Bromethalin

577.9302896

577.93

GM59MTH1FS

DTXSID8032590

Pale yellow crystals|White crystals; powder at 25 °C|Free flowing meal with a slight yellow color|Pale yellow crystals from ethanol

29214300

94.9

7.62360

2.065g/cm3

150-151 °C

533.2ºC at 760 mmHg

276.2ºC

1.645

In water, <0.01 mg/l

Store in a dry place.

1.3 x l0 -5 Pa (25 °C)

Oral-rat LD50: 2 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 2.2 mg/kg

Thermal decomposition releases toxic nitrogen oxide, fluoride and bromide vapors

No noticeable odor

Henry's Law constant = 4.03X10-9 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

pKa = 9.0

log Kow = 4.26|Decomposed by UV light|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.07X10-12 cu cm/molec sec at 25 °C (est)

UN2811 - class 6.1 - PG 1 - EHS - Toxic solids, organic, n.o.s., HI: all

26-28-50/53

28-36/37-45-60-61

T+,N

Warehouse ventilated, low temperature and dry

Good storage stability under normal conditions. Decomposed by u.v. light.

P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P284, P301+P310, P304+P340, P310, P320, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, P501

H300+H330

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Bromethalin is not subject to hydrolysis, but is very sensitive to photodegradation.

USEPA; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Rodenticide Cluster. Washington, DC: USEPA, Off Pest Prog. USEPA 738-R-98-007 (July 1998). The Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) contains the Agency's evaluation of the data base of this chemical, its conclusions of the potential human health and environmental risks of the current product uses, and its decisions and conditions under which these uses and products will be eligible for reregistration.[Available from, as of August 10, 2018: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

|Danger|H300+H330 (100%): Fatal if swallowed or if inhaled [Danger Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, inhalation]|P260, P264, P270, P271, P273, P284, P301+P310, P304+P340, P310, P320, P321, P330, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 38 companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]

Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.|Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.|Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

most toxic

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Brometalin is a solid. It is a rodenticide, effective against rodents resistant to anticoagulant rodenticides. HUMAN STUDIES: Mild gastrointestinal upset is possible. CNS target symptoms: include hyperexcitability, altered mental status, ataxia, tremor, seizures, coma, cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure and paralysis. A delusional 21-year-old male presented to a hospital with altered mental status the day after ingesting a bromethalin-based rodenticide. He died 7 days after his self-reported exposure. His clinicopathologic course was characterized by altered mental status, obtundation, increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure, cerebral edema, death, and diffuse histologic vacuolization of the white matter in the central nervous system seen on microscopic examination at autopsy. The presence of a demethylated form of bromethalin in the patient's liver and brain was confirmed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. There were 129 calls related to human bromethalin exposures. The age range of cases was 7 months-90 years old, with the majority of exposures (89 cases; 70.6%), occurring in children younger than 5 years of age (median age of 2 years). Most exposures occurred in the pediatric population as a result of exploratory oral exposure. One hundred and thirteen patients (89.7%) had no effects post exposure, while 10 patients (7.9%) had a minor outcome. Adverse effects were minor, self-limited, and mostly gastrointestinal upset. ANIMAL STUDIES: Rats received daily gavage doses of 0, 5, 25, or 125 ug/kg/day of bromethalin technical for 13 weeks. The NOEL in rats was 25 ug/kg/day. The LOEL in rats was 125 ug/kg/day, based on spongy degeneration (leukoencephalomyelopathy) observed in most of the central white fiber tracts of the brain, cerebellum, pons, brain stem, and thoracic spinal cord of both sexes and optic nerves of males. Dogs given a single oral dose of bromethalin at 6.25 mg/kg developed a toxic syndrome characterized by hyperexcitability, tremors, seizures, depression, and death within 15-63 hours after bromethalin administration. Gross lesions included mild cerebral edema (2/5) and mild pulmonary congestion (2/5). Histologic lesions included diffuse white matter spongiosis (5/5), mild microgliosis (3/5), optic nerve vacuolization (3/5), mild thickening of Bowman's capsule (2/5), and occasional splenic megakaryocytes (2/5). Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings were obtained before and during the clinical syndrome induced by a bromethalin rodenticide given to dogs. Nine dogs given 6.25 mg bromethalin/kg po developed clinical signs and EEG abnormalities 15-58 hr postdosing. Predominant abnormal EEG changes included spike and spike-and-wave EEG patterns (66%), high voltage slow wave (HVSA, 50-150 microV, 1-6 Hz) activity (44%) photoconvulsive or photoparoxysmal irritative responses (44%), and marked voltage depression (dominant activity <10 microV) in all leads (33%). Male and female dogs were orally dosed by gavage for 90 days at levels of 0, 5, 25, 125, or 200 ug/kg/day with bromethalin technical. The NOEL in dogs was 25 ug/kg/day. The LOEL in dogs was 125 ug/kg/day based on spongy degeneration observed in nervous tissue components in both sexes of dogs. At the high dose, 3 male dogs displayed the following neurotoxic signs before death or being sacrificed moribund: salivation and hypoactivity, followed by trembling, myoclonia, hyperesthesia, groaning, and decubitus. Bromethalin did not produce acute delayed neurotoxicity in the hen. Cats typically develop paralytic syndrome irrespective of dose of bromethalin. In rats, there were no compound-related external, visceral or skeletal effects in bromethalin-treated fetuses in comparison to controls on either a litter or fetal basis. Definitive post mortem confirmation of intoxication by the neurotoxic rodenticide bromethalin can be challenging. Brain lesions are not specific and detection of bromethalin and its metabolites are unpredictable due to rapid photodegradation and inconsistent behavior in tissues. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: In cases of wildlife species with unknown deaths or inconsistent clinical signs with normal or minimal histological findings, bromethalin toxicosis should be considered as a differential. Adipose tissue is the tissue of choice and can be easily harvested from a live or deceased animal to help confirm or rule out bromethalin exposure or intoxication.

The following drugs ... may increase ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (acute intoxication), allopurinol, aminosalicylic acid, amiodarone, anabolic steroids, chloral hydrate, chloramphenicol, cimetidine, clofibrate, co-trimoxazole, danazol, dextrothyroxine sodium, diazoxide, diflunisal, disulfiram, erythromycin, ethacrynic acid, fenoprofen calcium, glucagon, ibuprofen, indomethacin, influenza virus vaccine, isoniazid, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, methylthiouracil, metronidazole, miconazole, nalidixic acid, neomycin (oral), pentoxifylline, phenylbutazone, propoxyphene, propylthiouracil, quinidine, quinine, salicylates, streptokinase, sulfinpyrazone, sulfonamides, sulindac, tetracyclines, thiazides, thyroid drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, urokinase, vitamin E. /Coumarin & indandione derivatives/|The following drugs ... may ... decrease ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (chronic alcoholism), barbiturates, carbamazepine, corticosteroids, corticotropin, ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, griseofulvin, mercaptopurine, methaqualone, oral contraceptives containing estrogen, rifampin, spironolactone, vitamin K. /Coumarin & indandione derivatives/|...Treatment of bromethalin-dosed rats (10/group) with EGB /(Gingko biloba extract)/ was associated with a statistically significant (P<0.05) decr in clinical sign severity, compared with bromethalin-dosed saline soln-treated rats. All rats given bromethalin and saline soln developed clinical signs of toxicosis including CNS depression, hind limb weakness, ataxia, paralysis, and coma. Some rats given bromethalin and EGB developed clinical signs, however, none developed hind limb paralysis. ...

Human death at 0.33 mg/kg

LD50 Dog oral 4700 ug/kg|LD50 Cat oral 1800 ug/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 2200 ug/kg|LD50 Rabbit oral 13 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for Bromethalin (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Submission of a raccoon (Procyon lotor) for necropsy following exhaustion at a California wildlife care center revealed minimal gross pathologic changes and only mild vacuolar changes in the white matter of the brain. Turquoise granular material was noted in the gastrointestinal tract and was submitted for toxicological testing along with portions of the brain, liver, kidney, and mesenteric and perirenal adipose tissues. Testing of the turquoise material for 7 anticoagulant rodenticides, strychnine, 4-aminopyridine, starlicide, and salts revealed none of these compounds; however, desmethylbromethalin was detected by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Other tissues were subsequently analyzed; the mesenteric and perirenal adipose tissues contained desmethylbromethalin. Desmethylbromethalin is the active metabolite of bromethalin, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation, and results in cerebral edema. Bromethalin is a rodenticide that is visually indistinguishable from many other rodenticides, making identification of poisonings by appearance alone nearly impossible. Based on the pathological and toxicological findings, a diagnosis of bromethalin toxicosis was established. In cases of wildlife species with unknown deaths or inconsistent clinical signs with normal or minimal histological findings, bromethalin toxicosis should be considered as a differential. Adipose tissue is the tissue of choice and can be easily harvested from a live or deceased animal to help confirm or rule out bromethalin exposure or intoxication.

SRP: Persons with bleeding disorders or who are taking anticoagulants should be protected from exposure.

Bromethalin's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as a rodenticide(1,2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 6.3X10+4(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that bromethalin is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of Bromethalin from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.0X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Bromethalin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.70X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). A biodegradation half-life in soil of 178 days(4) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 6.3X10+4(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that bromethalin is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.0X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 6100(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 7.68(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC). A biodegradation half-life in soil of 178 days(5) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bromethalin, which has a vapor pressure of 9.70X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase bromethalin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 8 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase bromethalin may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Bromethalin absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of bromethalin with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.1X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 8 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Bromethalin is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment; 1 ppm bromethalin was stable in aqueous buffered pH 5, 7, and 9 solutions that were incubated in the dark at 25 °C for 30 days(2). Bromethalin absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 6100 was calculated in fish for bromethalin(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 7.68(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is very high, provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of bromethalin can be estimated to be 6.3X10+4(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that bromethalin is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Bromethalin contains a diphenylamine moiety. The pKa of dibenzylamine is 9.0(3), indicating that this compound will exist partially in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).

The Henry's Law constant for bromethalin is estimated as 4.0X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) developed using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that bromethalin is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Bromethalin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 9.70X10-8 mm Hg(3).

Water quality data compiled from the Retrieval (STORET) Data Warehouse and the USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) reports surface water and ground water monitoring data for various chemicals but did not include bromethalin as of 2018(1).

Occupational exposure to bromethalin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where bromethalin is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to bromethalin via dermal contact with consumer products containing bromethalin. (SRC)

A metabolism study was conducted in Fischer 344 rats following oral admin of (14)C-bromethalin at 1 mg/kg. Blood samples were taken from the orbital sinus at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 24 hours, and at 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 21 days after dosing. Based on radiolabeled material, the plasma half-life was 134 hours (5.6 days). The half-life of the distributive phase suggested distribution in total body water.

The major metabolite formed in the rat is desmethyl bromethalin.|The major route of metabolism in the rat is N-demethylation.

The half life of bromethalin is 5.6 days /in Fischer 344 rats following oral admin of 1 mg/kg (14)C-bromethalin/.

Acute rodenticide, acting as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation.

/VET/ Treatment of bromethalin toxicosis is aimed at early decontamination (induction of emesis and administration of activated charcoal) in an asymptomatic animal and controlling CNS signs (seizures) and providing supportive care in a symptomatic animal. Emesis using 3% hydrogen peroxide solution or apomorphine in dogs and xylazine in cats within 4 hr of ingestion may remove some bait from the gut. Depending on the ingested dose of bromethalin, administration of activated charcoal is considered an effective method to prevent toxicosis. Bromethalin undergoes enterohepatic recirculation, so administration of repeated doses of activated charcoal may be helpful. ... Whenever administering activated charcoal, the clinician must remain aware of the risk of aspiration or hypernatremia secondary to fluid shift into the gut. The clinical signs of acute hypernatremia may mimic those seen with bromethalin toxicosis. ... Use of mannitol and corticosteroids has been suggested to treat clinical signs, because they may help manage cerebral edema due to other causes. However, this has not been shown to be very helpful, likely because of the presence of intra-myelin edema. Diazepam, barbiturates, and other anticonvulsant medications should be used to control seizures and other CNS signs. Full recovery may require days to weeks of treatment.|/VET/ Bromethalin is a central nervous system toxin currently incorporated into several different rodenticides. In 2008, the EPA requested that manufacturers phase out second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides. In response, manufacturers began to increase production of bromethalin-based rodenticides. It is likely that pet exposure to bromethalin will increase in the future. Bromethalin has no known antidote and tends to deposit in fat. Intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) are being used with increasing frequency in both human and veterinary medicine to treat numerous acute systemic toxicities. A 4 yr old spayed female Pit bull terrier was presented following witnessed ingestion of bromethalin rodenticide by the owners. Decontamination was unsuccessful and ILE was started. Serum was frozen at -80 °C before and 1 hr after completion of ILE. In rats, the half-life of desmethylbromethalin, the toxic metabolite, has been reported at 5.6 days and 6 days, and it is likely to be similar in dogs. The only intervention between the pre-lipid serum sample and the post-lipid serum sample was the administration of ILE, and the serum desmethylbromethalin levels were reduced by 75% (from 4 ppb to 1 ppb) during this time. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing treatment of bromethalin ingestion with ILE.|/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Bromethalin (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Based on animal and limited human data. Mild GI upset possible. CNS target symptoms: hyperexcitability, altered mental status, ataxia, tremor, seizures, coma, cerebral edema, increased intracranial pressure and paralysis.|/CASE REPORTS/ Bromethalin is a neurotoxin found in some rodenticides. A delusional 21-year-old male presented to a hospital with altered mental status the day after ingesting a bromethalin-based rodenticide. He died 7 days after his self-reported exposure to c. 17 mg bromethalin (equivalent to 0.33 mg bromethalin/kg). His clinicopathologic course was characterized by altered mental status, obtundation, increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure, cerebral edema, death, and diffuse histologic vacuolization of the white matter in the central nervous system seen on microscopic examination at autopsy. The presence of a demethylated form of bromethalin in the patient's liver and brain was confirmed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Clinical signs and lesions observed in this patient are similar to those seen in animals poisoned with bromethalin. This case illustrates the potential for bromethalin ingestion to result in fatal human poisoning.|/SURVEILLANCE/ BACKGROUND: Bromethalin is an increasingly used alternative to long-acting anticoagulant and cholecalciferol rodenticides. There are few reports of human exposures, and no existing professional society guidelines on medical management of bromethalin ingestions. The aim of this retrospective data review is to characterize bromethalin exposures reported to the California Poison Control System (CPCS) between 1997 and 2014. METHODS: This is an observational retrospective case review of our statewide poison control system's electronic medical records. Following Institutional Board Review and Research Committee approvals, poison center exposures related to bromethalin were extracted using substance code and free text search strategies. Case notes of bromethalin exposures were reviewed for demographic, clinical, laboratory, and outcome information; inclusion criteria for the study was single-substance, human exposure to bromethalin. RESULTS: There were 129 calls related to human bromethalin exposures (three cases met exclusion criteria). The age range of cases was 7 months-90 years old, with the majority of exposures (89 cases; 70.6%), occurring in children younger than 5 years of age (median age of 2 years). Most exposures occurred in the pediatric population as a result of exploratory oral exposure. One hundred and thirteen patients (89.7%) had no effects post exposure, while 10 patients (7.9%) had a minor outcome. Adverse effects were minor, self-limited, and mostly gastrointestinal upset. There were no moderate, major, or fatal effects in our study population. The approximate ingested dose, available in six cases, ranged from 0.067 mg/kg to 0.3 mg/kg (milligrams of bromethalin ingested per kilogram of body weight), and no dose-symptom threshold could be established from this series. Exposures were not confirmed through urine or serum laboratory testing. DISCUSSION: The prognosis for most accidental ingestions appears to be excellent. However, bromethalin exposures may result in a higher number of symptomatic patients than long-acting anticoagulant agents. Parents, physicians and poison control specialists are encouraged to maintain a high index of suspicion for bromethalin-related complications in all cases of rodenticide exposures. CONCLUSIONS: Accidental bromethalin exposures in children appear to be self-limited in toxicity. Additional studies are warranted to determine whether more severe effects are precipitated when larger amounts are involved, particularly in suicidal ingestion.

bromethalin

The National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (NPIRS) identifies 9 companies with active labels for products containing the chemical bromethalin. To view the complete list of companies, product names and percent bromethalin in formulated products click the following url and enter the CAS Registry number in the Active Ingredient field.|Agrisel Gladiator Place Pack Pellets (Agrisel USA, Inc.): Active ingredient: bromethalin 0.01%.|Agrisel Gladiator All Weather Bait Blocks (Agrisel USA, Inc.): Active ingredient: bromethalin 0.01%.|Chemsico Disposable Bait Station (Chemsico): Active ingredient: bromethalin 0.01%.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Bromethalin (29 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Bromethalin (technical grade) as Class IA: extremely hazardous; Main Use: rodenticide.

HPLC determination in commercial formulations.

Bromethalin, a potent neurotoxin, is widely available for use as a rodenticide. As access to other rodenticides is reduced due to regulatory pressure, the use of bromethalin is likely to increase with a concomitant increase in poisonings in nontarget animals. Analytical methods for the detection of bromethalin residues in animals suspected to have been exposed to this rodenticide are needed to support post-mortem diagnosis of toxicosis. This paper describes a novel method for the analysis of desmethylbromethalin (DMB), bromethalin's toxic metabolite, in tissue samples such as liver, brain, and adipose. Samples were extracted with 5% ethanol in ethyl acetate, and an aliquot of the extract was evaporated dry, reconstituted, and analyzed by reverse phase ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The mass spectrometer utilized electrospray ionization in negative ion mode with multiple reaction monitoring. This method was qualitatively validated at a level of 1.0 ng/g in liver tissue. The quantitative potential of the method was also evaluated, and a method detection limit of 0.35 ng/g wet weight was determined in fat tissue. DMB was detected in tissue samples from animals suspected to have been poisoned by this compound. To the authors' knowledge, there have been no other methods reported for analysis of DMB in tissue samples using LC-MS/MS.

Agrochemicals -> Rodenticides