Isobutyronitrile

69.11

69.11

1340512

201-147-5

699AWF2WV2

60536

2284

DTXSID5026461

Colorless liquid

29269095

23.8

0.46

Clear colorless to light yellow Liquid

0.7704 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

-71.5 °C

103.9 °C @ Press: 760 Torr

39 °F

n20/D 1.372(lit.)

H2O: 35 g/L (20 ºC)

Flammables area

100 mm Hg ( 54.4 °C)

2.38 (vs air)

Oral-rat LD50: 50 mg/kg;Oral-Mouse LD50: 25 mg/kg

Flammable; burning releases toxic nitrogen oxide fumes

Almond-like odor

Henry's Law constant = 5.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C (est)

Surface tension: 24.9 dynes/cm = 0.0249 N/m at 20 °C|Specific gravity: 0.773 at 20 °C/20 °C|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 7.0X10-11 cu cm/mole-sec at 25 °C (est)

Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water.

Nitriles

Highly Flammable

ISOBUTYRONITRILE is incompatible with the following: Oxidizers, reducing agents, strong acids & bases (NIOSH, 2016).

900 °F (482 °C)

-2560.65 kJ/mol at 25 °C (liquid)

Class IB Flammable Liquid: Fl.P. below 73°F and BP at or above 100°F.

36.65 kJ/mol at 25 °C

II

3

UN 2284 3/PG 2

2

11-23/24/25-36/37/38

9-16-24/25-26-36/37/39-45-23

TZ4900000

F,T

The warehouse is ventilated at low temperature and dry; stored separately from oxidants, acids and food additives

Highly Flammable/Toxic

Stable. Flammable. May form explosive mixtures with air. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

P210-P261-P264-P280-P301 + P310-P305 + P351 + P338

H225-H300-H311-H315-H319-H335

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.|Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material; Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.|A poor candidate for incineration. /Cyanides/

Incompatible materials: Strong acids, strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, strong reducing agents.|Reacts with oxidants, strong reductants, and strong bases.|Oxidizers, reducing agents, strong acids & bases.

Vapor may explode if ignited in an enclosed area. Toxic oxides of nitrogen are produced during combustion. It is a flammable/combustible material and may be ignited by heat, sparks, or flames. Vapors may travel to a source of ignition and flash back. Container may explode in heat of fire. Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Hazardous polymerization may not occur. (EPA, 1998)|Flammable - 3rd degree

|Danger|H224 (11.54%): Extremely flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]|P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P301+P310, P302+P350, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P309+P311, P310, P311, P312, P314, P320, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P361, P362, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 104 companies from 14 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]|P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P310, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P361, P362, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501|P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P310, P302+P350, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P309+P311, P310, P311, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P361, P363, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 131 [Flammable Liquids - Toxic]: Fully encapsulating, vapor-protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. SMALL SPILL: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2016)

Skin: Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. Eyes: Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. Wash skin: The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. Remove: Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard(i.e. for liquids with flash point Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the work shift. Provide: Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye protection. Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. [Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.] (NIOSH, 2016)|Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. Flame retardant antistatic protective clothing. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face respirator with multipurpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for 2-Methylpropanenitrile (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|(See protection codes)

A very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame.

Suitable extinguishing media: For small (incipient) fires, use media such as "alcohol" foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide. For large fires, apply water from as far as possible. Use very large quantities (flooding) of water applied as a mist or spray; solid streams of water may be ineffective. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.|Use water spray to cool unopened containers.|Extinguish with dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, foam, or fog. Keep unnecessary people away; isolate hazard area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Isolate for 1/2 mile in all directions if tank car or truck is involved in fire. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. ... If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. ... The only respirators recommended for firefighting are self-contained breathing apparatuses that have full face-pieces and are operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode.|If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors, or in sewers. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined areas may explode when exposed to fire. Containers may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations.|Keep sparks, flames, and other sources od ignition away. Establish forced ventilation to keep levels below explosive limit. Build dikes to control flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if this can be done without hazard. Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid. Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. Do not handle broken packages without protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special protective clothing. Shut off ignition sources; no flares, smoking, or flames in hazard area. Do not touch spilled material. Use water spray to reduce vapors. Small spills: Absorb with sand or other noncombustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. Large spills: Dike far ahead of spill for later disposal. Keep this chemical out of a confined space, such as a sewer, because of the possibility of an explosion, unless the sewer is designed to prevent the buildup of explosive concentrations. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical has a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Beware of vapors accumulating to form explosive concentrations. Vapors can accumulate in low areas. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains.|Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid inhalation of vapor or mist. Use explosion-proof equipment. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking. Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.|Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for 2-Methylpropanenitrile (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.|/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.|/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.|/GUIDE 131 FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS - TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2-Methylpropanenitrile (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Isobutyronitrile is included on the dangerous goods list.|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Isobutyronitrile is included on the dangerous goods list.

Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes, skin, nose, throat ... .|A skin irritant.

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hour Time-Weighted Average: 8 ppm (22 mg/cu m).

| 3 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause serious or permanent injury.| 3 - Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Materials produce hazardous atmospheres with air under almost all ambient temperatures or, though unaffected by ambient temperatures, are readily ignited under almost all conditions.| 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Isobutyronitrile is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 1000 lbs.

In a study published in 1979, a product water effluent from a coal gasification facility in Hanna, WY was found to contain a 2-methylpropanenitrile concentration of 53 ppb(1); a product water effluent from a coal gasification facility in Gillette, WY was found to contain a 2-methylpropanenitrile concentration of 34 ppb(1); retort water from a shale-oil processing facility in Rock Springs, WY contained a 2-methylpropanenitrile concentration of 5 ppb(1). Analysis of off-gas from a shale-oil processing facility in Rio Blanco in 1980 found 2-methylpropanenitrile concentrations of 1-16 ppm(2). 2-Methylpropionitrile was detected at a concentration of 2.3 mg/L in condensate retort water produced from January to May of 1979 as an oil-shale processing facility in Colorado(3). 2-Methylpropanenitrile was detected at a concentration of 2 ug/L in a wastewater sample from an unidentified municipal wastewater treatment plant(4).

2-Methylpropanenitrile has been identified as a constituent of tobacco, tobacco smoke, and tobacco substitute smoke(1).

most toxic

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: 2-Methylpropanenitrile is a colorless liquid. It is used as intermediate for insecticides, solvent, as a catalyst in the polymerization of ethylene. HUMAN STUDIES: Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes, skin, nose, throat; headache, dizziness, weakness, giddiness, confusion, convulsions, dyspnea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting. Cases of inhalation exposure included loss of consciousnesses, tonic-clonic movements of the arms, dilated pupils, weak pulse, shallow and gasping breathing, and cyanosis. ANIMAL STUDIES: Local effects in rabbit's eyes included reddening of eyelids and conjunctiva, edema, and tearing. Vapor inhalation at a calculated concentration of 5500 ppm for approximately 1 hr killed all rats. In rats and mice exposed orally the symptoms were those of weakness, vasodilation, tremors, and convulsions. Thiocyanate was present in the urine. Rats exposed at 38.6 mg/kg orally showed definite parenchymatous degeneration of the liver, with male rats showing a greater degree of degeneration than females. Increased weight of stomach, liver, and adrenal glands were found at doses of 200 mg/kg orally. It was concluded that 2-methylpropanenitrile causes hepatic damage. In rabbits the direct cause of death after iv administration was respiratory arrest from depression of the central mechanism of ventilation control. The mice showed central nervous system signs such as respiratory paralysis, slight hyperkinesia, increase in frequency and amplitude of respiration, clonic movements of limbs, diminution of pain sensitivity, and decreased frequency in respiration with cessation and death at 20-30 min after injection.

LD50 Rat oral 50-100 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 5-10 mg/kg|LD50 Guinea pig dermal <5 mL/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 25 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 2-Methylpropanenitrile (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2-Methylpropanenitrile's production and use as an intermediate for insecticides(1) and as a solvent(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 2-Methylpropanenitrile has been detected in wastewater effluents from coal gasification and shale oil processing facilities(3,4). It has also been detected in wastewater at a municipal wastewater treatment facility(5). 2-Methylpropanenitrile has been identified as a constituent of tobacco, tobacco smoke, and tobacco substitute smoke(6).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 37(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.46(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2-methylpropanenitrile is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 2-methylpropanenitrile from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). 2-Methylpropanenitrile is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 32.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(5). A 53.9% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(6) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 37(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.46(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 2-methylpropanenitrile is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 5.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(4), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 16 hours and 7 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A 53.9% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(7) suggests that biodegradation is an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2-methylpropanenitrile which has a vapor pressure of 32.7 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2-methylpropanenitrile is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 15 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.0X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 2-Methylpropanenitrile does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2-methylpropanenitrile with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.0X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 15 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2-Methylpropanenitrile is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). 2-Methylpropanenitrile does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated in fish for 2-methylpropanenitrile(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.46(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 2-methylpropanenitrile is estimated as 37(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.46(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 2-methylpropanenitrile is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 2-methylpropanenitrile is estimated as 5.4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2-methylpropanenitrile is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 16 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 7 days(SRC). 2-Methylpropanenitrile is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 32.7 mm Hg(4).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 1 reporting facility reports 'CBI' for the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of 2-methylpropanenitrile in the United States(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 213 workers are potentially exposed to 2-methylpropanenitrile in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 2-methylpropanenitrile may occur through inhalation of vapor and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2-methylpropanenitrile is produced or used(2). The general population is likely to be exposed to 2-methylpropanenitrile from smoking cigarettes and inhalation of cigarette smoke(SRC).

1. A method for determination of cyanide release during microsomal metabolism of organonitriles was developed. 2. Vmax values for cyanide release from acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, isobutyronitrile, acrylonitrile, benzyl cyanide and succinonitrile were determined for rat nasal and liver microsomal metabolism. 3. Km and Vmax values were determined for nasal and liver microsomal metabolism of benzyl cyanide to cyanide. 4. Vmax values were all greater in nasal microsomes than in liver microsomes. Except for acrylonitrile, butyronitrile and isobutyronitrile metabolism, the ethmoturbinate microsomes had higher activities than the maxilloturbinate microsomes. 5. Two methods for determining Vmax values indicate that rat liver, but not the nose, contains at least two cytochrome P-450 isozymes involved in metabolism of benzyl cyanide to cyanide. 6. These results, and previously reported nasal rhodanese activity data, indicate that inhaled organonitriles are substantially detoxicated in the nasal cavity.|... The oral LD50 in rats /was found/ to be 50-100 mg/kg and in mice, 5-10 mg/kg. ... Thiocyanate was present in the urine.

Poisonous; may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through skin. Contact may cause burns to skin and eyes. (Non-Specific -- Nitriles) Primarily, they are skin and eye irritants. Large doses cause collapse and stop breathing. (EPA, 1998)

Warning: Heart palpitation may occur within minutes after exposure. High doses can stop breathing. Vital signs should be monitored closely. Caution is advised. Signs and Symptoms of Acute Isobutyronitrile Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to isobutyronitrile may include hypertension (high blood pressure) and tachycardia (rapid heart rate), followed by hypotension (low blood pressure) and bradycardia (slow heart rate). Cherry-red (and potentially bloody) mucous membranes, cardiac arrhythmias, and other cardiac abnormalities are common. Cyanosis (blue tint to skin and mucous membranes) may also be found. Tachypnea (rapid respiratory rate) may be followed by respiratory depression. Lung hemorrhage and pulmonary edema may occur. Headache, vertigo (dizziness), agitation, giddiness, salivation, nausea, and vomiting may be followed by combative behavior, convulsions, and coma. Isobutyronitrile is irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. Lacrimation (tearing) and a burning sensation of the mouth and throat are common. Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to isobutyronitrile may require decontamination and life support for the victims. All exposed persons should be transported to a health care facility as quickly as possible. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination. Inhalation Exposure: 1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to isobutyronitrile. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; use a forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with isobutyronitrile- contaminated persons or their gastric contents may result in self- poisoning. 3. RUSH to a health care facility! 4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. Dermal/Eye Exposure: 1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to isobutyronitrile. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; use a forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with isobutyronitrile- contaminated persons or their gastric contents may result in self- poisoning. 3. RUSH to a health care facility! 4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. 5. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible. 6. Wash exposed skin areas twice with soap and water. 7. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. Ingestion Exposure: 1. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. IMMEDIATELY begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress.Warning: To prevent self-poisoning, avoid mouth-to-mouth breathing; use a forced-oxygen mask. Direct oral contact with isobutyronitrile- contaminated persons or their gastric contents may result in self- poisoning. 2. RUSH to a health care facility! 3. DO NOT induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize! 4. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 5. Activated charcoal is of no value. (EPA, 1998)|(See procedures)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cyanide and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Administer amyl nitrite ampules as per protocol and physician order ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor and treat cardiac arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer cyanide antidote kit as per protocol and physician order ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/|If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least 15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical has been inhaled, immediately begin administering 100% oxygen to all victims. Monitor victims for respiratory distress and remove from exposure. Begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When this chemical has been swallowed, evaluate vital signs and proceed as earlier in this section. Rush to a health-care facility. Do not induce vomiting or attempt to neutralize. Medical observation is recommended for 24-48 hr after breathing overexposure, as pulmonary edema may be delayed. As first aid for pulmonary edema, a doctor or authorized paramedic may consider administering a corticosteroid spray.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Potential symptoms of overexposure are irritation of eyes, skin, nose, throat; headache, dizziness, weakness, giddiness, confusion, convulsions; dyspnea; abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting.|/CASE REPORTS/ Two milder inhalation exposures of isobutyronitrile were reported ... in which an unknown concentration of vapor produced headache, dizziness, and vomiting at 10-60 min after exposure. The intensity of symptoms varied with the concentration and duration of exposure.|/CASE REPORTS/ ... A 44-year-old man became unconscious while filling a tank with isobutyronitrile. He exhibited tonic-clonic movements of the arms, dilated pupils, weak pulse, shallow and gasping breathing, and cyanosis. After successive treatment with 1 mg norepinephrine intravenously, amyl nitrite, and sodium thiosulfate, followed by intravenous lobeline and phenobarbital, the patient's condition improved rapidly. Four hours after the exposure the patient was fully conscious, but complained of a headache during the following days. He was discharged 14 days after the hospital admission.

isobutyronitrile

inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

irritation eyes, skin, nose, throat; headache, dizziness, lassitude (weakness, exhaustion), confusion, convulsions; dyspnea (breathing difficulty); abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system

All other basic organic chemical manufacturing|Propanenitrile, 2-methyl-: ACTIVE

Isobutyronitrile may be measured by gas chromatography.

Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 3rd degree