Pyrogallol

126.11000

126.11

201-762-9

01Y4A2QXY0

0770

5035

2811

DTXSID6025983

White, lustrous crystals or plates|White crystals, becomes grayish on exposure to light and air|Leaflets or needles

2907299090

60.69000

0.5

Pyrogallic acid is an odorless white to gray solid. Sinks and mixes with water. (USCG, 1999)

1.453 g/cm³ @ Temp: 4 °C

133 °C

309 °C

164.4ºC

n20/D 1.387

H2O: 400 g/L (25 ºC)

IN GENERAL, MATERIALS WHICH ARE TOXIC AS STORED OR WHICH CAN DECOMP INTO TOXIC COMPONENTS SHOULD BE STORED IN A COOL, WELL-VENTILATED PLACE, BUT OUT OF DIRECT RAYS OF THE SUN, AWAY FROM AREAS OF HIGH FIRE HAZARD, & SHOULD BE PERIODICALLY INSPECTED INCOMPATIBLE MATERIALS SHOULD BE ISOLATED

10 mm Hg ( 167.7 °C)

4.4 (vs air)

LD50 orally in rabbits: 1.6 g/kg (Dollahite)

Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.

Odorless

Henry's law constant = 1.57X10-10 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

pKa = 9.01

Conversion factors: 1 mg/L is equivalent to 194 ppm; 1 ppm is equivalent to 0.00515 mg/L at 25 °C and 760 mm Hg|Sublimes slowly when heated; the aqueous solution darkens on exposure to air, quite rapidly when alkaline

Turns gray on exposure to light or air. Water soluble.

Acids, Weak

Strong Reducing Agent

PYROGALLIC ACID is a strong reducing agent. Reacts with alkalis, NH3, antipyrine, camphor, phenol, iron and lead salts, iodine, lime water, menthol and KMnO4. (NTP, 1992)

2.673 MJ/mol (638.9 kcal/mol)

III

6.1

UN 1814/2811

3

R20/21/22; R52/53; R68

S36/37-S61

UX2800000

Xn

Separated from strong oxidants and strong bases.

Stability Stable, but decolourises in light. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidising agents, alkalies, metal oxides, ammonia, antipyrine, phenol, iodine, lime water, menthol, potassium permanganate, strong bases.

P280-P305 + P351 + P338

H315-H319-H341-H412

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|A) Dissolve in a flammable solvent and burn in the furnace with afterburner. B) Soak in paper or other flammable materials and burn in the furnace with afterburner. Recommendable methods: Incineration & use as a boiler fuel. Peer review: Dissolve in light fuel oil. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))|1. Liquid acid may be injected at base of incinerator or after mixing with a flammable solvent. Afterburner is suggested for complete combustion. 2. A solid acid may be dissolved in a flammable solvent and burned as above. 3. Solid acid may be packaged in paper or other flammable material and burned in an incinerator.

The solution in water is a weak acid. Reacts with oxidants and bases.|Incompatible with alkalies; /ammonia/; antipyrine; phenol; iron and lead salts; iodine; and /potassium permanganate/..

Certification of this color additive when used as a color additives is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the requirements of section 706(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

This compound is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)|Combustible. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.

|Warning|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P308+P313, P312, P322, P330, P363, P405, and P501|H302+H312+H332 (12.07%): Harmful if swallowed, in contact with skin or if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, oral; acute toxicity, dermal; acute toxicity, inhalation]|P201, P202, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P333+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 348 companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P201, P202, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P281, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P308+P313, P312, P321, P322, P330, P333+P313, P363, P405, and P501|Danger|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P312, P321, P330, P337+P313, P403+P233, P405, and P501|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P301+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P309+P311, P312, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P403+P233, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should protect this chemical from exposure to light. Keep the container tightly closed under an inert atmosphere, and store under refrigerated temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

Rubber gloves; safety goggles; dust mask (USCG, 1999)|Local exhaust or breathing protection. Protective gloves. Protective clothing. Safety spectacles.|Handle with gloves. Safety glasses. Choose body protection according to the amount and concentration of the dangerous substance at the work place. Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a dust mask type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).

Combustible

Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.

Water. Foam. Dry powder. Carbon dioxide.|Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Emits toxic vapors when heated.

Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place.

Ventilation control: Basic ... methods are local exhaust ... & dilution or general ventilation.|SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and the respiratory tract and is mildly irritating to the skin.|DUST /IS/ IRRITATING TO EYES, NOSE & THROAT. IF INHALED WILL CAUSE COUGHING & DIFFICULT BREATHING. SOLID /IS/ IRRITATING TO SKIN & EYES.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Separated from strong oxidants and strong bases.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. The substance is mildly irritating to the skin.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization.

NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety spectacles.

| 3 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause serious or permanent injury.| 0 - Materials that will not burn under typical fire conditions, including intrinsically noncombustible materials such as concrete, stone, and sand.| 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

Wastewater samples were collected on three occasions (dates unknown) from Coal Chemical Complex, Naspur, Adilabad, India. Ten waste ammoniacal liquor (WAL) samples were obtained and pyrogallic acid was found to have a mean concentration of 2,021 mg/L(1).

... The involvement of various molecular events in pyrogallol-mediated hepatotoxicity was deciphered by differential mRNA transcription profiles of control and pyrogallol treated mice liver. The modulatory effects of silymarin on pyrogallol-induced differentially expressed transcripts were also looked into. Swiss albino mice were treated with or without pyrogallol. In some sets of experiments, mice were also treated with silymarin 2 hr prior to pyrogallol. Total RNA was isolated from liver and polyadenylated RNA was reverse-transcribed into Cye 3 or Cye 5 labeled cDNA. Equal amounts of labeled cDNA from two different groups were mixed and hybridized with mouse 15k array. The hybridized arrays were scanned, analyzed and the expression level of each transcript was calculated. The differential expression was validated by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Comparative transcription pattern showed an alteration in the expression of 183 transcripts (150 up-regulated and 33 down-regulated) associated with oxidative stress, cell cycle, cytoskeletal network, cell-cell adhesion, extra-cellular matrix, inflammation, apoptosis, cell-signaling and intermediary metabolism in pyrogallol-exposed liver and silymarin pre-treatment modulated the expression of many of these transcripts. Results obtained thus suggest that pyrogallol induces multiple molecular events leading to hepatotoxicity and silymarin effectively counteracts pyrogallol-mediated alterations.|... /This/ study was undertaken to assess the effect of resveratrol against pyrogallol-induced changes in hepatic damage markers, xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and oxidative stress. Swiss albino mice were treated intraperitoneally, daily with pyrogallol (40 mg/kg), for one to four weeks, along with respective controls. In some set of experiments, animals were pre-treated with resveratrol (10 mg/kg), 2 hr prior to pyrogallol treatment, along with respective controls. Alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase and bilirubin were measured in blood plasma and mRNA expression of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-ya and GST-yc, catalytic activity of CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, GST, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione (GSH) level were measured in liver. Resveratrol reduced pyrogallol-mediated increase in alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, bilirubin, lipid peroxidation and mRNA expression and catalytic activity of CYP2E1 and CYP1A2. Pyrogallol-mediated decrease in GST-ya and GST-yc expressions, GST, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase activities and GSH content was significantly attenuated in resveratrol co-treated animals. CYP1A1 expression and catalytic activity were not altered significantly in any treated groups. The results demonstrate that resveratrol modulates pyrogallol-induced changes in hepatic toxicity markers, xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and oxidative stress.|The effect of a free radical generator pyrogallol on gastric emptying was studied in rats. Pyrogallol at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg (ip) produced dose-dependent inhibition of gastric emptying. Pretreatment with vitamin C (100 and 500 mg/kg, p.o.), and vitamin E (100 and 500 mg/kg, po) significantly reversed the inhibition in gastric emptying caused by pyrogallol 100 mg/kg. However, the combination of vitamin C and vitamin E (100 mg/kg) produced synergistic effect. Glutathione (100 mg/kg iv) 5-min pretreatment also reversed the inhibition of gastric emptying caused by pyrogallol 100 mg/kg. Ondansetron (3 mg/kg, po) significantly reversed the pyrogallol effect. The effect of pyrogallol on malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and 5-HT levels in the stomach tissue was also studied. Pyrogallol at a dose of 100 mg/kg, i.p., significantly increased MDA levels and 5-HT levels in the stomach. Pretreatment with a combination of vitamin C and vitamin E (100 mg/kg, p.o.) and glutathione (100 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly ameliorated the rise in stomach tissue MDA caused by pyrogallol but had no significant effect on the rise in 5-HT levels caused by pyrogallol. The effect of different doses of 5-HT on gastric emptying was also studied. 5-HT had a differential effect on gastric emptying. The low and high doses (0.1, 0.3 and 30 mg/kg, ip) significantly inhibited the gastric emptying while doses ranging from 1 to 10 mg/kg, i.p., had no significant effect on the gastric emptying. The pretreatment with antioxidants, combination of vitamin C and vitamin E (100 mg/kg each, p.o.) and glutathione (100 mg/kg, i. v.) had no effect on the 5-HT (0.3 mg/kg, ip)-induced delay in gastric emptying. The result indicate the role of free radicals in gastric emptying, and antioxidants may be of potential therapeutic value in disease conditions where free radicals are known to be released and the gastrointestinal effects are observed as symptoms or side effects of drug therapy.|This study was designed (i) to test the hypothesis that the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF) component of ACh-induced vasorelaxation and hyperpolarization of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are impaired following exposure to superoxide anion, and (ii) to further investigate whether luteolin and apigenin induce vasoprotection at the vasoactive concentrations in rat mesenteric artery. Rat mesenteric arterial rings were isolated for isometric force recording and electrophysiological studies. Perfusion pressure of mesenteric arterial bed was measured and visualization of superoxide production was detected with fluorescent dye. 300 microM pyrogallol significantly decreased the relaxation and hyperpolarization to ACh. Luteolin and apigenin both induced vasoprotection against loss of the EDHF component of ACh-induced relaxation and attenuated the impairment of hyperpolarization to ACh. Oxidative fluorescent microtopography showed that either luteolin or apigenin significantly reduced the superoxide levels. The results suggest that superoxide anion impairs ACh-induced relaxation and hyperpolarization of SMC in resistance arteries through the impairment of EDHF mediated responses. Luteolin and apigenin protect resistance arteries from injury, implying that they may be effective in therapy for vascular diseases associated with oxidative stress.|For more Interactions (Complete) data for Pyrogallic acid (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Mouse oral 300 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 400 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse sc 566 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit oral 1600 mg/kg

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Green acorns are known to contain high concentrations of pyrogallol ... Two pigeons found dead with a filled muscular stomach of acorns. The following pathologic findings were observed: irritation of mucosal membranes in the gastrointestinal tract, blackish discolored chyme, hyperemic organs, and general edemas. The muscular stomach (ventriculus) was filled with pieces of acorns, and the abdominal cavity contained bloody aqueous fluid ... The pyrogallol concentrations in samples /from kidney, liver, and ventriculus/ of dead pigeons were 16-1200-fold higher than in control animals fed grass and maize-corn. Altogether, the acorn-filled ventriculus, the pathologic findings, the well nourished state, and the high pyrogallol concentrations in the dead pigeons suggest an acute pyrogallol poisoning by acorn. With respect to controls, ... pyrogallol concentrations of 6 ng/g of kidney, 8 ng/g of liver, and 2 ng/g of gastric content do not affect the health of pigeons.

Pyrogallic acid is incorporated in tannins, anthocyanins, flavones, and alkaloids(1).

Pyrogallic acid's production and use as a developer in photography, in making colloidal solution of metals, as mordant for wool, for staining leathers, process engraving, manufacture of various dyes, dyeing for furs and hair, as a chemistry reagent for antimony and bismuth, reducing agent, for absorption of oxygen in gas analysis(1), as a chemical intermediate for the synthesis of bendiocarb(2), and polymers(3), and as an antioxidant in lubricating oils(4) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 320(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that pyrogallic acid is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of pyrogallic acid is 9.01(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of the neutral species of pyrogallic acid from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.57X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.79X10-4 mm Hg(5) and water solubility, 5.07X10+5 mg/L(6). Volatilization of the anionic form of pyrogallic acid is not expected, because ions do not volatilize(SRC). Pyrogallic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(5). Aerobic biodegradation studies show that pyrogallic acid degrades in activated sludge at varying rates, such as 16 to 24% after a half day in high inoculum concentrations(7), 2% after 5 days with unknown initial concn(8), 40% after 5 days(9), and 69% after 63 days(10). Pyrogallic acid also degrades at varyious rates under anaerobic conditions with 94% to 97% after 7 days in digester sludge, 0% after more than 203 days in freshwater/sediment(11), and >75% after 56 days in sludge(12).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 320(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that pyrogallic acid may adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected for the neutral species(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.57X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.79X10-4 mm Hg(4) and water solubility, 5.07X10+5 mg/L(5). A pKa of 9.01(6) indicates pyrogallic acid will exist partially in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization of the anion form from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 0.97(8) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Aerobic biodegradation studies show that pyrogallic acid degrades in activated sludge at varying rates, such as 16 to 24% after a half day in high inoculum concentrations(9), 2% after 5 days with unknown initial concn(10), 40% after 5 days(11), and 69% after 63 days(12). Pyrogallic acid also degrades at varying rates in anaerobic conditions with 94% to 97% after 7 days in digester sludge, 0% after more than 203 days in freshwater/sediment(13), and >75% after 56 days in sludge(14).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), pyrogallic acid, which has a vapor pressure of 4.79X10-4 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pyrogallic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 1.9 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Pyrogallic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of pyrogallic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.0X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.9 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Pyrogallic acid is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Pyrogallic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated for pyrogallic acid(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 0.97(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of pyrogallic acid can be estimated to be 320(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that pyrogallic acid is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of pyrogallic acid is 9.01(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form in the environment and anions do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).

The Henry's Law constant for pyrogallic acid is estimated as 1.57X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 4.79X10-4 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 5.07X10+5 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that the neutral species of pyrogallic acid is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). The pKa of pyrogallic acid is 9.01(4), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form in the environment, and anions do not volatilize(SRC). Pyrogallic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 38,038 workers (24,931 of these were female) were potentially exposed to pyrogallic acid in the US(1). Occupational exposure to pyrogallic acid may occur through inhalation of dust and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where pyrogallic acid is produced or used. Exposure to pyrogallic acid among the general population may have been limited to those administered antipsoriatic medications containing pyrogallic acid (former use)(SRC).

/Experimental Therapy/ ... Pyrogallol had highly cytotoxic effect on human lung cancer cell lines and less effect on human bronchial epithelium cell line. This study was performed to investigate the beneficial effect of pyrogallol on human lung cancer cell lines - H441 (lung adenocarcinoma) and H520 (lung squamous cell carcinoma). The MTT (cytotoxic) data showed the inhibition growth of lung cancer cells followed pyrogallol treatment. The cell cycle of lung cancer cells was arrested in G2/M phase using flow cytometry. Using Western blot analysis, the cell cycle related proteins - cyclin B1 and Cdc25c were decreased in a time-dependent manner and the phosphorylated Cdc2 (Thr14) was increased within 4h pyrogallol treatment. Moreover, the higher cleavage of poly (ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP), the increased of Bax concurrent with the decreased of Bcl-2 indicated that pyrogallol treatment resulted in apoptosis of lung cancer cells. The cell apoptosis was also directly demonstrated using Annexin V-FITC and TUNEL stain. Additionally, the tumoricidal effect of pyrogallol was measured using a xenograft nude mice model. After 5 weeks of pyrogallol treatment could cause the regression of tumor. Taking in vitro and in vivo studies together, these results suggest that pyrogallol can be developed as a promising anti-lung cancer drug particular for the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

4. 4 = Very toxic: Probable oral lethal dose (human) 50-500 mg/kg, between 1 teaspoon and 1 ounce for 80 kg person (150 lb).

Naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard oxidation reactions. They counteract the damaging effects of oxidation in animal tissues. (See all compounds classified as Antioxidants.)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.|Readily absorbed via skin.|...Readily absorbed from gastroenteric tract & from parenteral sites of injection. Little is absorbed through intact skin. ...readily conjugated with hexuronic, sulfuric, or other acids & excreted within 24 hr via kidneys. A fraction is excreted unchanged.

...Pyrogallol /is a metabolite of tannic acid...|With pyrogallol derivatives...the middle phenolic group is methylated, with catechol derivatives methylation may be meta or para, dependent on the other substituents present. Pyrogallol /is methylated by catechol o-methyl transferase to form/ 2-methyl pyrogallol.|Pyrogallol in rats yields 3-methoxycatechol & 2-methoxyresorcinol. In grass yields 2-methoxyresorcinol. /From table/|Pyrogallol in beef yields purpurogallin. In tea yields purpurogallin. /From table/|For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for Pyrogallic acid (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Pyrogallol (PG) as a polyphenol induces apoptosis in cells. The effects of PG on the growth and death of endothelial cells (ECs) /were examined/. PG dose-dependently inhibited the growth of calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells (CPAEC) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). PG also induced apoptosis in both cells accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)). CPAEC were more sensitive to PG than HUVEC concerning cell growth and death. Caspase inhibitors (pan-caspase, caspase-3, -8 or -9 inhibitor) did not affect the growth inhibition of CPAEC by PG. However, pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD) significantly reduced apoptosis and the loss of DeltaPsi(m) in PG-treated CPAEC. PG reduced ROS level and increased GSH depleted cell numbers in CPAEC. While Z-VAD increased ROS levels in PG-treated CPAEC, it decreased GSH depleted cell numbers. In conclusion, PG inhibited the growth of ECs, especially CPAEC via caspase-dependent apoptosis and GSH depletion.|Pyrogallol (PG) as a polyphenol compound induces apoptosis in several types of cells. Here, we evaluated the effects of PG on endothelial cells (ECs), especially calf pulmonary artery endothelial cells (CPAEC) in relation to the cell growth, ROS and glutathione (GSH) levels. PG dose-dependently inhibited the growth of CPAEC and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) at 24 h. PG also induced apoptosis in CPAEC, which was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP; DeltaPsim). PG decreased ROS level including O2*- and PG dose-dependently increased GSH depleted cell number in both EC types. N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC; a well-known antioxidant) increased ROS levels in PG-treated CPAEC with the prevention of cell death and GSH depletion. In conclusion, PG inhibited the growth of ECs, especially CPAEC via apoptosis. PG-induced EC death was related to GSH depletion rather than ROS level changes.|Treatment with 50 or 100 uM pyrogallol (PG) significantly inhibited the cell growth of human pulmonary A549 cells for 72 hr. DNA flow cytometric analysis indicated that PG slightly induced a G1 phase arrest of the cell cycle at 24 or 48 hr, but did not induce the specific cell cycle arrest at 72 hr. Intracellular GSH depletion was observed in PG-treated cells. PG induced apoptosis in A549 cells, as evidenced by sub-G1 cells, annexin V staining cells, and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)). The intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) level including O(2)(*-) increased in PG-treated A549 cells at 24 and 48 hr, and persisted at 72 hr. The changes in GSH as well as ROS levels by PG affected the cell viability in A549 cells. In conclusion, PG inhibited the growth of human pulmonary A549 cells by inducing cell cycle arrest as well as triggering apoptosis.|Pyrogallol (PG) decreased the viability of human pulmonary adenocarcinoma Calu-6 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The induction of apoptosis by PG was accompanied by the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)), cytochrome c release from mitochondria and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-8. All tested caspase inhibitors, especially the pan-caspase inhibitor (Z-VAD), markedly rescued Calu-6 cells from PG-induced cell death. Rescue was accompanied by inhibition of caspase-3 activation and PARP cleavage. Treatment with Z-VAD also prevented the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsi(m)). In conclusion, PG inhibits the growth of Calu-6 cells via caspase-dependent apoptosis.|For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for Pyrogallic acid (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Inhalation of dust causes irritation of nose and throat. Ingestion may cause severe gastrointestinal irritation, convulsions, circulatory collapse, and death. Contact with eyes causes irritation. Skin contact can cause local discoloration, irritation, eczema, and death; repeated contact can cause sensitization. (USCG, 1999)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fresh air, rest. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Phenols and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Do not use emetics. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Maintain body temperature. /Phenols and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam. ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Phenols and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ...Sometimes /it produces/ methemoglobinemia, hemolysis, & renal injury... Delayed deaths from uremia have been reported. ... Mildly caustic to skin & mucous membranes. May potentiate endogenous epinephrine because it is effective inhibitor...of enzymes which.../metabolize/ epinephrine, namely catechol o-methyl-transferase.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS// When applied to...skin.../as/ salve, it can cause local discoloration, irritation, eczema, & even death. Repeated contact with skin can cause sensitization.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ...May cause sensitivity dermatitis, photosensitivity, or stomatitis.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Pyrogallic acid (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1,2,3-Trihydroxybenzene

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

From Harshaw Chemical: pure crystal, pure powder, resublimed, technical grade

All other basic organic chemical manufacturing|1,2,3-Benzenetriol: ACTIVE|Incompatibilities: alkalies, antipyrine, camphor, phenol, ammonium hydroxide.|ITS USEFULNESS...IS BASED PRIMARILY UPON ITS PROPERTY OF BEING EASILY OXIDIZED IN ALKALINE SOLN (EVEN BY ATMOSPHERIC OXYGEN) SO THAT SUCH SOLN BECOME POTENT REDUCING AGENTS. ...USED SPECIFICALLY AS DEVELOPER IN PHOTOGRAPHY & FOR MAINTAINING ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS FOR BACTERIAL GROWTH.|HAIR DYEING COMPD DARKEN GRAY HAIR BY APPLYING A COMPD CONTAINING IRON 2+ & SUBSEQUENTLY APPLYING ANOTHER COMPD CONTAINING COLORING AGENTS SUCH AS PYROGALLOL WHICH REACT WITH THE EMBEDDED IRON 2+ TO FORM DARK COLOR.|Used as chemical intermediate for the synthesis of bendiocarb; 2,3,4-trihydroxybenzophenone mono-2,1,5-diazoester|For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for Pyrogallic acid (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

ASTM Method D4763: Organics by Fluorescence Spectroscopy; Standard Practice for Identification of Organic Chemicals in Water by Fluorescence Spectroscopy. Fluorescence spectroscopy, detection limit 30 ppm.