DPP-4, SGLT-2 & GLP-1

DPP-4

These drugs inhibit the inactivation of Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), increase the levels of endogenous GLP-1 and GIP, promote the release of INSULIN from pancreatic beta cells, and inhibit the secretion of glucagon from pancreatic alpha cells, thereby increasing insulin levels and lowering blood glucose, and are less likely to induce hypoglycemia and weight gain. Dipeptidyl peptidase has several products on the market, such as sitagliptin, saxagliptin, vincristine.

SGLT-2

Sodium-dependent glucose transporters 2 inhibitors inhibit the reabsorption of glucose by the kidneys, allowing excess glucose to be removed from the urine and lowering blood glucose. It is a new class of anti-diabetic drugs.

GLP-1 receptor agonist
Glucagon polypeptide, GLP-1 receptor agonists are the two main enterotropins of the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide GIP.GLP-1 receptor agonists augment insulin secretion in a glucose concentration-dependent manner, inhibit glucagon secretion, delay gastric emptying, and reduce the amount of food consumed through central appetite suppression. GLP-1 has weight-loss effects and may be promising in areas such as lowering blood pressure.The presence of GLP-1 is essential for beta cell regeneration.In 2004, it was found that the use of GLP-1 enhanced beta cell regeneration while inhibiting apoptosis and promoted differentiation of pancreatic ductal stem cells into beta cells.GLP-1 analogues are known as beta cell differentiation factors (which increase de novo birth), growth factors (which enable replication), and growth factors (which enable replication). In 2005, the FDA approved the use of subcutaneous formulations such as exenatide, liraglutide, and somalutide for patients with type 2 diabetes whose blood glucose is not adequately controlled by the combination of Metformin and sulfonylureas.