SS-31 Good price

Main Information about the SS-31

Main Mechanism of Action and Efficacy

Targeting cardiolipin: SS-31 specifically binds to cardiolipin in the mitochondrial inner membrane, stabilizes its structure, prevents oxidative damage, and maintains mitochondrial membrane integrity and the function of the electron transport chain (ETC).

Reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation: By stabilizing mitochondrial structure, this approach reduces abnormal ROS production at the source, rather than merely eliminating already formed free radicals, thereby achieving more efficient antioxidant effects.

Enhance ATP synthesis efficiency: Optimize the stability of the electron transport chain complexes, improve energy metabolism, and increase cellular ATP production.

Inhibition of apoptosis: By protecting mitochondrial function and reducing the activation of mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis pathways, such as decreasing caspase-3 activation and regulating the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio.

Anti-inflammatory and immune cell phenotype modulation: In neuroinflammatory models, SS-31 promotes the polarization of microglia from the pro-inflammatory M1 type to the anti-inflammatory M2 type, thereby mitigating the inflammatory response.

Inhibition of ferroptosis: Recent studies have demonstrated that SS-31 upregulates anti-ferroptotic proteins such as GPX4 and SLC7A11 via the Sesn2/NRF2 pathway, thereby suppressing lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation to protect cells from ferroptosis.

Application Areas (Based on Animal and Clinical Studies)

Neurodegenerative diseases: Improvement of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease model mice, reduction of neuronal mitochondrial damage and neuroinflammation.

Cardiovascular protection: Reduces myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury and improves myocardial energy metabolism in patients with chronic heart failure.

Renal protection: Demonstrates significant protective effects against sepsis or hypoxia-reoxygenation-induced acute kidney injury, reducing renal tubular cell apoptosis and oxidative stress.

Improvement in muscle function: In patients with Bartter syndrome, the FDA has approved this drug for enhancing muscle strength, making it the first mitochondria-targeting medication to receive approval.

Ocular diseases: Demonstrates therapeutic potential for mitochondrial-related eye disorders such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON).

Anti-aging and Longevity: By maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, it delays age-related physiological decline and enhances exercise endurance and healthy lifespan in animal models.

Note: SS-31 has currently received FDA approval for marketing for certain indications (e.g., Bartter syndrome), while other uses remain in clinical research stages.