Chromium chloride (CrCl3)

158.36

156.847076

233-038-3

1316

1760

DTXSID20858722

Violet, lustrous, hexagonal, crystalline scales|Red-violet crystals|Bright purple plates

0.00000

2.06850

Violet flakes

2.87 g/cm³ @ Temp: 25 °C

1150 °C

1300°C

soluble in alcohol, water.

Store below +30°C.

Produces violet (dilute) or green (concentrated) acid solutions|Greasy feel; also exists in hygroscopic, soluble, peach-blossom colored form|Greenish-black or violet deliquescent crystals, depending on whether chlorine is coordinated with the chromium. Density: 1.76; MP: 83 °C. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether /Chromium chloride hexahydrate/|pH = 2.61 at 20 °C at a concentration of 50/g/L /Chromium chloride hexahydrate/|Chromium forms a number of compounds in various oxidation states. Those of 2+ (chromous), 3+ (chromic) and 6+ (chromates) are the most important /Chromium, alloys and cmpd/|Cr(III) is the most stable oxidation state of chromium & is always present as a coordination complex /Trivalent chromium/|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for Chromium (III) chloride (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The rate of solution for water is extremely slow, pH of 0.2 M. aqueous solution is 2.4.

Non-Redox-Active Inorganic Compounds

When heated to decomposition, CHROMIC CHLORIDE emits toxic fumes of chlorine containing compounds. Violent reaction with lithium, nitrogen. Incompatible with strong oxidizers. [EPA, 1998].

III

8

UN3260

1

22-26

24/25-45-36/37-28

GB5425000

Xn,T+

Stable under recommended storage conditions|Extremely unstable

P260-P280-P301 + P312 + P330-P303 + P361 + P353-P304 + P340 + P310-P305 + P351 + P338

H302-H314-H411

Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product|Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D007, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste. /Chromium/|SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.|The following wastewater treatment technology has been investigated for chromium: Concentration process: Biological Treatment. /Chromium/|For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for Chromium (III) chloride (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Reacts violently with: Lithium, Nitrogen Incompatible with: Strong oxidizing agents|... Lithium strip with anhydrous chromium trichloride ... caused it to ignite and burn vigorously in the nitrogen atmosphere of a glove box.|Avoid moisture.

When heated to decomposition, it emits toxic fumes of chlorine containing compounds. Violent reaction with lithium, nitrogen. Incompatible with strong oxidizers. (EPA, 1998)|Not combustible.

|Danger|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P312, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P330, P363, P391, P405, and P501|H317: May cause an allergic skin reaction [Warning Sensitization, Skin]|P261, P272, P280, P285, P302+P352, P304+P341, P321, P333+P313, P342+P311, P363, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

For emergency situations, wear a positive pressure, pressure-demand, full facepiece self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or pressure- demand supplied air respirator with escape SCBA and a fully-encapsulating, chemical resistant suit. (EPA, 1998)|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for Chromium (III) chloride (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.|Respiratory protection from chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts while fighting fires: self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/

Hydrogen chloride gas, Chromium oxides

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES; Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.|If chromium metal or insoluble chromium salts are spilled, the following steps should be taken: 1. Remove all ignition sources where metallic chromium has been spilled. 2. Ventilate area of spill. 3) Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing chromium metal or insoluble chromium salts should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/

Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.|Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.|Good industrial hygiene practices recommend that engineering controls be used to reduce environmental concentrations to the permissible exposure level. ... In addition to respirator selection, a complete respiratory protection program should be instituted which includes regular training /sessions/, maintenance, inspection, cleaning, and evaluation /of the equipment/. /Chromium metal and insoluble chromium salts/|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Chromium (III) chloride (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Eczematous dermatitis due to trivalent chromium compounds has been reported. /Trivalent chromium compounds/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 1 mg/cu m. /Chromium metal and insoluble salts, as Cr/|Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium(III) compounds, as Cr/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10-hour Time-Weighted Average: 0.5 mg/cu m. /Chromium(III) compounds (as Cr)/

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

May cause mechanical irritation to the eyes and respiratory tract.

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

D007; A waste containing chromium may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations. /Chromium/

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Chromic chloride is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 1 or 10,000 lbs. Extremely hazardous substances that are solids are subject to either of two threshold planning quantities ... The lower quantity applies only if the solid exists in powdered form and has a particle size less than 100 microns; or is handled in solution or in molten form; or meets the criteria for a National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) rating of 2, 3 or 4 for reactivity. If the solid does not meet any of these criteria, it is subject to the upper ... threshold planning quantity ... .

D007; A solid waste containing chromium may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste. /Chromium/

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Chromic chloride forms purple-hexagonal plates. It is used in chromizing; manufacture of Cr metal and compounds; as catalyst for polymerization of olefins and other organic reactions; as textile mordant; in tanning; in corrosion inhibitors, and as a waterproofing agent. It's solution is also used in total parenteral nutrition. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Chromic chloride administered intravenously to total parenteral nutrition patients has been shown to be nontoxic when given at dosage levels up to 250 ug/day for two consecutive weeks. Symptoms of toxic chromium reactions include nausea, vomiting, ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract, renal and hepatic damage, and abnormalities of the central nervous system culminating in convulsions and coma. 2211 consecutive patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested with 0.5% potassium dichromate (Cr(VI)) and 13% chromium trichloride (Cr(III)). A total of 71 (3.2%) patients had a positive reaction to Cr(VI), of which 31 also had a positive Cr(III) reaction. No Cr(VI) negative patients had a positive reaction to Cr(III). An increased risk of foot dermatitis was found in Cr(VI) positive patients with a concomitant positive or doubtful reaction to Cr(III) compared with Cr(VI) positive patients with no reactions to Cr(III). Chromic chloride inhibited spindle formation in human skin fibroblasts, but only at the highest concentration tested (100 uM), which was several orders of magnitude higher than the concentration required for chromium (IV) compounds (sodium chromate and calcium chromate) to produce the same effect. Chromic chloride exposure in vitro only had slight impact on the telomere length in human cells. ANIMAL STUDIES: Chromic chloride crystals applied to the intact cornea of rabbits resulted in permanent gray vascularized opacity. Rats were fed a stock diet to which was added 0, 5, 25, 50 or 100 mg of Cr per kg of diet as chloride for 20 weeks without any toxic effects. Pregnant mice were given a single intraperitoneal injection of (51)Cr chromic chloride (19.5 mg/kg body weight Cr) on day 8 of gestation and were sacrificed at intervals of 4-192 hr after injection. More pyknotic cells were observed in the neural plate of experimental embryos than controls, especially by 8 hours after injection. In developmental studies in rabbits chromic chloride induced dwarfism, kinky and short tails, lung hypoplasia, heart hypertrophy, intrathoracic hemorrhage and dilated nares and brain lateral ventricles. In vitro chromic chloride interfered with meiotic maturation of mouse oocyte resulting in reducing the ability of fertilization. Chromic chloride was not genotoxic in four Salmonella strains tested (TA1535, TA1537, TA98, and TA100) with or without metabolic activation. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: In preliminary acute Daphnia tests, the 24 hr EC50 was 22 mg/L for chromic chloride. The nominal 21 day no observed effect concentration was 0.70 mg/L, with the most sensitive parameter being reproduction rate.

LD50 Mouse ip 434 mg/kg|LC50 Mouse inhal 31,500 ug/cu m/2 hr|LD50 Rat oral 1870 mg/kg

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ No fish deaths occurred in environments containing 5 or 10 ppm of chromic chloride and chromic sulfate alone, but the mortality with 20 ppm chromium showed a tendency to increase as time passed. The addition of sodium NTA (317 ppm) and sodium EDTA (522 ppm) produced a decrease in mortality of carp due to the toxicity of chromium(III) in either chromic chloride or chromic sulfate soln.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Twenty-one day Daphnia reproduction tests were conducted in line with the provisional procedure proposed by the Federal Environmental Agency (Umweltbundesamt, FRG), as of Jan 1, 1984. Groups of 20, 24-hr old Daphnia magna Straus were exposed to 0.08 to 11 mg/L chromic chloride in semi-static test vessels. Parent animals in the test and control vessels had to be pipetted 3 times/wk in freshly prepared test and control media at the corresponding concn level. The no observed effect concn (NOEC) was determined from the parameters of mortality of the parent animals, reproduction rate and appearance of the first offspring during the test period. In preliminary acute Daphnia tests, the 24 hr EC50 was 22 mg/L, the EC0 was 11 mg/L for chromic chloride. The nominal 21 day no observed effect concn was 0.70 mg/L, with the most sensitive parameter being reproduction rate.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The influence of humic acid (HA) on the toxicity and bioavailability of two forms of trivalent chromium (chromic chloride and chrome lignosulfonate) was evaluated using a common freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia pulex. With both compounds, the 50 mg/liter HA significantly decreased toxicity at all time points examined. The remaining two HA concentrations, 0.5 and 5 mg/liter, either had no influence or decreased the toxicity of the compounds. Humic acid appeared to have no influence on the bioavailability of chrome lignosulfonate. However, for chromic chloride, 5 and 50 mg/liter HA decreased the percentage free chromium at all time points examined.

Using chromium (III) chloride as the Cr3+ source and mollusc (Mytilus edulis L.) as the aquatic organism in a saltwater, flow-through study over 24 weeks, the BCF for chromium (III) resulting from exposure to 1 mg Cr/L seawater was found to be be 86 (dimensionless) based on wet weight(1).

In batch soil adsorption experiments using chromium (III) chloride, Cr(III) is removed very rapidly by precipitation as various Cr(III) species, e.g. as hydroxide and/or adsorption. Within 6 hours there is no Cr(III) detectable in any of three soils. Some of the Cr(III) is then oxidized by Mn(IV)-containing minerals within a few hours. Higher levels of carbon may block mineral sites (eg. MnO2) that oxidize Cr(III). Cr(VI) disappears from pore water at a very slow rate compared to the disappearance of Cr(III). Adsorption coefficients increase with increasing pH. Adsorption coefficients were determined as follows: Kd = 298 - 14346 L/kg (o.c.: 1.92%, pH 4.70 - 6.69), 19716 - 55918 L/kg soil (o.c.: 0.11%, pH 6.03 - 6.69), and 330 - 23658 (o.c.: 3.75%, pH 3.63 - 6.16) for loan, loess and clay, respectively(1).|In batch soil extractability experiments using chromium (III) chloride at up to 500 ppm over a 16 week period in three soils (Rubikon sand, Morley clay loam and limed Morley clay loam), chromium (III) hydroxide was formed in the soils at pH >4.7. In soils precipitated chromium (III) hydroxide is aged with time resulting in more crystalline forms with lowered solubility. There is strong evidence that organic bound chromium(III) is very low. The exchangeable portion of Cr(III) is also negligible. The water soluble fraction is nearly zero after 2 weeks(1).

According to the 2012 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 1 reporting facility estimates the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of chromium (III) chloride may be 25-49 workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 3,273 workers (1,706 of these are female) were potentially exposed to chromium (III) chloride in the US(1).

Chromic Chloride Injection, USP is indicated for use as a supplement to intravenous solutions given for Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN). Administration helps to maintain plasma levels and to prevent depletion of endogenous stores and subsequent deficiency symptoms.|EXPL THER The effect of i.v. chromium administration on glucose control in two patients receiving enteral nutrition is described. SUMMARY: Chromium supplementation has been hypothesized to potentiate the actions of insulin in facilitating cellular uptake of glucose. We report two cases-one involving a diabetic patient and the other a nondiabetic patient-in which chromium administration appeared to decrease insulin requirements. In case 1, a diabetic patient given a single course of chromic chloride appeared to have a probable response to the drug. Within the first day of chromic chloride administration, insulin requirements declined. When chromic chloride was discontinued, insulin requirements did not rise, suggesting efficacy and sustained effect. The patient's glucose intake and blood glucose levels remained relatively stable, while there was a significant decline in insulin requirements. Serum chromium levels were not assessed, so it is uncertain if the patient experienced chromium deficiency or if it was adequately treated with chromium supplementation, and a dose-response relationship could not be ascertained because the patient received a continuous infusion of chromium. In case 2, the insulin requirements of a nondiabetic patient appeared to decrease in response to multiple courses of chromic chloride. Upon initial discontinuation of chromic chloride, the patient's lower insulin requirements were sustained for a few days, but changes in clinical status and other medications precipitated elevated insulin requirements and the need for subsequent chromic chloride administration. Infusion of chromic chloride appeared to reduce insulin requirements in one diabetic patient and one nondiabetic patient.|EXPL THER This experiment was carried out to test the null hypothesis that intramuscular trivalent chromium /chromium chloride/ administration would not remove lipids from the heart and ascending aorta of the hyoercholesterolemic rabbits and would not lower their serum cholesterol levels. A novel computer-based method, previously described, was used to assess the sizes of the intracardiac and aortic lesions. Clinical chemistry and histopathology were performed through routine methods. The sizes of the lipid deposits in the coronary vasculature of the hypercholesterolemic rabbits were greatly reduced as a result of the intramuscular chromium chloride injections. Lipid deposits in the ascending aorta were similarly reduced, as well as the serum cholesterol concentrations. The terminal serum chromium concentrations in the chromium-treated group were in the range of 3,258-4,513 ug/L, whereas, in the untreated animals, the concentrations were 3.2 to 6.3 ug/L. The general condition of the chromium-treated animals was good and they were continuing to gain weight up to the time they were killed. However, it was found that their liver function tests had become abnormal even though there was no evidence of hepatic histopathological lesions specifically affecting the chromium-treated group. The kidney function tests and histopathology were normal. These findings suggest that a more aggressive approach than those tried hitherto might be useful in treating atherosclerotic human patients with chromium.

In assessing the contribution of chromium supplements to maintenance of normal glucose hemostasis, consideration should be given to the possibility that the patient may be diabetic, in which case oral or intravenous antidiabetic medication may be indicated.|This product contains aluminum that may be toxic. Aluminum may reach toxic levels with prolonged parenteral administration if kidney function is impaired. Premature neonates are particularly at risk because their kidneys are immature, and they require large amounts of calcium and phosphate solutions, which contain aluminum. Research indicates that patients with impaired kidney function, including premature neonates, who receive parenteral levels of aluminum at greater than 4 to 5 mcg/kg/day accumulate aluminum at levels associated with central nervous system and bone toxicity. Tissue loading may occur at even lower rates of administration.|Chromic Chloride Injection, USP should not be given undiluted by direct injection into a peripheral vein because of the potential for infusion phlebitis and increased renal loss of chromium from a bolus injection.|Safety for use in pregnancy has not been established. Use of chromium in women of childbearing potential requires that anticipated benefits be weighed against possible hazards.|The amount of chromium present in Chromic Chloride Injection, USP is very small, symptoms from chromium toxicity are considered unlikely to occur. Symptoms of toxic chromium reactions include nausea, vomiting, ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract, renal and hepatic damage, and abnormalities of the central nervous system culminating in convulsions and coma.

In rats, brain and muscle appear to have little affinity for injected chromium (III) chloride, but there is a considerable uptake by liver, spleen and bone marrow.|... rats absorbed from 5% to 10% of radioactive trivalent chromium (as the chloride) within 5 min after it was admin by stomach intubation. The chromium retained by the rats decr from 5% to 10% at 5 min to less than 1% at 1 hr. ... most of the quickly absorbed chromium was lost via the gastrointestinal tract.|The excretion and whole-body retention of various (51)Cr-chromium cmpd differed greatly in ... mouse. ... 7 days after the iv dose to mice, retained (51)Cr was ... 40% of CrCl3 ... There was high uptake of ... CrCl3 in the bone marrow ...|The tissue levels of chromium were followed after single intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of 1 mmol CrCl3/kg body wt. in Swiss male mice. Blood levels were similar after both treatment modes, with half-lives of 31-41 h. Organs not directly exposed by i.p. treatment contained similar amounts in the two groups, with kidneys > lungs > heart > brain. However, after i.p. treatment peritoneal organs (liver, spleen, pancreas and testis) had 40- to 200-fold more chromium compared with s.c. Assay of subsurface liver tissue and of testes removed via the scrotum indicated infiltration of the organs, rather than surface adsorption, of peritoneal chromium. Relative chromium concentrations after i.p. treatment were liver > pancreas = spleen > testis and after s.c. liver > spleen > testis > pancreas. Thus, s.c. treatment with CrCl3 is as effective as i.p. in terms of absorption into the blood. Treatment i.p., leading to direct uptake into peritoneal organs, is an effective way to deliver high chromium doses to these organs, but does not model likely human exposure.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Chromium (III) chloride (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/The investigators/ studied ... the metabolism of ... chromic chloride hexahydrate in guinea pigs for ... 60 days ... after intratracheal injection of 200 ug Cr. ... 10 min after injection, 69% of the dose remained in the lungs, & only 4% was found in the blood & ... /liver, kidneys, spleen/. By 24 hr, 45% was still in the lungs, 6% was excreted in the urine, & only a very small % was found in the other tissues. The spleen was the only tissue that showed accumulation & that occurred during the 1st 48 hr. The Cr that reached the blood was found in greater amt in the plasma than in the cells ... at the end of 30 days, 30% of Cr3+ was still in the lungs ... at 60 days ... 12% ... /Chromic chloride hexahydrate/

The tissue levels of chromium were followed after single intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of 1 mmol CrCl3/kg body wt. in Swiss male mice. Blood levels were similar after both treatment modes, with half-lives of 31-41 hr. ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of three different chromium forms as chromic chloride (CrCl3), chromium picolinate (CrPic), and a newly synthesized complex of chromium chelated with small peptides (CrSP) on glucose uptake and metabolism in vitro. In cultured skeletal muscle cells, chromium augmented insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and metabolism as assessed by a reduced glucose concentration of culture medium. At the molecular level, insulin significantly increased the mRNA levels of insulin receptor (IR), glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), glycogen synthase (GS), and uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3), and these impacts can be enhanced by the addition of chromium, especially in the form of CrSP. Collectively, results of this study demonstrate that chromium improves glucose uptake and metabolism through upregulating the mRNA levels of IR, GLUT4, GS, and UCP3 in skeletal muscle cells, and CrSP has higher efficacy on glucose uptake and metabolism compared to the forms of CrCl3 and CrPic.

It displays high dermal toxicity, and moderate oral toxicity. (EPA, 1998)

Warnings: Effects may not appear for several days. Caution is advised. Signs and Symptoms of Acute Chromic Chloride Exposure: Acute exposure to chromic chloride may produce signs and symptoms that include corneal injury, oral burns, deep perforating ulcers, gastrointestinal inflammation, and hemorrhage. Pulmonary edema, bronchial asthma, circulatory collapse, and shock may also occur. Delayed effects such as hepatic encephalopathy, pneumoconiosis, acute hepatitis, renal failure, anemia, and thrombocytopenia may take as many as 7 days to manifest. Hospitalization is essential. Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to chromic chloride may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination. Inhalation Exposure: 1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to chromic chloride. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 4. RUSH to a health care facility. Dermal/Eye Exposure: 1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to chromic chloride. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible. 4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. 5. Wash exposed skin areas with a 10 to 20% ascorbic acid solution for 15 minutes. If ascorbic acid solution is unavailable, water may be used. 6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 7. RUSH to a health care facility. Ingestion Exposure: 1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 2. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize! 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 4. Activated charcoal is of no value. 5. Give the victims water or milk: children up to 1 year old, 125 mL (4 oz or 1/2 cup); children 1 to 12 years old, 200 mL (6 oz or 3/4 cup); adults, 250 mL (8 oz or 1 cup). Water or milk should be given only if victims are conscious and alert. 6. RUSH to a health care facility. (EPA, 1998)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Inorganic acids and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist respirations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. Activated charcoal is not effective. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Do not attempt to neutralize because of exothermic reaction. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Inorganic acids and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Early intubation, at the first sign of upper airway obstruction, may be necessary. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's(LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Inorganic acids and related compounds/|Emergency and supportive measures. 1. Inhalation. Give supplemental oxygen. Treat wheezing and monitor the victim closely for delayed-onset noncardiogenic pulmonary edema. Delays in the onset of pulmonary edema of up to 72 hours have been reported after inhalation of concentrated solutions of chromic acid. 2. Ingestion. a. Diluted immediately with water. treat hemorrhagic gastroenteritis with aggressive fluid and blood replacement. Consider early endoscopy to assess the extent of esophageal or gastric injury. b. Treat hemoglobinuria resulting from hemolysis with alkaline diuresis as far rhabdomyolysis. Treat methemoglobinemia if it occurs. /Chromium/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Chromium (III) chloride (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Trivalent chromium administered intravenously to total parenteral nutrition patients has been shown to be nontoxic when given at dosage levels up to 250 ug/day for two consecutive weeks.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Chromium allergy has become synonymous with Cr(VI) allergy. However, real exposure to chromium from leather products may include both Cr(III) and Cr(VI). In this study, we investigate the reactivity to both Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in consecutive patients to analyse the relation between foot eczema/leather exposure and reactivity to Cr(III). From March 2002 to December 2004, 2211 consecutive patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis were patch tested with 0.5% potassium dichromate (Cr(VI)) and 13% chromium trichloride (Cr(III)). A total of 71 (3.2%) patients had a positive reaction to Cr(VI), of which 31 also had a positive Cr(III) reaction. No Cr(VI) negative patients had a positive reaction to Cr(III). An increased risk of foot dermatitis was found in Cr(VI) positive patients with a concomitant positive or doubtful reaction to Cr(III) compared with Cr(VI) positive patients with no reactions to Cr(III). The increased risk was not due to a higher degree of sensitivity to Cr(VI). Leather was reported most frequently as the suspected cause of chromium dermatitis (54%). However, Cr(VI) allergics having foot eczema and positive or doubtful Cr(III) reactions often had positive reactions to other shoe allergens. Thus, Cr(III) allergy is part of a multiple shoe allergy pattern.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptoms of toxic chromium reactions include nausea, vomiting, ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract, renal and hepatic damage, and abnormalities of the central nervous system culminating in convulsions and coma.|/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ ...Cr3+ decreases the viability and/or proliferation rate of eukaryotic cells such as murine B16 melanoma cells and human MCF-10A neoT ras-transformed human epithelial cells. /Cr3+/|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Chromium (III) chloride (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

chromic chloride

Cough.

Redness.

Chromic chloride hexahydrate is available as a 62% green aqueous solution typically containing 12% chromium and less than 0.2% sulfate.|/Available as/ 80 mesh, 99.9% purity grade /from Cerac, Inc/ & as dark green solution & dark green powder grades /from McGean-Rohco, Inc/|McGean-Rohco, Inc ... /Available as/ 31% chrome, powder and 12% chrome, solution|CHROMIC CHLORIDE - chromic chloride injection, solution; Chromic Chloride Injection, USP is a sterile, nonpyrogenic solution intended for use as an additive to solutions for Total Parenteral Nutrition (TPN). Each mL contains Chromic Chloride Hexahydrate 20.5 mcg, Water for Injection q.s. pH adjusted with Hydrochloric Acid if necessary. It delivers elemental Chromium 4 mcg/mL. The 10 mL vial is a single dose preservative free vial.|There are a few forms of chromium available for nutritional supplementation. They include chromium picolinate, chromium polynicotinate, chromium chloride and high-chromium yeast. These forms are available as stand-alone supplements or in combination products. /Chromium supplements/

All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing|Chromium chloride (CrCl3): ACTIVE