| | Formaldehyde Chemical Properties | | Melting point | -15°C | | Boiling point | 97°C(37% solution),-19.5°C(pure) | | density | 1.09 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.) | | vapor density | 1.03 (vs air) | | vapor pressure | 52 mm Hg ( 37 °C) | | refractive index | n20/D 1.377 | | Fp | 133 °F | | storage temp. | room temp | | solubility | water: soluble | | pka | 13.27(at 25℃) | | form | Solution | | color | APHA: ≤10 | | PH | pH (25℃) : 7.0～7.5 | | Odor | Pungent odor detectable at 1 ppm | | Odor Threshold | 0.5ppm | | explosive limit | 7-73% (v/v) Formaldehyde) | | Water Solubility | soluble | | λmax | λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.01
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.01 | | Merck | 14,4235 | | BRN | 1209228 | | Henry's Law Constant | 2.08(x 10-7 atmm3/mol) at 25 °C (flow-type generation system, spectrophometry, Kanda et al., 2005) | | Exposure limits | NIOSH REL: TWA 0.016 ppm, 15-min C 0.1 ppm, IDLH 20 ppm; OSHA PEL: TWA 0.75 ppm, STEL 2 ppm. | | Dielectric constant | 23.0（Ambient） | | Cosmetics Ingredients Functions | DENATURANT
ANTIMICROBIAL
PRESERVATIVE | | Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) | Formaldehyde (50-00-0) | | InChI | 1S/CH2O/c1-2/h1H2 | | InChIKey | WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N | | SMILES | [H]C([H])=O | | LogP | 0.350 | | CAS DataBase Reference | 50-00-0(CAS DataBase Reference) | | NIST Chemistry Reference | Formaldehyde(50-00-0) | | IARC | 1 (Vol. Sup 7, 62, 88, 100F) 2012 | | EPA Substance Registry System | Formaldehyde (50-00-0) | | Hazard Codes | T | | Risk Statements | 23/24/25-34-40-43-39/23/24/25-68-45-68/20/21/22 | | Safety Statements | 36/37-51-45-36/37/39-26-53 | | RIDADR | UN 1198 3/PG III (FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTION, FLAMMABLE) | | RIDADR | UN 2209 8/PG III (FORMALDEHYDE SOLUTION with not less than 25 % formaldehyde) | | OEB | E | | OEL | TWA: 0.016 ppm, Ceiling: 0.1 ppm [15-minute] | | WGK Germany | 2 | | RTECS | LP8925000 | | F | 10 | | Autoignition Temperature | 424 °C for formalin containing 15% methanol | | TSCA | TSCA listed | | REACH Registrations | Active | | HazardClass | 3 | | PackingGroup | III | | HS Code | 29121100 | | Storage Class | 3 - Flammable liquids | | Hazard Classifications | Acute Tox. 2 Inhalation
Acute Tox. 3 Dermal
Acute Tox. 3 Oral
Carc. 1B
Eye Dam. 1
Flam. Liq. 3
Muta. 2
Skin Corr. 1B
Skin Sens. 1
STOT SE 1
STOT SE 3 | | Hazardous Substances Data | 50-00-0(Hazardous Substances Data) | | Toxicity | LD50 oral (rat) 500 mg/kg
LD50 skin (rabbit) 270 mg/kg
LC50 inhal (rat) 203 mg/m3 (2 h)
PEL (OSHA) 1 ppm (1.5 mg/m3)
TLV-TWA (ACGIH) 0.3 ppm (ceiling)(0.37 mg/m3)
STEL (OSHA) 2 ppm (2.5 mg/m3) | | IDLA | 20 ppm |
| | Formaldehyde Usage And Synthesis | | General Description | Formaldehyde, also called formic aldehyde or methyl aldehyde, has extensive application. For instance, it is used as a tissue preservative or organic chemical reagent. Thus, formaldehyde is very common to the chemical industry. In fact, formaldehyde is an important chemical used widely by industry to manufacture building materials and numerous household products. It is also a by-product of combustion and certain other natural processes. It is present in substantial concentrations both indoors and outdoors. Formaldehyde is well known as a preservative in medical laboratories, as an embalming fluid, and as a steriliser. Its primary use is in the production of resins and as a chemical intermediate. Urea–formaldehyde (uf) and phenol–formaldehyde (pf) resins are used in foam insulations, as adhesives in the production of particle board and plywood, and in the treating of textiles. Sources of formaldehyde in the home include building materials, smoking, household products, and the use of unvented, fuel-burning appliances, like gas stoves or kerosene space heaters. Formaldehyde, by itself or in combination with other chemicals, serves a number of purposes in manufactured products.
Formaldehyde itself is a colourless gas, but it is more commonly purchased and used in aqueous solution (called formalin solution), with a maximum concentration of 40%. Formalin solutions often contain some amount of methanol as well. Both formaldehyde gas and solutions have a characteristic pungent, unpleasant odour. | | Chemical Properties | Formaldehyde is colorless gas with a very distinct, pungent odor. It is highly soluble in water and in a variety of organic solvents. It has the potential to react explosively with peroxides and nitrogen oxide.
Formalin, the aqueous form of formaldehyde, is a colorless liquid with a very distinct, pungent odor. It is incompatible and may react with strong oxidizers, alkalis,and acids. The liquid has a variable molecular weight, which is dependent on the specific aqueous formulation. | | Uses | Formaldehyde (methyl aldehyde, methylene oxide) is a ubiquitous compound found endogenously in the body and environment. It is a colorless, flammable gas with a distinct, pungent odor and is most commonly available in aqueous solutions under the name formalin (37% formaldehyde in water). Formaldehyde has been used as a disinfectant, an embalming agent, and in industry as a precursor in the fabrication of complex compounds. Since scientific research has identified links between formaldehyde and adverse health effects, precautions and protections must be considered during use. | | Description | Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas with a distinctive pungent odor. It is the simplest aldehyde, which is a class of organic compounds with the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. Formaldehyde was described by August Wilhelm von Hoff mann (1818–1892) in 1867 after the Russian Aleksandr Butlerov (1828–1886) had inadvertently synthesized it in 1857. Formaldehyde readily dissolves in water to produce a solution called formalin, which is commonly marketed as a 37% solution. | | Chemical Properties | Formalin is made slightly alkaline (pH 8) by the addition of sodium hydroxide and then urea is added to give a urea to formaldehyde ratio of about 1: 2 molar. The resulting solution is boiled under reflux for about 15 minutes, acidified (to pH 4) with formic acid and then boiled for a further 5-20 minutes until the required degree of reaction is attained. | | Chemical Properties | Formaldehyde is an important chemical widely used by industry to manufacture building materials and numerous household products. It is also a by-product of combustion and certain other natural processes. It is present in substantial concentrations both indoors and outdoors. Formaldehyde is well known as a preservative in medical laboratories, as an embalming fl uid, and as a sterilizer. Its primary use is in the production of resins and as a chemical intermediate. Urea formaldehyde (uf) and phenol formaldehyde (pf) resins are used in foam insulations, as adhesives in the production of particle board and plywood, and in the treating of textiles. Sources of formaldehyde in the home include building materials, smoking, household products, and the use of unvented, fuel-burning appliances, like gas stoves or kerosene space heaters. Formaldehyde, by itself or in combination with other chemicals, serves a number of purposes in manufactured products. It has been reported that the use and production of formaldehyde in 1998 was about 11.3 billion pounds and the international production crossed over 46 billion pounds in 2004. | | Physical properties | Formaldehyde is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent, suffocating odor. Burning taste. Experimentally determined odor threshold concentrations of 1.0 ppmv and 0.50 ppmv were reported by Leonardos et al. (1969) and Nagata and Takeuchi (1990), respectively. Also,formalin is an aqueous solution that is 37% formaldehyde by weight; inhibited solutions (added to prevent polymeri zation) usually contain 6 12% methyl alcohol. Formaldehyde is used in the manufacture of plastics and resins by reaction with phenols,urea, and melamine. It is used as a preservative,a disinfectant, and as a chemical intermediate. | | History | Formaldehyde is a by-product of combustion of organic compounds, metabolism, and other natural processes. Formaldehyde results from wood combustion and elevated atmospheric concentrations can result from forest fires, as well as from urban pollution sources such as transportation. Formaldehyde has been identified as a significant indoor air pollutant. Building materials such as particleboard, plywood, and paneling are major sources of formaldehyde because they incorporate formaldehyde resins as bonding adhesives. Other sources of formaldehyde in the home are carpets, upholstery, drapes, tobacco smoke, and indoor combustion products. Formaldehyde may be emitted from building materials for several years after installation. In the two decades of the 1960s and 1970s, a half million homes in the United States used urea formaldehyde foam insulation, but health complaints led to its elimination as an insulator in the early 1980s. People react differently to formaldehyde exposure, but it is estimated that between 10% and 20% of the population will experience some reaction at concentrations as low as 0.2 parts per million. Formaldehyde irritates the eyes, nose, and throats, producing coughing, sneezing, runny nose, and burning eyes. More severe reactions result in insomnia, headaches, rashes, and breathing difficulties. Some states have established indoor air quality standards ranging from 0.05 to 0.5 ppm. | | Uses | Formaldehyde is used as the preservative; disinfectant; antiseptic; in embalming solutions; in the manufacture of phenolic resins, artificial silk, cellulose esters, dyes, urea, thiourea, melamine res ins, organic chemicals, glass mirrors and explosives; used in improving fastness of dyes on fabrics; in tanning and preserving hides; in mordanting and waterproofing fabrics; as a germicide and fungicide for vegetables and other plants; in destroying flies and other insects; in preserving and coagulating rubber latex; prevent mildewand spelt in wheat and rot in oats; used to ren der casein, albumin, and gelatin insoluble; in chemical analysis; as a tissue fixative; as a component of particle board and plywood; in the manufacture of pentaerythritol, hexamethylenetetramine and lkbutanediol; used in ceiling and wall insulation; in res ins used to wrinkle-proof fabrics; in photography for hardening gelatin plates and papers, for toning gelatin-chloride papers and for chrome printing and developing; intermediate in drug manufacture; pesticide intermediate; in the production of urea, phenolic melamine and acetale resins; in textile products; as an astringent, disinfectant, and preservative in cosmetics, metal-working fluids, shampoos, etc.; antiperspirant in cosmetics; anticracking agent in dental plastics; in anhidrotics; chipboard production; in cleaning products, disinfectants and deodorizers, dry-cleaning materials, and glues; in mineral-wool production, paints and coatings, paper industry, phenolic resins and urea plastics; in adhesives and footwear, photographic paper and solutions, polishes, printing materials, tanning agents, wart remedies, embalming solutions, fertilizers, wood composites, and insulation. | | Uses | Formaldehyde is used in the manufactureof phenolic resins, cellulose esters, artificialsilk, dyes, explosives, and organic chemicals.Other uses are as a germicide, fungicide, anddisinfectant; in tanning, adhesives, waterproofingfabrics, and for tonic and chromeprinting in photography; and for treating skindiseases in animals. In vitro neutralizationof scorpion venom toxicity by formaldehydehas been reported (Venkateswarlu et al.1988).
Formaldehyde constitutes about 50% ofall aldehydes present in the air. It is oneof the toxic effluent gases emitted fromburning wood and synthetic polymeric substancessuch as polyethylene, nylon 6, andpolyurethane foams. Firefighters have a greaterrisk to its exposure. Incapacitation fromthe toxic effluent gases is reported to occurmore rapidly from the combustion of syntheticpolymers than from that of naturalcellulose materials.
Formaldehyde is directly emitted into theair from vehicles. It is released in traceamounts from pressed wood products suchas particleboard and plywood paneling, fromold “sick” buildings, and from cotton andcotton–polyester fabrics with selected crosslinkfinishes. Formation of formaldehyde hasbeen observed in some frozen gadoid fishdue to enzymic decomposition of the additivetrimethylamine oxide (Rehbein 1985).Its concentration can build up during frozenstorage of fish (Leblanc and Leblanc 1988;Reece 1985). It occurs in the upper atmosphere,cloud, and fog; it also forms inphotochemical smog processes. | | Uses | More than half of the commercial formaldehyde produced is used to manufacture phenolic,urea, and melamine formaldehyde resins. Polyacetyl resins use another 5–10% of formaldehyde,and approximately 80% of formaldehyde goes into the resins and plastics industry.Phenolic-formaldehyde resins were the first synthetic plastics to be produced. The first plasticwas called Bakelite.
Formaldehyde has traditionally been used as a preservative in biology and medical laboratoriesand in embalming fluid. Embalming fluids typically contain 5–15% formaldehyde, a significant percentage of alcohol, and other additives to perform certain functions, for example,bleaches and coloring to preserve skin color. Formaldehyde has been used to preserve deadbodies since 1900 and has several qualities that make it the preferred preservative. Foremostamong these is its low cost, but it also has several biochemical advantages: it kills germs andmicroorganisms, destroys decomposition enzymes, retards decomposition of proteins, andhardens body tissues. | |
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