What Are The Possible Type One Diabetes Complications?

Typeone diabetes complications can be divided into acute complications and chroniccomplications. Acute complications are mainly ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis orhyperosmolar coma caused by hyperglycemia, which are relatively urgent and needurgent correction. Long-term poor control of blood glucose can causemacrovascular complications and microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes.Compared with type 2 diabetes, microvascular complications of type 1 diabetesoccur earlier than macrovascular complications, including diabetic nephropathy,diabetic retinopathy, and diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Macrovascularcomplications include diabetic heart disease, myocardial infarction, diabeticcerebrovascular disease and so on. In order to prevent or delay the occurrenceof type one diabetes complications, the basic requirement is to control theblood glucose to the target level.

Acute complications

Ketoacidosis:It is a metabolic disorder caused by a severe lack of insulin and aninappropriate elevation of glucose hormones. Patients with type 1 diabetes(especially acute-onset type) have a greater tendency to develop ketoacidosis,and sometimes ketoacidosis is the first symptom. Once it happens, it should betreated in time.

Lacticacidosis: The main symptoms are nausea and vomiting, fatigue, confusion,convulsions, and in severe cases, coma, deep breathing, and respiratory arrest.If lactic acidosis occurs, first treat the cause and control the primary disease.If the patient has cardiac insufficiency and pulmonary insufficiency, symptomssuch as shock, anemia, and suffocation will appear, and these reasons must berelieved first. If lactic acidosis caused by diabetes, but also intravenousinfusion of glucose and insulin treatment. At the same time, pay attention toadding water and electrolytes to maintain acid-base balance.

Hyperosmoticcoma: It mainly refers to the fact that the sodium or sugar in the blood of thehuman body is too high, causing the symptoms of dehydration of brain cells,which is a rare but very serious condition. For people with excessive waterloss or high blood sugar, hyperosmolar coma will occur, and fluid replacementshould be used to reduce blood sodium or blood sugar in time.

Chronic complications

Diabeticnephropathy: It is one of chronic type one diabetes complications caused bypoor long-term blood sugar control in patients, which is mainly a disease ofrenal microvascular damage. Under normal circumstances, 50% of the glucose is metabolizedby the kidneys, and the structure and function of the kidneys are damaged underthe action of long-term abnormal glucose metabolism, inflammation and otherfactors, resulting in diabetic nephropathy. Symptoms are high blood pressure,edema, foamy urine, oliguria or even anuria, fatigue, paleness, etc.

Diabeticretinopathy: it is a common ocular complication and blinding eye disease ofdiabetes. It is mainly characterized by changes in retinal blood vessels.Retinal edema, neovascularization, hemorrhage and proliferative membraneformation are mostly manifested in the fundus, which seriously threaten thevisual health of patients. High blood sugar will destroy the retinal bloodvessels, which are damaged for a long time and become fragile, and the bloodvessels are easy to exude, leading to the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy.The probability of diabetic retinopathy is related to the duration of diabetesand blood glucose control.

Diabeticneuropathy: one of the most common chronic type one diabetes complications, thedisease can involve the central and peripheral nerves, with peripheral nervesbeing the most common. Its pathogenesis is not particularly clear, and it maybe related to the toxic effects of hyperglycemia and the enhanced activity ofaldose reductase, polyol and inositol pathways. The clinical manifestations areusually numbness of the extremities, acupuncture, burning, and hypoesthesia.

Diabeticheart disease refers to long-term diabetes patients, due to high blood sugarstate causing coronary arteriosclerosis, and then develop coronary heartdisease, severe angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and even sudden death,which belong to the category of diabetic heart disease. When diabetes iscomplicated with heart disease, patients with mild symptoms may have noclinical manifestations, or it may be because the neuropathy in diabeticpatients is more obvious, resulting in sensory loss and no clinicalmanifestations.

Diabeticcerebrovascular disease: This complication can produce thrombus. The increaseof blood viscosity, the enhancement of erythrocyte aggregation, the enhancementof platelet adhesion to vascular wall or platelet aggregation, the increase ofblood coagulation factors Ⅰ, Ⅴ, Ⅶ and Ⅷ, and the increase of fibrinogen indiabetic patients may be the main factors promoting cerebral thrombosis. Due tohypercoagulability and increased secretion of growth hormone in diabeticpatients, platelet aggregation and adhesion increased, insulin increased,fibrinogen increased, blood viscosity increased, and local blood stasis wasslow, which may inhibit cerebral vascular rupture and hemorrhage. Therefore,there is less cerebral hemorrhage in diabetic cerebrovascular disease; diabeticcerebrovascular disease is a cerebrovascular disease that is prone to occur indiabetic patients, and its clinical feature is cerebral infarction.

Conclusion

Manytype one diabetes complications pose a great threat to the health of patients.For patients with type one diabetes, the prevention of complications should bedone as soon as possible, maintain a good attitude, and actively cooperate withdoctors for treatment.