Bromoxynil

276.91

276.91

216-882-7

J46EK95K0P

2811|2588

DTXSID3022162

WHITE CRYSTALLINE SOLID|LIGHT BUFF TO CREAMY POWDER|Colorless solid|White to slightly yellow crystalline solid

2926909032

44

2.70

Buff, Creamy Solid

2.0926 (rough estimate)

194-195 °C

265.6±40.0 °C(Predicted)

114.4±27.3 °C

1.6400 (estimate)

In water, 130 mg/L at 25 deg C

0-6°C

1.7X10-1 mPa /1.28X10-6 mm Hg/ at 25 deg C

Oral-Rat LD50: 190 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 110 mg/kg

Flammable; burning produces toxic nitrogen oxides and bromide gases

ODORLESS WHEN PURE

Henry's Law constant = 3.59X10-10 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

pKa = 3.86

128.69 Ų [M-H]-

SUBLIMES AT 135 °C & 0.15 MM HG|HYDROLYZED TO AMIDE BY CONCN SULFURIC ACID.|Slightly volatile in steam|Waxy solid; low volatility; sublimes at 90 °C and 0.1 mm Hg /Bromoxynil octanoate ester/|Fine white powder (pure); slightly yellow coarse powder (technical). MP: 45-46 °C; BP: Decomposes from 180 °C. Solubility in water, 0.03 mg/L (pH 7, 25 °C); solubility in ethanol 100, n-propanol 120, acetone 1215, cyclohexanone 550, ethyl acetate 847, xylene, dimethylformamide 700, chloroform 800, carbon tetrachloride 500 (all in g/L at 20-25 °C), rapidly degraded to phenol by aqueous photolysis. Moderately stable to hydrolysis /Bromoxynil octanoate/|MP: 360 °C; solubility in water at 20-25 °C, 42 g/L; solubility in acetone 80, 20% aqueous acetone 150, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 430, methyl cellosolve 310 (all in g/L at 20-25 °C) /Bromoxynil potassium sodium salt/|MP: approx 360 °C; solubility in water at 20-25 °C, 61 g/L; solubility in acetone 70, 20% aqueous acetone 240, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol 260, (all in g/L at 20-25 °C) /Bromoxynil potassium/|Fine white powder (pure) or cream-colored waxy solid (technical). MP: 44.1 °C; BP: decomposes from 185 °C. VP: <1X10-4 mPa (40 °C); lof Kow = 5.4 (pH 7, 25 °C); Henry's Law constant = 2X10-3 Pa-cu m/mol. Density = 1.632 at 20 °C. Solubility in water 0.08 mg/L (pH 7); in acetone 1113, dichloromethane 851, methanol 553, toluene 838, heptane 562 (all in g/L, 20 °C). Degraded to phenol by aqueous photolysis... Moderately stable to hydrolysis /Bromoxynil heptanoate/|Clear, amber colored liquid, characteristic odor; vapor pressure 0.1 mm/Hg (20 °C); readily hydrolized to bromoxynil at pH>9 /Bromoxynil octanoate/|Log partition coefficient: 0.49 in hexane|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.10X10-13 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Alcohols and Polyols

BROMOXYNIL is a weak acid.

Non-corrosive

III

6.1(b)

UN 2811 6.1/PG 3

3

25-26-43-50/53-63

27/28-36/37-45-60-61-63-28A-28-27

DI3150000

T+,N

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from food materials

It is stable to sunlight and at its melting point. /Bromoxynil octanoate/

P201-P260-P273-P280-P284-P304 + P340 + P310

H301-H317-H330-H361d-H410

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.|Do not contaminate water, food, or feed by ... disposal of this chemical.|Product residues and sorbent media may be packaged in 17 hr epoxy-lined drums and disposed of at an EPA-approved disposal site. Destruction by high temperature incineration with scrubbing equipment, chemical oxidation, alkaline hydrolysis, or microwave plasma detoxification if available. Encapsulation by organic polyester resin or silicate fixation.|For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

USEPA/Office of Pesticide Programs; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Bromoxynil, EPA 738-R-98-013 (December 1998). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of January 26, 2012:: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. For electric vehicles or equipment, ERG Guide 147 (lithium ion batteries) or ERG Guide 138 (sodium batteries) should also be consulted. (ERG, 2016)

|Danger|H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P281, P284, P301+P310, P302+P352, P304+P340, P308+P313, P310, P320, P321, P330, P333+P313, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 242 companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. (ERG, 2016)|Chemical-resistant gloves. Long-sleeved shirt and long pants. Shoes plus socks.

Extinguishing Media: Carbon dioxide or dry chemical for small fires. Water spray or alcohol-type foam for large fires.|If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Bromoxynil octanoate/|Fire fighters should use self contained breathing apparatus and full turnout gear. Prevent runoff of fire water. Avoid exposure to smoke. /Moxy 2E/

Do not contaminate /receiving/ water when disposing of equipment washwaters. /Moxy 2E/|Containment for contaminated soils includes spill immobilization with bentonite or clay injection, collection and treatment of leachates as for contaminated waters, physical removal of immobilized residues, pH adjustment to 8.0.|Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Bromoxynil octanoate/|Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Bromoxynil octanoate/|For more Cleanup Methods (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|Use this product only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part 170. /Moxy 2E/|For terrestrial uses, do not apply directly to water, or to areas where surface water is present or to intertidal areas below the mean high water mark. Do not apply when weather conditions favor drift from target areas. /Moxy 2E/|Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlers may be in the area during application. /Moxy 2E/|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

The /Bromoxynil-phenol/ is moderate eye irritant but not a skin sensitizer.|The octanoate /ester/ is a mild skin and eye irritant and also acts as a skin sensitizer. /Bromoxynil octanoate/

The yearly surface losses of bromoxynil through runoff of 1.0 cm of water from winter wheat plots that were planted in December and managed under various management systems ranged from below detection to 3.01 g/ha(1). Although the herbicide was applied as the octanoate ester, no ester was detected in the runoff. The concentration of a herbicide in runoff water will depend on how soon after application it rained and how much rain fell. In test plots on which rain fell six days after application, the concentration of bromoxynil ranged from 0.256 to 0.594 umol/L and no bromoxynil octanoate was detected(1). The estimated discharge of bromoxynil into two rivers draining prairie agricultural watersheds in Manitoba, Canada, the Ochre and the Turtle, during 1984 was 15 g and 432 g, respectively(2). The monthly highs of 11.0 g for the Ochre and 384 g for the Turtle were in June(2).

SOIL: No bromoxynil was found on test runoff plots planted with winter wheat and treated with bromoxynil octanoate 127 to 135 days earlier(1). No bromoxynil residues were detected in soil to which bromoxynil was applied 10 weeks earlier(2). Only trace amounts of bromoxynil was found in winter wheat fields 107 days after being sprayed with a bromoxynil octanoate formulation(1). A maximum concentration of 6.23 ng/g was measured in soil from Bratt's Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada during spring to summer of 2004 and 2005 sampling of Canadian agricultural regions; detection limit = 0.2 ng/g(3).

RURAL/REMOTE: In a 1993-1996 study of ambient air (vapor plus particulate phases) and precipitation in an agricultural area in southern Manitoba, Canada, bromoxynil was detected (detection limit 2.9 pg/cu m) in the air at concentrations up to 2.0 ng/cu m and ranging from 66 to 1600 pg/cu m(1). Bromoxynil was detected in 15% of 47 air samples from rural Saskatchewan Canada at a mean concentration of 0.33 ng/cu m (maximum of 4.20 ng/cu m); samples were collected in June of 1989 and again in 1990. In area dugouts, the atmospheric deposition rate was 72 ng/sq m/day (maximum of 700 ng/sq m/day), with 22% of 45 samples testing positive(2). Mean concentrations of bromoxynil measured in air over agricultural areas of Canada during spring to summer of 2004 and 2005 were 40 and 90 pg/cu m, respectively, with maximum values of approximately 5,000 and 10,000 pg/cu m, respectively, reported; detection limit = 1.2 pg/cu m(3).

highly toxic

LD50 Mouse oral 110 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse iv 56 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 306 mg/kg /Bromoxynil octanoate/|LD50 Rat oral 365 mg/kg /Bromoxynil octanoate/|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The acute toxicities of technical-grade bromoxynil octanoate (BO) and two commercial formulations, Buctril and Bronate, to <24-hr-old neonate Daphnia magna (Straus) were determined in soft, hard, and oligosaline water. In addition, effects of life stage, feeding, aging the herbicide, and exposure duration on BO toxicity to daphnids were investigated. Regardless of formulation, life stage, and water quality, BO was found to be extremely to highly toxic to daphnids in standard tests; 48-hr EC50 values ranged from 41 to 161 ug/L. Bromoxynil octanoate was the most toxic to neonates in soft water and the least toxic in hard water. The acute toxicities of the three bromoxynil herbicides to a given age group of daphnids were similar within the same water type. Overall, neonates and 7-day-old adults were more sensitive than 14- or 15-day-old adults to each herbicide. Feeding daphnids during the toxicity test significantly decreased BO toxicity compared to not feeding them. Aging BO (as Buctril) in hard water decreased its toxicity, and the rate of deactivation was rapid, with an estimated half-life of biological activity of 13 hr. Daphnids immobilized by exposures to toxic BO concentrations for = 6 hr recovered their mobility, whereas exposures of 18 and 24 hr to BO produced toxic effects in daphnids similar to those exposed for 48 hr. These results indicated that standard continuous exposure tests may not adequately predict the acute toxicity of BO to freshwater animals in the field. /Bromoxynil octanoate/|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Two chronic toxicity tests were conducted in which Daphnia magna were either continuously or intermittently exposed to bromoxynil octanoate (as Buctril) for 28 days. In the intermittent exposure test, daphnids were exposed to daily pulses of bromoxynil octanoate with 24 hr mean concentration equal to those in the continuous exposure test, and the peak concentration were three times the 24 hr mean values. After 28 days of continuous exposure to bromoxynil octanoate, survival of daphnids was reduced at 80 ug/L, whereas mean number of young per adult, intrinsic rate of natural increase, and mean weight of adults were all reduced at 40 ug/L. Intermittent exposures to daily pulses of bromoxynil octanoate for 28 days caused reduced survival of daphnids at 24 hr mean concentration : 40 ug/L and reduced mean number of young per adult, intrinsic rate of natural increase, and mean weight of adults at 24 hr mean concentration 20 ug/L. The estimated geometric mean-maximum acceptable toxicant concentration of bromoxynil octanoate based on 24 hr mean nominal values were 28 ug/L for continuous exposures and 14 ug/L for intermittent exposures. These results demonstrated that continuous exposure studies may not be adequate in assessing herbicide toxicity to aquatic biota when concentrations fluctuate temporally. /Bromoxynil octanoate/|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Marine unicellular algae, Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira pseudonana, and Chlorella sp, were exposed to the 5 industrial brominated compounds and the herbicide, bromoxynil, in six algal growth media. EC50s of bromoxynil varied with growth medium. It is concluded that responses to toxicants in different media are the results of interactions between algae, growth medium, toxicant, and solvent carrier.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Effect of Ca, HCO3-, and pH on toxicity of bromoxynil to Leuciscus idus was investigated. Ca had no effect on fish mortality, and increase in HCO3-concentration decreased bromoxynil toxicity indirectly with pH being major factor affecting toxicity. It was more toxic in water with low acid capacity or carbonate hardness than in water with higher pH. Medial lethal concentration in free phenolic form was 0.002 mg/L.|For more Ecotoxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Bromoxynil's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a herbicide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a reported Koc value of 302(2) indicates that bromoxynil is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of bromoxynil is 3.86(3), indicating that this compound will almost entirely exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Bromoxynil is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 1.28X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). Bromoxynil is rapidly biodegraded by soil microorganisms(5); the major biodegradation products in soil are 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzamide(6,7), suggesting that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AT 25 °C, 50% OF BROMOXYNIL APPLIED TO REGINA HEAVY CLAY WAS DEGRADED IN 2 WK. AMIDE & ACID WERE DETECTED ... .|BROMOXYNIL ... /IS/ EXTREMELY EFFECTIVE INHIBITOR OF NITRIFICATION IN SOILS. 50%INHIBITION WAS OBSERVED @ CONCN BELOW 50 PPM.|No evidence of residual problems when applied at the rate of 0.5-1.0 lb/acre.|For more Environmental Fate (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of bromoxynil with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.1X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 51 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). In the moist soil environment, bromoxynil is degraded by hydrolysis and debromination to less-toxic substances such as hydroxybenzoic acid(2). Bromoxynil in aqueous solutions photolyzes in sunlight to form 3-bromo-hydroxybenzonitrile (MBBP) and 4-hydroxybenzonitrile(3). When buffered bromoxynil solutions were irradiated in the laboratory with light from a mercury-xenon lamp filtered to remove radiation below 300 nm, more than 80% and 60% of the bromoxynil degraded at pH 7.0 and 4.5, respectively(3). The presence of iron(III) or manganese(II), which are found in almost all natural waters, increases the photodegradation rate(3). However, the effect is most pronounced at pH<5 when iron(III) exists as the free cation which is thought to be more photochemically active than iron(III) complexes(3). Aquatic photodegradation is also influenced by the presence of carbonates and bicarbonates, major inorganic components of natural waters. Photolysis rates decrease with increasing carbonate concentrations, as suggested by observed half-lives of 12.5 and 15 minutes at 5.0 and 50.0 mMNaHCO3, respectively, buffered to pH 8.3. At pH 11.6 half-lives of 15 and 29.5 minutes were observed at 5.0 and 50.0 nM NaCO3, respectively(4). In four test ponds sprayed with equal proportions of bromoxynil butyrate and octanoate, the concentration of MBBP was 1% that of the phenol during the initial 2 hr post-treatment and thereafter increased so that it was at similar levels as bromoxynil between 5 and 120 days post-treatment(5).

An estimated BCF of 28 was calculated in fish for bromoxynil(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.70(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of bromoxynil has been reported as 302(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that bromoxynil is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of bromoxynil is 3.86(3), indicating that this compound will almost entirely exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Using soil column studies employing soils from Alberta, Canada, bromoxynil was shown to leach 69 to 77% by 0.67 rain-year in Brown (Skiff, loam; pH 6.0, 2.1% organic matter) and Dark Brown (Lethbridge, loam; pH 7.6, 2.7% organic matter) soils and at an intermediate rate of 64% by 3.0 rain-year in Dark Grey soil (Beaverlodge #1, silty loam; pH 6.3, 5.4% organic matter) and 5% in 3.0 rain-year in Black soil (Lacombe, sandy loam; pH 5.6, 5.9% organic matter)(1).

A pKa of 3.86(1) indicates bromoxynil will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Bromoxynil is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1). However, bromoxynil is applied in ester form (n-butyrate and iso-octanoate) and volatilization of the esters may occur prior to their hydrolysis to the phenol(SRC), particularly when present on crop surfaces(2). In a field study of post-emergent bromoxynil, applied as the esters, on spring wheat, volatilization from crop surfaces accounted for 50-68% of the total dissipation observed during the three days after treatment; crop uptake and soil dissipation were minimal during that time(2).

GROUNDWATER: In a survey of farm wells in Ontario, Canada, 103 in 1986 and 76 in 1987, bromoxynil was not detected in any wells at a detection limit of 0.1 ug/L(1). However, bromoxynil was only used on crops in only 15 farms in 1986 and 6 in 1987(1). The compound was tested for but not detected in 304 samples analyzed from 1993 to 1996 from four Danish shallow groundwater catchment areas characterized as sandy or clayey in an agricultural area; detection limit = 0.003 ug/L(2).|SURFACE WATER: Levels of major herbicides were monitored in two rivers draining prairie agricultural watersheds in Manitoba, Canada, the Ochre and Turtle, during 1984(1). The Ochre drains mostly non-cropped land and forest and the Turtle drains mainly agricultural land(1). Bromoxynil residues were observed in the Turtle river following the major high water event in late June 1984, but only at very low levels at other times. The monthly average concentration of bromoxynil in the Ochre River from April to December ranged from <0.5 to 1.63 ug/cu m with the high in June. For the Turtle River, the concentration ranged from 0.3 to 37.2 ug/cu m with the high in July, although the concentration in June was close to that observed in July. This pattern indicates that the source of bromoxynil is field runoff. In a fall 1987 to spring 1989 study of farm ponds and dugout waters in four regions of Saskatchewan, Canada, where bromoxynil is applied to prairies, the herbicide was detected in 50-71% of the water samples; in 3-13% of the samples, bromoxynil was present above the limit of quantitation(2). The concentrations of bromoxynil in the samples ranged from 0.27 to 0.33 ug/L(2). Bromoxynil was detected in 23% of 43 surface film water from agricultural dugouts in rural Saskatchewan Canada at a mean concentration of 16 ng/sq m (maximum of 30 ng/sq m); samples were collected in June of 1989 and again in 1990. The mean and maximum concentration in water samples from the dugouts was 30 ng/L, 11% of 45 samples positive(3).|RAIN/SNOW/FOG: In a 1993-1996 study of ambient air and precipitation in an agricultural area in southern Manitoba, Canada, bromoxynil was detected (detection limit 15 pg/L) in precipitation at maximum concentrations in 1994 during late May and early June, corresponding with annual local use patterns(1). Mean concentrations of bromoxynil measured in precipitation over agricultural areas of Canada during spring to summer of 2004 and 2005 were 7 and 10 ng/L, respectively, with maximum values of approximately 60 and 3000 ng/L, respectively, reported; detection limit = 0.3 ng/L(2). Bromoxynil was detected, not quantified in 2 of 634 total samples encompassing ambient air and precipitation in rural, urban, and isolated areas of Johnson County, Iowa sampled from October 1996 through September 1997(3).

Bromoxynil was not found above the 0.5 ppm detection limit on any of the 6970 produce samples tested in San Antonio, TX from 1989-1991(1).

Occupational exposure to bromoxynil may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bromoxynil is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to bromoxynil via inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with surface water in the vicinity or agricultural regions where the pesticide is actively being used. (SRC)|Monitoring of 14 individual spray operators in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canadian was undertaken wherein farmers applied 9 kg of bromoxynil (phenol equivalent) to 32 ha, lasting from 113 to 549 minutes. Spray operations were from May 31 to July 10, 1988. The median value for the amount of bromxynil (phenol equivalent) inhaled was 0.018 ug/kg-body weight/phenol equivalent. The median value of dermal deposition of the hands is 808 ug phenol equivalents and 1600 ug phenol equivalent for whole body. The mean value for urinary excretion was 2.22 ng/g creatine/kg body weight - kg phenol equivalent(1).

The absorption, distribution, excretion and metabolism of bromoxynil octanoate were studied in male and female Sprague Dawley rats given single oral doses of (14)C-bromoxynil octanoate by gavage at dose levels of 2 or 20 mg/kg or at a dose level of 2 mg/kg following 14 days of unlabeled bromoxynil octanoate administered by oral gavage at a dose level of 2 mg/kg/day. Results were similar regardless of dosing regimen. The rate of absorption in both sexes was such that peak plasma concentrations of radioactivity were not reached until 7-10 hours after dosing. Radioactivity was distributed in most tissues; highest concentrations were observed in blood, plasma, liver, kidneys and thyroid (especially in females). Levels of radioactivity in tissues were generally higher in females than in males. Most radioactivity was excreted in the urine (about 84-89% in males and 76-80% in females at 7 days) and considerably lesser amounts in the feces (about 6-10% in both males and females at 7 days). Excretion was more rapid in males than in females. Retention of radioactivity in tissues after 7 days was about 2-3% in males and 7-9% in females. /Bromoxynil octanoate/|/In rats/ bromoxynil heptanoate and octanoate are rapidly absorbed and widely distributed in most tissues. Most of the radioactivity was excreted in the urine, mostly in the form of bromoxynil phenol. There was no significant retention in tissues after 7 days. /Bromoxynil heptaonate and octanoate/|A study with the octanoate ester in rats showed that after an oral dose, uptake was moderate. Peak plasma levels were attained 7 to 10 hrs after dosing. Most of the dose was eliminated within 7 days, primarily in the urine.|Dermal uptake studies in rats show an absorption in 24 hours of 11 to 18% for the octanoate depending on concentration, and about 3% for the phenol.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The available data show that once absorbed, bromoxynil octanoate is converted to bromoxynil phenol. Essentially all bromoxynil octanoate was rapidly and nearly completely converted to bromoxynil phenol via ester hydrolysis. In special distribution studies, the only chemical species identified in tissues was bromoxynil phenol per se; no bromoxynil octanoate was identified in tissues. In urine, the only major species was free and conjugated bromoxynil phenol with no bromoxynil octanoate being present. In feces, however, some bromoxynil octanoate was identified. /Bromoxynil octanoate/|Bromoxynil heptaonate and octanoate were metabolized to bromoxynil phenol via ester hydrolysis. /Bromoxynil heptaonate and octanoate/|The octanoate ester was rapidly and completely converted to the free phenol and excreted in the urine either as the phenol or its conjugates. The heptanoate is also converted to the phenol rapidly and completely in vivo.|Nine days after feeding bromoxynil /to cows/, less than 20% of herbicide was excreted in urine as parent compound. Acid hydrolysis of urine released additional 11% of herbicide as unknown conjugate. Bromoxynil was stable when incubated with rumen juice and beef liver.|For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/Bromoxynil/ is a fairly potent mitochondria uncoupler in vitro with AUC50 value in rat liver mitochondria of 3.2 uM, an activity which is about 5- to 10-fold higher than that of 2,4-DNP. The signs and symptoms of acute poisoning in vertebrates (including humans) are in reasonable accord with uncoupling being the primary mechanism of toxicity.|In addition to uncoupling oxidative & photosynthetic phosphorylation, higher concentrations of ... Bromoxynil also inhibits electron transport in isolated mitochondria and chloroplasts. ... Bromoxynil had no effect on in vitro activities of proteolytic & amylolytic enzymes isolated from plants.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim calm and warm. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. (ERG, 2016)

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Four workers had subacute poisoning in 1 yr exposure. Symptoms: wt loss, fever, emesis, myalgia. Increased muscular creatine phosphokinase, SGOT, LDH & aldolase levels, urinary thiocyanate.

3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile

An estimated 2.5 to 3.0 million lbs a.i. are applied annually in the US, with usage varying from year to year ... 91% is allocated for 3 crops|Its usage in the US is estimated as ... 2.63 million pounds in 1990.

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 035301; Trade Names: Brominal; Buctril; Brittox; Brominal plus; Brominex; Broxynil; Chipco Buctril; Chipco crab-kleen; ENT 20852; M&B 10064; NU-lawn weeder; Oxytril M.|Bromoxynil is ... utilized as its octanoate ester and its potassium salt. Use has also been made of the heptanoate ester. The esters are propesticides which are readily converted to bromoxynil in vivo by esterase activity. Bromoxynil has also been used as the butyrate ester but this was voluntarily withdrawn from the US market in 1989 due to concerns regarding its developmental toxicity.|BROMOXYNIL IS CONVENIENTLY FORMULATED AS 25% (WT/VOL EQUIV) SOLN OF ITS K SALT IN AQ TETRAHYDROFURFURYL ALCOHOL. COMMERCIALLY, BROMOXYNIL IS AVAILABLE ONLY IN MIXTURE WITH SALTS OF PHENOXYALKANOIC ACIDS SUCH AS MECOPROP OR FORMULATIONS OF THE OCTANOYL ESTER.|Emulsifiable concentrate, water-soluble powder.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies bromoxynil (technical grade) as Class II: moderately hazardous; Main Use: herbicide.|Avoid contact with fish and wildlife.|SALTS ARE SUITABLE FOR USE IN HARD WATER TO 600 PPM HARDNESS. SHOULD NOT BE MIXED WITH OTHER PESTICIDES WITHOUT FIRST MAKING A COMPATIBILITY TEST. ESTER FORMULATIONS ARE NOT AFFECTED BY HARD WATER.|THE OIL SOLUBLE AMINE AND ESTER HAVE THE CAPACITY TO RESIST REMOVAL FROM FOLIAGE BY RAIN, THE SODIUM SALT DOES NOT SINCE IT IS WATER SOLUBLE.|For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Method: NIOSH 5010, Issue 2; Procedure: high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection; Analyte: bromoxynil; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 0.6 ug/sample.|Method: USGS-NWQL O-2060-01; Procedure: high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry; Analyte: bromoxynil; Matrix: water; Detection Limit: 0.0085 ug/L.|Method: USGS-NWQL O-1131-95; Procedure: high performance liquid chromatography; Analyte: bromoxynil; Matrix: natural water; Detection Limit: 0.012 ug/L.|Method: EPA-RCA 8270D; Procedure: gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: bromoxynil; Matrix: solid waste matrices, soils, air sampling media and water; Detection Limit: 10 ug/L.|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for BROMOXYNIL (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Determination of bromoxynil residues in bovine tissues (kidney, liver, muscle, and fat) using an extraction and analysis method. Recoveries for kidney, liver, muscle, and fat were 91%, 95%, 101%, and 85% respectively.

Agrochemicals -> Herbicides|Herbicides, Transformation products|Pesticides -> Herbicides -> Nitrile herbicides|Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)

Bromoxynil has known environmental transformation products that include 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid.|Bromoxynil has known environmental transformation products that include 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzamide , 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-bromo-4-hydroxybenoic acid, 3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzamide, 3-bromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile, 4-hydroxy benzonitrile, and Benzoic acid.