Iodoform

393.73

393.73

1697010

200-874-5

KXI2J76489

26251

DTXSID4020743

Yellow powder or crystals|YELLOW HEXAGONAL PRISMS OR NEEDLES FROM ACETONE

D - Dermatologicals

29033990

0

3.51

Bright yellow to dark yellow Crystalline Powder

4.008 g/cm³ @ Temp: 25 °C

119 °C

218 °C

129.0±13.9 °C

1.851

H2O: Insoluble . <0.1 g/100 mL at 24 ºC;chloroform: soluble 5%

-20°C

4.1

LD50 s.c. in mice: 1.6 mmoles/kg (Kutob, Plaa)

Noncombustible Solid

Characteristic, disagreeable odor

Iodoform oxidizes arsenites to arsenates, antimonites to antimonates, and stannites to stannates.|Enthalpy of formation (gas) @ 25 °C: 50.40 kcal/mole; Gibbs (free) energy of formation (gas) @ 25 °C: 42.54 kcal/mole; entropy (gas) @ 25 °C: 84.97 cal/deg.mole; heat capacity (gas) @ 25 °C: 17.94 cal/deg.mole|Unctuous touch; characteristic, disagreeable odor. Volatile with steam.|Decomposes at high temperatures with evolution of iodine.

Insoluble in water.

Halogenated Organic Compounds

IODOFORM decomposes at high temperatures. Decomposes slowly in light at room temperature. Reacts violently with lithium. Is incompatible with mercuric oxide, calomel, silver nitrate, tannin, and balsam Peru. Is also incompatible with strong bases, strong oxidizing agents and magnesium. Vigorous reactions occur with acetone in the presence of solid potassium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide, hexamethylenetetramine at 352° F, mercury(I) fluoride and finely divided reduced silver. (NTP, 1992)

161.9 kg cal/g mol wt at 20 °C (solid)

Noncombustible Solid

UN 1851

3

20/21/22-36/37/38

26-36/37-36/37/39-22-24/25

PB7000000

Xn

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, reducing agents. May explode when heated.

P261-P280-P305 + P351 + P338

H302 + H312 + H332-H315-H319-H335

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

INCOMPATIBILITIES: MERCURIC OXIDE, CALOMEL, SILVER NITRATE, TANNIN, BALSAM PERU DIRECTLY MIXED.|Incompatibile with ... lithium, acetone.|Incompatibilites: alkalis, oxidizing agents, lead salts|Strong oxidizers, lithium, metallic salts (e.g., mercuric oxide, silver nitrate), strong bases, calomel, tannin.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for IODOFORM (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Iodoform is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives. Limitation: for use only as polymerization-control agent.

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Halomethanes (1980) EPA 440/5-80-051|Bioassay of Iodoform for Possible Carcinogenicity (1978) Technical Rpt Series No. 110 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 78-1365, U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20014

Literature sources indicate that this chemical is nonflammable. (NTP, 1992)

|Warning|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 1359 companies from 12 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P322, P330, P337+P313, P363, P391, and P501|The GHS information provided by 1 company from 1 notification to the ECHA C&L Inventory.|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P322, P330, P337+P313, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501

Fires associated with this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this material from exposure to light, and store it in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

Skin: Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. Eyes: Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. Wash skin: The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. Remove: Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. Change: Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premise. (NIOSH, 2016)|Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.|Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact.|(See protection codes)

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.|Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed or replaced.|Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 0.6 ppm (10 mg/cu m) is still enforced in some states.

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted avg: 0.6 ppm (10 mg/cu m).

Oral LD50, dermal LD50, and inhalation LC50 in rat are 355 mg/kg, 1184 mg/kg, and 165 ppm/7h, respectively [MSDS]. Fatal dose of iodoform in humans is estimated to be 2 g. Systemic intoxication and severe poisoning, mostly characterized by dermatitis, headache, somnolence, delirium, hallucinations, consciousness disturbances, coma, vomiting, CNS depression, tachycardia, and rapid feeble pulse, may result from excess absorption through wounds and abscesses, or ingestion of large quantities. While there is no known antidote for iodoform overdose, supportive and symptomatic treatment is highly recommended. Hepatocellular damage has been observed with iodoform toxicity, where production of both fatty liver and necrosis was seen, as well as lesions of liver membranous cellular components. Iodoform induces hepatocellular injury and hepatic lesions in a similar manner to carbon tetrachloride, where cellular membranes may possibly be primary sites of action.

LD50 Mouse subcutaneous 1.6 mmoles/kg|LDLo Rabbit subcutaneous 50 mg/kg|LDLo Canis familiaris (dog) oral 1000 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 810 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for IODOFORM (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A bioassay for possible carcinogenicity of technical grade iodoform was conducted using Osborne-Mendel rats and B6C3F1 mice. Iodoform in corn oil was administered by gavage, at either of two dosages, to groups of 50 male and 50 female animals of each species. Administration of the chemical occurred 5 days/wk, for a period of 78 wk, followed by an observation period of 34 wk for rats and 13 or 14 wk for mice. For each species, 20 animals of each sex were placed on test as vehicle controls. These animals were gavaged with pure corn oil at the same rate as the high dose group of the same sex. Twenty animals of each sex were placed on test as untreated controls for each species. ... Under the conditions of this bioassay, no convincing evidence was provided for the carcinogenicity of iodoform in Osborne-Mendel rats or B6C3F1 mice. Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Negative; Female Rats: Negative; Male Mice: Negative; Female Mice: Negative.

No pharmacokinetic data available.

Iodoform's production and use as an antiseptic and sensitizing agent in certain printing processes may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(1,2). However its present use is rather limited. Iodoform may be formed in finished drinking water during the chlorination process(3). When iodinated trihalomethanes occur, a medicinal taste or musty odor is imparted to the water. While there are only a few reports of iodoform in treated drinking water in the literature, strong medicinal odors have long been known to occur in such water.

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 35(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that iodoform is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of iodoform from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Iodoform is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.040 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Data on the biodegradability of iodoform in soil is not available(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 35(SRC), determined from an estimation method(2), indicates that iodoform is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.1X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 40 hours and 25 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 43(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 3.03(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Data on the biodegradability of iodoform in water is not available(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), iodoform, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 0.396 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase iodoform is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 56 days(SRC), from its rate constant of 0.289X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3) determined using a structure estimation method(3). Iodoform absorbs radiation >290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis(SRC). Photolysis rates for iodoform were not located.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of iodoform with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 0.288X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 55 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). A base-catalyzed second-order hydrolysis rate constant of 1.72X10-8 L/mole-sec(SRC) was estimated using a structure estimation method(2); this corresponds to half-lives of more than a million years at pH values of 7 to 8(2). Iodoform has a broad UV absorption band with a maximum at 349 nm(3) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis. However photolysis reaction rates for iodoform were not located. The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of iodoform with photochemically-produced NO3 radicals is 1.76X10+17 cu cm/molecule-sec under simulated atmospheric conditions(4).

An estimated BCF of 43 was calculated for iodoform(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 3.03(1,SRC) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low.

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc for iodoform can be estimated to be 35(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that iodoform is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for iodoform is estimated as 3.1 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that iodoform is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 40 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 25 days(SRC). Iodoform's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Iodoform is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.040 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

Iodoform was found in two French water treatment plants at 80 ng/l and 10-20 ng/l, respectively. This is associated with the presence of chloramines in the water being treated. In the absence of chloramines, chlorine tends to quickly react with organic precursors to preferentially form chlorinated, brominated, and iodated trihalomethanes. One of the French treatment plants used ammonia-rich ground water(1).

Iodoform is used as an antiseptic wound powder; however, today its use is rather limited(1,2). Therefore, direct human exposure occurs through the application of the drug when applied to a wound(SRC). Workers involved in formulating and dispensing the drug may be exposed through dermal contact or inhalation of iodoform-containing dust(SRC). People may also be exposed to iodoform in some chlorinated drinking water(3). Iodoform-containing drinking water would generally have a medicinal taste or musty odor.

No approved therapeutic indications.

Iodoform /was used/ as an antiseptic wound powder for a long time: today its use is limited.|FORMERLY WAS EMPLOYED AS A TOPICAL AND INTRAVITREAL ANTISEPTIC.|ANTI-INFECTIVE (TOPICAL)|MEDICATION (VET): ANTISEPTIC, DISINFECTANT FOR SUPERFICIAL LESIONS & IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT|THERAP CAT: Anti-infective (topical)

Iodoform exhibits antibacterial activities after topical application. In a comparative study of wound dressing agents, iodoform gauze exerted an antibacterial effect 3 hours after the start of bacterial growth of _E. coli_ and subsequently maintained the strong antibacterial effectiveness. A study demonstrated that direct and indirect exposure to high concentrations of iodoform induces a cytotoxic effect on cultures of macrophages and epithelial cells _in vitro_, while cell proliferation was enhanced at low concentrations of iodoform. This cytotoxic effect of iodoform in root canals may further lead to long-term local irritation to follicles of permanent successors and formation of cyst-like radiolucent defects.

Iodoform is reported to be absorbed through denuded skin, wounds or mucous membranes.|No pharmacokinetic data available.

It is expected to be oxidized to iodine.|HALOFORMS ARE METABOLIZED TO CARBON MONOXIDE BY HEPATIC MICROSOMAL MIXED FUNCTION OXIDASES & THIS REACTION IS MARKEDLY STIMULATED BY SULFHYDRYL COMPOUNDS. /HALOFORMS/|TRIHALOMETHANES (HALOFORMS) WERE METABOLIZED TO CARBON MONOXIDE BY A RAT LIVER MICROSOMAL FRACTION REQUIRING BOTH NADPH AND MOLECULAR OXYGEN FOR MAXIMAL ACTIVITY. THE METABOLISM OF HALOFORMS TO CARBON MONOXIDE FOLLOWED THE HALIDE ORDER; IODOFORM YIELDED THE GREATEST AMOUNT OF CARBON MONOXIDE, WHEREAS CHLOROFORM YIELDED THE SMALLEST AMOUNT.|ADMINISTRATION OF HALOFORMS (TRIHALOMETHANES) TO RATS LED TO SUBSTANTIAL ELEVATIONS IN BLOOD CARBON MONOXIDE LEVELS. /TRIHALOMETHANES/

No pharmacokinetic data available.

While the mechanism of action of iodoform remains unclear, it is proposed that iodoform releases iodine, which denatures bacterial proteins by oxidation of the free iodine. Iodoform may also play a role in chemical debridement for effective necrotic wound healing and tissue damage repair via collagen fibrinolysis; upon treatment in necrotic tissue, iodoform reduced the size of the macromolecules containing collagen I in wound surface proteins. In human gingival fibroblasts _in vitro_, high concentrations of iodoform was shown to decrease the viability of macrophages and epithelial cells and reduced the secretion of _P. gingivalis_-induced TNFα. P. gingivalis is an anaerobic bacteria present in anaerobic oral niches including periapical sites and periodontal pockets.

Exposure Routes: inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact Symptoms: Irritation eyes, skin; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), dizziness, nausea, incoordination, central nervous system depression; dyspnea (breathing difficulty); liver, kidney, heart damage; visual disturbance Target Organs: Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys, heart (NIOSH, 2016)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)|(See procedures)

SYSTEMIC INTOXICATION AND VISUAL DISTURBANCES RESULTED FROM ABSORPTION OF EXCESSIVE AMT /OF IODOFORM/ APPLIED TO WOUNDS OR ABSCESSES, OR FROM INGESTION OF LARGE QUANTITIES, BUT NOT FROM APPLICATION TO THE EYE. ... MOST CHARACTERISTICALLY VISION WAS IMPAIRED BY RETROBULBAR NEURITIS WITH ACCOMPANYING CENTRAL SCOTOMA. IN RARE INSTANCES TRANSITORY COMPLETE BLINDNESS OCCURRED. IN SOME CASES THE BULBAR PORTION OF THE OPTIC NERVE WAS INVOLVED, WITH NEURORETINITIS & OCCASIONAL RETINAL HEMORRHAGES. AS A RULE, RECOVERY WAS SLOW ... IN MOST CASES VISION WAS COMPLETELY OR PARTIALLY RECOVERED, BUT RESIDUAL PALLOR OF THE TEMPORAL PART OF THE OPTIC NERVEHEAD WAS COMMON. EXCEPTIONALLY THE WHOLE NERVEHEAD BECAME ATROPHIC AND WHITE AND LITTLE VISION WAS RECOVERED.|Both di- and tri-halogenated methane derivatives have been found to produce increased blood levels of methemoglobin; the greatest increase caused by iodo-, followed by bromo- and chloro- compounds. CNS functional disturbances are reported, including depression of rapid eyemovement sleep, as seen in carbon monoxide exposures. /Di- and tri-halogenated methane derivatives/|POISONING IS OFTEN DUE TO ABSORPTION THROUGH WOUND WHEN IODOFORM DRESSINGS ARE USED (NO MORE THAN 2 G IODOFORM SHOULD BE SO USED). MAY CAUSE DERMATITIS. SYSTEMIC EFFECTS INCL VOMITING & ALL DEGREES OF CEREBRAL DEPRESSION OR EXCITATION, INCL DELIRIUM, HALLUCINATIONS, COMA, & DEATH. VERY RAPID PULSE IS CHARACTERISTIC, WITH OR WITHOUT SLIGHT FEVER.|The fatal dose of ... iodoform is estimated to be 2 g.|... Severe poisoning, which may be fatal, is characterized by headache, somnolence, delirium, and rapid feeble pulse.

iodoform

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

irritation eyes, skin; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), dizziness, nausea, incoordination, central nervous system depression; dyspnea (breathing difficulty); liver, kidney, heart damage; visual disturbance

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, liver, kidneys, heart

GRADE: TECHNICAL, NF|Purified grades|BIPP gauze: sterile ribbon gauze impregnated with a sterile paste consisting of iodoform 40%, bismuth subnitrate 20%, and liquid paraffin 40%.|Bismuth subnitrate & iodoform paste: bismuth subnitrate 1, iodoform 2, sterilized liquid paraffin 1, by wt, prepared aseptically.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for IODOFORM (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Methane, triiodo-: ACTIVE

A gravimetric determination of iodoform drug substance, iodoform in ointments, and iodoform on gauze requires the addition of silver nitrate and nitric acid. The silver iodide formed is filtered, collected and dried to constant weight. One g AgI= 0.5590 g iodoform.|Gas chromtographic separation of halogenated compounds on non-polar and polar wide bore capillary columns.|The selection of optimal and std methods for detn of org compds contg I depends on the I content (5-97%). A combustion method in an oxygen flask is recommended. However, for drugs with a low I content (0.1-5%), micro methods, such as spectrophotometric or titrimetric, are preferable.