/ or serum sickness-like reactions may be noted. Contraindications: Iodine preparations should not be taken regularly during pregnancy and lactation. Because iodine may cause burns on occluded skin, an iodine-treated wound should be covered with a light bandage. As iodine and iodides can affect the thyroid gland, the administration of such preparations may interfere with tests of thyroid functions. Potassium iodide should not be used in adolescent patients because of its potential to induce acne and its effects on the thyroid gland. Iodine or iodides should not be administered to patients with a history of hypersensitivity to such compounds. Routes of entry Oral: Toxic effects in humans can occur via accidental or suicidal poisonings. Toxic effects of iodine compounds resulting from ingestion of seaweed, mucolytic expectorants or X-ray contrast are reported. Inhalation: With industrial exposure to vapor of iodine, it will be absorbed from the lungs and converted in the body to iodide. Dermal: Topical iodine (especially with multiple applications) can be absorbed, causing toxic effects. Eye: Eye drops can cause systemic toxic effects. Parenteral: Contrast media. Absorption by route of exposure: Oral: Iodine appears to be inactivated by combination with gastrointestinal contents. Absorption is poor due to rapid conversion of iodine to iodide. Inhalation: Iodine is absorbed from the lungs, converted to iodide in the body. Pulmonary absorption of vapour may result in systemic poisoning. Dermal: Only very small quantities of iodine are absorbed through an intact skin. Iodine can be absorbed by wounds and abrasions. Enhanced absorption occurs through denuded skin, decubitus ulcers, mucosal surfaces with high absorptive capacity (vagina), or large areas of intact skin. Distribution by route of exposure: Oral: When taken by mouth iodine is rapidly converted to iodide and is stored in the thyroid as thyroglobulin. Iodine reaches the blood stream mainly in form of iodide, and it is incorporated into the thyroglobulin form in the thyroid gland. Inhalation: Iodine is readily distributed into the lungs. Dermal: Distribution is poor due to low absorption through intact skin. Enhanced distribution occurs through denuded skin. Metabolism: Iodine is an easily oxidizable substance. Food that is present in the digestive tract, will oxidize iodine to iodide which is not corrosive to the gastrointestinal tract. Elimination, by route of exposure: Iodine is excreted mainly in the urine and in smaller quantities in saliva, milk, sweat, bile and other secretions. Renal iodine clearance is related to glomerular filtration rate. Mode of action: Toxicodynamics: Local: Iodine precipitates proteins. The affected cells may be killed. The effect is similar to that of a corrosive acid. Systemic: Acute inhibition of the synthesis of iodotyrosine and iodothyronine. Pharmacodynamics: Topical: Iodine has bactericidal activity, a 1% tincture will kill 90% of bacteria in 90 seconds, a 5% tincture in 60 seconds and a 7% tincture in 15 seconds. Oral: The primary function of iodine is to control the rate of cellular oxidation through its presence in the biosynthesis of iodated thyroid hormone. Carcinogenicity: There is no evidence as to whether iodine is carcinogenic or not. However, connections have been established with deliberate or inadvertent intake of radioactive elements or their compounds that concentrate in certain organs or tissues. Thus intake of labelled iodine and derivatives concentrating in the thyroid gland, have been known to give rise to cancer in that organ. Teratogenicity: Iodides diffuse across the placenta. Infant and neonatal death from respiratory distress secondary to goitre has been reported in mothers taking iodides. Chronic topical maternal use of povidone-iodine during pregnancy has been associated with clinical and biochemical hypothyroidism in the infant. Exposure to iodine-131 can damage or ablate the developing thyroid of the human fetus. Hypothyroidism, either congenital or of late onset, has been reported in at least 5 children whose mothers were exposed to iodine-131 during pregnancy. Main adverse effects: Endocrine system effects: Iodine and iodides produce goiter, hypothyroidism as well as hyperthyroidism. These effects have also been reported in infants born to mothers who had taken iodides during pregnancy. Side effects of iodine given for radioprotection: In iodine induced goiter and iodine induced hypothyroidism, special risk groups are fetus and neonates. Iodine induced hyperthyroidism special risk group are people living in iodine deficient areas and people with a history of hyperthyroidism. Extrathyroidal side effects are gastrointestinal complaints (nausea, pain), taste abnormalities, cutaneous and mucous membrane such as irritation, rash, edema (including face and glottis), allergic like reactions such as fever, eosinophilia, serum sickness like symptoms, vasculitis. Special risk groups are patients with hypocomplementemic vasculitis. Allergic effects: Whether iodine is administered topically or systematically, iodine and iodides can give rise to allergic reactions: urticaria, angioedema, cutaneous hemorrhage or purpuras, fever, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy and eosinophila, acne form or severe eruptions. Iodism effects: A mild toxic syndrome called iodism results from repeated administration of small amount of iodine. Iodism is characterised by hyper salivation, coryza, sneezing, conjunctivitis, headache, laryngitis, bronchitis, stomatitis, parotitis, enlargement of the submaxillary glands, skin rashes and gastric upsets. In rare cases jaundice, bleeding from mucous membranes and bronchospasm may occur. Inflammatory states may be aggravated by these adverse reactions. Gastrointestinal effects: Acute effects due to ingestion of iodine are mainly due to its corrosive effects or action which arises at least in part from oxidizing potential of this element on the gastrointestinal tract. Symptoms include a metallic taste, vomiting, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Esophageal stricture may occur if the patient survives the acute stage. Cardiovascular and respiratory effects: Death may occur due to circulatory failure, edema of the glottis resulting in asphyxia, aspiration pneumonia, or pulmonary edema. Kidney effect: Anuria may occur 1 to 3 days after exposure.

Iodine is readily inactivated by starch to convert it to iodide.

Probably the mean lethal dose lies between 2 and 4 g of free iodine or 1 to 2 oz of the strong tincture.

LD50 Rat oral 14 g/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 22 g/kg|LD50 Rabbit oral 10 g/kg

Exposure to excess stable iodine can also produce hyperthyroidism in sensitive individuals. These include people who are initially iodine deficient, those who have thyroid disease, including nodular goiter, Graves' disease, those who have been previously treated with antithyroid drugs, and those who have developed thyrotoxicosis from amiodarone or interferon-alpha treatments. Patients who develop thyrotoxicosis may experience neuromuscular disorders, including myopathy, periodic paralysis, myasthenia gravis, peripheral neuropathy, tremor, and chorea; however, these are not likely to occur in iodine-induced hyperthyroidism, except in sensitive groups, already at risk for neurological problems.|Excess iodide intake may be contributing factor in the development of autoimmune thyroiditis in people who are susceptible. Autoimmune thyroiditis is an inflammation of the thyroid gland that can lead to fibrosis of the gland, follicular degeneration, follicular hyperplasia, and hypothyroidism. IgG autoantibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase are consistent features of the disorder. Iodine appears to play an important role in autoimmune response as human lymphocytes recognize and proliferate in response to iodinated human thyroglobulin, but not iodine-free thyroglobulin. Poorly iodinated thyroglobulin is also less antigenic than iodine-rich thyroglobulin. /Iodide/|Special risk groups are patients with hypocomplementemic vasculitis.

SEVERAL NATURAL SOURCES INCLUDE: SEAWATER (1,000 TONS OF IODINE IN 1 CUBIC MILE), SEAWEED, SALT BRINES, ... AND CHILEAN SALTPETER (ONCE THE PRIMARY SOURCE).

The literature suggests that some pharmaceutically active compounds originating from human and veterinary therapy are not eliminated completely in municipal sewage treatment plants and are therefore discharged into receiving waters(1). Wastewater treatment processes often were not designed to remove them from the effluent(2). Another concern is that selected organic waste compounds may be degrading to new and more persistent compounds that may be released instead of or in addition to the parent compound(2). Studies have indicated that several polar pharmaceutically active compounds can leach through subsoils into aquifers(1).

Investigated for use/treatment in breast disorders (unspecified) and pain (acute or chronic).|Treatment of infectious conjunctivitis

Anti-Infective Agents, Local|In treatment of dendritic keratitis ... the corneas of patients have been ... exposed to air practically saturated with iodine vapor ... staining of corneal epithelium and ... loss of this layer, but complete recovery in two or three days. Tincture of iodine, swabbed on cornea, has been employed ... with same results.|Chief use of solution of elemental iodine is in the disinfection of the skin. ... May also be employed in the treatment of wounds and abrasions. Applied to abraded tissue, aqueous solution are less irritating than the tincture. ... In treatment of cutaneous infections due to bacteria and fungi, usp tincture or solution ... may be employed.|To treat thyrotoxic crisis or neonatal thyrotoxicosis.|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In rare instances, individual may exhibit hypersensitivity to iodine and react markedly to moderate amount of the element applied to the skin. ... Iodine has a relatively low toxicity when therapeutic preparations are ingested. Few patients succumb to the effects of the drug.|POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS ON FETUS: Goiters, fetal encephalopathy. POTENTIAL SIDE EFFECTS ON BREAST-FED INFANT: May cause skin rash and thyroid suppression in infant. FDA Category:D (D = There is no evidence of human fetal risk but the potential benefits from use in pregnant women may be acceptable despite the potential risks (e.g., if the drug is needed in a life-threatening situation or for a serious disease for which safer drugs cannot be used or are ineffective.) /Iodides/ /from table II/

Doses of 2-3 g have been fatal.

Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Infective Agents, Local.)|A group of chemical elements that are needed in minute quantities for the proper growth, development, and physiology of an organism. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed) (See all compounds classified as Trace Elements.)

Little information is available on the gastrointestinal absorption of forms of iodine other than iodide. Iodine compounds, such as I2 and iodates (e.g., NaIO3), may undergo reduction to iodide before being absorbed in the small intestine, and absorption may not be complete.|Orally administered iodine is rapidly excreted in the urine and in smaller quantities in saliva, milk, sweat, bile, and other secretions. The storage of iodine in the thyroid depends upon the functional state of the gland.|Iodine is absorbed from the lung, converted to iodide in the body, and then excreted, mainly in urine.|Iodine is removed from the blood & incorporated into the organic form in the thyroid gland. Free iodine is negligible in the body.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Food present in the digestive tract rapidly inactivates iodine by converting it to comparatively harmless iodide.|Inhaled methyl iodide and molecular iodine (I2) are rapidly converted to iodide. /Methyl iodide and iodine/|Ingested molecular iodine (I2) is converted to iodide.

Molecular iodine is known to inhibit the induction and promotion of N-methyl-n-nitrosourea-induced mammary carcinogenesis, to regress 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced breast tumors in rats.It has also been shown to have beneficial effects in fibrocystic human breast disease.|An acute iodide excess (above the preexisting dietary intake) transiently decreases the production of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland; this is referred to as the acute Wolff-Chaikoff effect. In normal people, this is followed by a return to normal levels of hormone synthesis, referred to as escape from the acute Wolff-Chaikoff effect, without a significant change in circulating hormone levels. Escape is thought to be the result of down regulation of the sodium-iodide symport (NIS), the iodide transporter in the thyroid gland, resulting in a decrease in the intrathyroidal iodine and the resumption of normal hormone synthesis. An acute or chronic excess of iodide can also decrease circulating T4 and T3 levels and induce a hypothyroid state in some people who have underlying thyroid disorders. These effects are the result of a failure to escape from the acute Wolff-Chaikoff effect. Most people who experience iodine-induced hypothyroidism recover when the excess iodine intake is discontinued.

Impurities are chiefly water, sulfuric acid, iron, and insoluble materials.

Exposure Routes: inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact Symptoms: Irritation eyes, skin, nose; lacrimation (discharge of tears); headache; chest tightness; skin burns, rash; cutaneous hypersensitivity Target Organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system (NIOSH, 2016)

Eye: If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Skin: If this chemical contacts the skin, immediately wash the contaminated skin with soap and water. If this chemical penetrates the clothing, immediately remove the clothing, wash the skin with soap and water, and get medical attention promptly. Breathing: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. Swallow: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2016)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

First rinse with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, then remove contaminated clothes and rinse again.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather masks at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary... .For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag relfex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination... /Iodine and Related Compounds/|Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration with D5W. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Iodine and Related Compounds/|Once absorbed into the circulation, iodine is rapidly converted to the far less toxic iodide. THerefore, there is no need for enhanced drug removal. /Iodine/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Several studies have examined the acute effects of increased intake of iodine on thyroid hormone status in adults. These effects, in subjects who have no underlying thyroid disease, result from a small iodine-induced decrease in thyroid hormone release, which is accompanied by a rise in serum TSH concentration, to maintain normal thyroid function. ... The results of these studies suggest that acute (14 days) increases in iodine intake of 1,500 ug/day (21 ug/kg/day) above the preexisting dietary intake can be tolerated without producing a clinically adverse change in thyroid hormone levels, although such doses may produce a small reversible depression in serum T4 concentrations and a small rise in serum TSH concentrations, both within the normal range of values for healthy individuals. ... The above conclusions apply to healthy adults who have no prior history of thyroid disease, no detectable antithyroid antibodies, and no prior history of chronic deficiency or excessive iodine intakes. Based on estimates of the background dietary intakes of the subjects in these studies, in most cases estimated from measurements of urinary iodide excretion, the total iodide intakes (including background dietary intake) that could produce subclinical hypothyroidism were approximately 1,700 ug/day or approximately 24 ug/kg/day.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ No clinical abnormalities in thyroid hormone status occurred when healthy, euthyroid, adult males (n = 6 or 7), who had no history of thyroid-related illness, ingested daily oral doses of 300 or 1,000 ug I/kg/day as either iodine (I2) or sodium iodide for 14 days. Based on measurements of urinary iodide excretion rates, the pretreatment iodide intakes were approximately 100 ug/day. The high dosage (1,000 ug I/kg/day) produced a small but statistically significant increase in serum TSH concentrations compared to a sodium chloride control group; the TSH concentrations in the control group did not exceed the normal range (<5 mU/L) and reverted to control levels within 10 days after the iodine supplementation was ended. Serum T4 and T3 were not significantly different in the treatment groups, compared to the control group. ... Studies of this size have low statistical power, which complicates the interpretation of findings of no significant effect. /Iodine and sodium iodide/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Problems associated with the use of iodine include unpleasant odor, skin irritation, allergic reactions, clothes staining, and poor stability.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ A review of medical records from the New York City Medical Examiners Office revealed that, in a period of 6 years, there were 18 ... suicides in which adults ingested iodine tinctures. Tinctures of iodine contain a mixture of molecular iodine (I2) and sodium triiodide (NaI3) and have iodine concentrations of approximately 40 mg/mL. Doses of iodine from ingestion of the tinctures ranged from 1,200 to 9,500 mg (17 to 120 mg/kg), and deaths usually occurred within 48 hours of the dose. ... Symptoms of toxicity that have been observed in lethal or near-lethal poisonings have included abdominal cramps, bloody diarrhea and gastrointestinal ulceration, edema of the face and neck, pneumonitis, hemolytic anemia, metabolic acidosis, fatty degeneration of the liver, and renal failure.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (33 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Iodine

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour, through the skin and by ingestion.|inhalation, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

irritation eyes, skin, nose; lacrimation (discharge of tears); headache; chest tightness; skin burns, rash; cutaneous hypersensitivity

Cough. Wheezing. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

Redness. Pain.

Watering of the eyes. Redness. Pain.

Endocrine (Glands and Hormones)|Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system

42.7% as an intermediate for potassium iodide; 31.7% as an intermediate for inorganic iodine compound; and 25.7% as an intermediate for organic iodine compounds (1964)|Derivative: catalysts, 22%; pharmaceutical, 20%; animal feed supplements, 18%; sanitary or industrial disinfectants, 12%; stabilizers, 11%; inks & colorants, 6%; photographic, 5%; misc, 6% (1984)|3,537 tons in 1985|(2000) 5,420 thousand kilograms (apparent); 3,990 thousand kilograms (reported)|For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/Iodine/ is used most frequently as the official USP tincture (2% iodine and 2% sodium iodide in 50% alcohol), but it is also available as strong iodine solution, also known as Lugol's solution (5% iodine and 10% potassium iodide in aqueous solution). The strong iodine tincture (7%) and iodine ointment (4%) have been virtually eliminated.|Grades: crude, chemically pure, USP|(Vet): Hypodermin injection, Haver-Lockhart; io dyne spray, Tevco; iodine wound spray, Med Tech; Lugol's soln, Med-Tech; stronger iodine tincture, Med-Tech|Minimum purity of 99.8%. U.S. Pharmacopoeia specifies an iodine content not less than 99.8%, a maximum nonvolatile residue of 0.01% and chlorine-bromine of 0.005% (ACS) and 0.028% (USP), respectively.

All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing|Iodine: ACTIVE|The iodide residual for effective disinfection in either swimming pools or drinking water is approx 1.0 mg/L.|The United States relies on imports for about 75% of consumption.|Discovered in 1811 by Courtois. Classed among the rarer elements.|Preparation of ultra pure iodine for research purposes ... Schmeisser in G Brauer's Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, Vol 1, p 275.|For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for IODINE, ELEMENTAL (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Both amperometric titration and leuco crystal violet colorimetric methods give acceptable results when used to measure free iodine in drinking water. Std methods for examination of water & wastewater, 14th ed, 1193 (1976).|Analyte: iodide ion; Matrix: air; Procedure: ion chromatography; Range: 0.008-0.2 mg Iodine/sample; Precision: 0.071 @ 0.01-0.03 mg Iodine/sample.|Iodine may be determined /in air/ colorimetrically using o-tolidine reagent.|Iodine as the free element can be detected by the characteristic blue color given with a starch solution, or by the violet color of its vapor and of solutions in carbon tetrachloride or carbon disulfide. Iodine is also detected by the precipitation of yellow silver iodide, black palladium iodide, or yellow or red mercuric iodide. Iodine can be quantitatively determined in acidic aqueous solutions by titrating with a standard solution of sodium thiosulfate using starch as the indicator. Iodides can also be assayed by the Volhard method in which an excess of a standard silver nitrate solution is added and then backtitrated with a standard thiocyanate solution with ferric alum as the indicator. Quantities of up to 0.05 ug of iodine can be determined by colorimetric methods.

Chemical Classes -> Inorganic substances, Metals/Elements (the simplest forms of matter), Radionuclides (radioactive materials)|Human Drugs -> EU pediatric investigation plans|Food Contaminant -> CONTAMINANT; -> JECFA Functional Classes

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