3,4-Dichlorophenol

162.997

163.00

202-450-5

070FTM6DVF

60648

2020

DTXSID7025005

Needles from benzene-petroleum ether

2908199090

20.2

3.33

3,4-dichlorophenol appears as needles (from benzene, petroleum ether) or light brown and yellow crystals. Odor threshold 100 µg/L. Taste threshold 0.3 µg/L in water. (NTP, 1992)

1.5±0.1 g/cm3

68 °C

253 °C

109.1±15.8 °C

1.594

In water, 9,260 mg/L at 25 deg C

0-6ºC

1.73X10-2 mm Hg at 25 deg C (est)

During vacuum fractionation of the mixed dichlorophenols produced by partial hydrolysis of trichlorobenzene, rapid admission of air to the receiver caused the column contents to be forced down into the boiler at 210 deg C, and a violent explosion ensued. /Dichlorophenol mixed isomers/

Taste threshold in water: 0.3 ug/l

Henry's Law constant = 3.08X10-7 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

pKa = 8.63

Aqueous solutions of Fenton's reagent iron (2+)+ hydrogen peroxide have been used to affect the total decomposition of the chlorophenols: 2-chlorophenol, 3-chlorophenol, 4-chlorophenol, 3,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichorophenol. The mineralization of these chlorinated aromatic substrates to carbon dioxide and free chloride has been studied as a function of iron (2+)+ hydrogen peroxide and perchloric acid. Increasing the concentration of iron (2+)+ hydrogen peroxide enhances the decomposition process, while an increase in the concentration of perchloric acid, inhibits the reaction. The presence of iron (3+) alone without any iron (2+) with hydrogen peroxide has no effect on the degradation of the chlorophenols. In all cases, the stoichiometric quantity of free chloride was obtained at the completion of the decomposition reaction; but the rates of disappearance of the chlorophenol and of the formation of the chloride are not similar.|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 6.99X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

Insoluble in water.

Phenols and Cresols

3,4-DICHLOROPHENOL is incompatible with acid chlorides, acid anhydrides and oxidizing agents. (NTP, 1992)

III

6.1

UN 2020 6.1/PG 3

3

R22;R36/38

S26-S28-S37/39

SK8800000

Xn:Harmful

Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides.

P280-P305 + P351 + P338

H302-H315-H318

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorinated Phenols (1980) EPA 440/5-80-032.|Nat'l Research Council Canada; Chlorinated Phenols (1982) NRCC No. 18578|KOZAK VP ET AL; REVIEWS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS: XI. CHLOROPHENOLS; US EPA REP EPA-600/1-79-012: 519 PAGES (1979). THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ANALYTICAL METHODS, BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS (HUMAN & NON-HUMAN), ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION & TRANSFORMATION & ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS OF CHLOROPHENOLS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES. AVAILABLE DATA INDICATE THAT CHLOROPHENOLS DO NOT POSSESS TUMORIGENIC, MUTAGENIC OR TERATOGENIC PROPERTIES.|Environmental Protection Service. Chlorophenols and Their Impurities in the Canandian Environment Report EPS 3-EC-81-2 (1981).|Environment Canada; Tech Info for Problem Spills: Phenol (Draft) (1981).

Flash point data for this chemical are not available. It is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)

|Danger|H302 (90.38%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P310, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 53 companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Warning|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P264, P270, P301+P312, P309+P311, P330, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under ambient temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves. RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)|Wear boots, protective gloves, and goggles. /Trichlorophenol/|/Wear/ approved dust respirator for toxic dusts; Protective clothing to prevent contact with skin. /Trichlorophenol/

During vacuum fractionation of the mixed dichlorophenols produced by partial hydrolysis of trichlorobenzene, rapid admission of air to the receiver caused the column contents to be forced down into the boiler at 210 °C, and a violent explosion ensued. /Dichlorophenol mixed isomers/

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. /Trichlorophenol/

Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Trichlorophenol/|Water Spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Trichlorophenol/|ACTIVATED CARBON IS A GOOD METHOD FOR REMOVING CHLOROPHENOLS FROM WATER. COMPETITIVE ADSORPTION OCCURS BETWEEN CHLOROPHENOLS & HUMIC SUBSTANCES PRESENT IN NEARLY ALL MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLIES. THIS COMPETITION DECR THE CAPACITY OF CARBON FOR CHLOROPHENOLS. /CHLOROPHENOLS/

Keep material out of water sources and sewers; Build dikes to contain flow as necessary; Keep upwind; Avoid breathing vapors or dusts; Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Trichlorophenol/|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|Immediately wash contaminated areas of skin with concentrated soap solution. Contaminated gloves, clothing, shoes should be removed without delay and disposed by incineration.|SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.|SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a POTW is acceptable only after review by the governing authority. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must meet Hazardous Material Criteria for disposal.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 3,4-DICHLOROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of 3,4-dichlorophenol stem from its toxicologic properties. Exposure to this crystalline substance may occur from dermal contact or inhalation at sites where it is used as a chemical intermediate. Effects from exposure include burning of the skin, headache, dizziness, cyanosis, and death from cardiac or respiratory failure. Personnel handling 3,4-dichlorophenol should wear protective clothing, gloves, boots, goggles, and an approved dust respirator. In emergency situations, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus and structural firefighter's protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. In case of contact with 3,4-dichlorophenol, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes, and wash affected areas of the skin with soap and water. 3,4-Dichlorophenol does not ignite easily, but it can burn, producing irritating and poisonous gases. For small fires involving 3,4-dichlorophenol, extinguish with dry chemical, CO2, water spray, or standard foam, and for large fires, use water spray, fog, or standard foam. Dike runoff from fire control water if necessary to keep it from entering water sources or sewers where it may cause pollution. 3,4-Dichlorophenol may be shipped via air, rail, road, or water in containers bearing the label, "Keep away from food." Small spills of 3,4-dichlorophenol solution may be taken up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent and placed into containers for later disposal. Large spills should be contained in pits, or other holding areas that are sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner. Solids should be covered with a plastic sheet. Spills of 3,4-dichlorophenol in water may be trapped at the bottom with sand bag barriers, activated charcoal applied, and trapped material removed with suction hoses, mechanical dredges, or lifts. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance.

Biologically treated effluent samples from nine Canadian bleached softwood Kraft mills were analyzed for chlorinated phenolic content. Chlorinated phenolics present in effluent discharged from bleached Kraft mills are not expected to contribute an off-odor to recipient waters. /Chlorinated phenols/|3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 0 of 34 treated water samples collected at a sewage treatment plant in Karkola, Finland between September 1989 and November 1990(1). 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in one sample of aqueous leachate collected at a hazardous waste site in Germany at a concentration of 10.9 ppm(2). 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 4 of 4 samples of incinerator ash collected in Missouri between February 1985 and April 1985 at an average concentration of 100 ppm(3); the ash was generated from the incineration of soil contaminated with organo-halogen compounds. 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 2 of 5 samples of gas emissions from a metal reclamation plant in Finland, at an average concentration of 0.1 ug/cu Nm(4).

SOIL: 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 18 of 30 soil samples collected at four sawmills in Finland between September 1983 and May 1984 at concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 45 mg/kg dry weight, with an average concentration of 9.3 mg/kg(1); the soil was collected from depths ranging from 0 to 140 cm(1). 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in soil samples collected at two sawmills in central Finland at concentrations ranging from 10-2,580 ug/kg(2).|SEDIMENT: 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 16 of 17 sediment samples collected from Lake Ketelmeer, the Netherlands in 1979 and 1980 with maximum and median concentrations of 49 and 9.8 ug/kg dry sediment weight(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 6 of 6 air samples collected in Green Bay, Wisconsin in June 1989 at an average concentration of 0.18 ng/cu m(1). 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 11 of 11 air samples collected in Georgetown, South Carolina from January 1989 to May 1991 at an average concentration of 0.019 ng/cu m(1).|RURAL/REMOTE: 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 6 of 6 air samples collected in North Inlet, South Carolina from January 1989 to May 1991 at an average concentration of 0.014 ng/cu m(1).

3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 12 of 12 sewage sludge samples collected in northwest England in concentrations ranging from 0.53 to 3.63 mg/kg dry sludge weight, with an average of 1.23 mg/kg(1). 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 36 of 50 sewage sludge samples collected in Karkola, Finland between September 1989 and November 1990 with an average concentration of 0.74 mg/kg dry sludge weight(2).

LD50 Mouse (male CD-1 ICR) oral 1685 mg/kg.|LD50 Mouse (female D-1 ICR) oral 2046 mg/kg.

Dichlorophenols can be synthesized directly by soil fungi utilizing chloride ions and humic phenols found in soil(1); chloroperoxidase enzymes released into soil by fungi can also bring about the chlorination of humic phenols with chloride ions(1). Chlorophenols may be released into the environment through burning of fresh lignocellulosic biomass during forest fires(2). /Dichlorophenols/

3,4-Dichlorophenol formation from the chlorination processes involving water treatment(1), various incineration processes(2), and during wood pulp bleaching(2) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC). The origin of chlorophenols during wood pulp bleaching is via chlorination of naturally occuring lignins found in wood(3). 3,4-Dichlorophenol may be released to the environment via biodegradation in soil of 1,2,3-trichlorbenzene(4), and via biodegradation in sediment of both 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol and pentachlorophenol(5).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 860(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 3,4-dichlorophenol is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 3,4-dichlorophenol is 8.63(4), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of 3,4-dichlorophenol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.77X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(6). 3,4-Dichlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.00371 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(7). 3,4-Dichlorophenol exhibits far ranging biodegradation rates in soil from, from half-lives of 18 days an acidic sandy loam, 3 days in basic sandy silt loam(8), and 160 days in a clay loam soil(9), suggesting that biodegradation in soil is probably affected by many factors(SRC).|TERRESTRIAL FATE: Contamination of soil in the vicinity of two Finnish sawmills using preservative (Ky-5) against blue staining fungi that contained chlorophenols was studied. The soil around the treatment basins contained up to 70 mg chlorophenols/kg and that in the storage area for treated lumber up to 6 mg/kg. Contamination extended to a depth of at least 2 m near the treatment basins. Surface water inside the sawmill area contained the same chlorophenols as those used in wood preservation, plus some additional isomers. The ground water and lake water around the sawmill areas were contaminated. The fate of different chlorophenols in soil is probably affected by many factors, such as the water solubility of each chlorophenol, pH of the soil, rainfall, soil organic matter content, type and particle size of the soil, biological and photodegradation and the evaporation of each chlorophenol(1).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 860(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.33(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 3,4-dichlorphenol is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.77X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 98 days and 720 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), a measured BCF range of 22-84(6), and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate. A 0% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(6) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 3,4-dichlorophenol, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 0.00371 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 3,4-dichlorophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 2 days(SRC), calculated from its estimated rate constant of 6.99X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). 3,4-Dichlorophenol contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).|PENTACHLOROPHENOL, DECOMP WITHIN FEW WK AFTER ITS APPLICATION IN RICE FIELDS. ONE STABLE DECOMP PRODUCT FOUND IN PADDY SOIL WAS 3,4-DICHLOROPHENOL.

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 3,4-dichlorophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 6.99X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 3,4-Dichlorophenol undergoes direct photolysis and hydrolysis in water upon UV irradiation at wavelengths greater than 280 nm, producing 4-chlororesorcinol via replacement of the chlorine in the 3 position on the ring with a hydroxyl group(2). 3,4-Dichlorophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). 3,4-Dichlorophenol contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).|As a chemical class, the phenols are susceptible to photo-oxidations in sunlit natural water via reactions with peroxy and hydroxyl radicals(1); half-lives for phenol are on the order of 0.8 days of sunlight for peroxy radicals and 100 hours of sunlight for hydroxyl radicals(1); half-lives for the dichlorophenols can be expected to be slower due to the halogen substitutions, but may still have some importance with respect to overall environmental degradation(SRC). /Dichlorophenols/

48.98|A BCF range of 22 to 84 was measured in fish for 3,4-dichlorophenol using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over a eight week period to a water concentration of 30 ppb, according to the standard test of the Japanese Ministry of Industry and Trade (MITI)(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

1.23e+03 L/kg|The Koc of 3,4-dichlorophenol is estimated as 860(SRC), using a log Kow of 3.33(1), and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 3,4-dichlorophenol is expected to have low mobility in soil. The pKa of 3,4-dichlorophenol is 8.63(4), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

The Henry's Law constant for 3,4-dichlorophenol is estimated as 4.77X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 3,4-dichlorophenol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 98 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 720 days(SRC). 3,4-Dichlorophenol's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 3,4-Dichlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its estimated vapor pressure of 0.00371 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

GROUNDWATER: 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 1 of 2 groundwater samples collected at sawmills in central Finland at a concentration of 0.54 ug/L(1). 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 2 of 23 groundwater well samples collected near two sawmills in central Finland at a concentration of 0.20 ug/L at both sites(1). 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 12 of 48 groundwater samples collected at Karkola, Finland between September 1989 and November 1990 at an average concentration of 280 ug/L(2).|DRINKING WATER: 3,4-Dichlorophenol was qualitatively identified in water concentrates collected from the Cincinnati, OH waterworks in January of 1980(1).|SURFACE WATER: 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 1 of 13 samples collected from Lake Ketelmeer, the Netherlands between March 1979 and March 1980 at a maximum concentration of 0.0.03 ppb(1). 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 1 of 57 samples collected from the Rhine River, Lobith, the Netherlands in 1977 at a maximum concentration of 0.23 ppb(2); the compound was not detected in 52 samples collected in 1976. 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 6 of 6 samples collected from the Isipingo River, South Africa between April 1991 and May 1991 at concentrations ranging from 0.10 to 38.5 ug/L, with an average concentration of 8.5 ug/L(3). 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 6 of 6 samples collected at two sawmills in central Finland at concentrations ranging from 0.33 to 4.70 ug/L, with an average concentration of 2.8 ug/L(4).

Workers employed in wood treatment plants, tanneries, textile plants, and pulp and paper mills, as well as pesticide spray operators are potentially at risk from exposure to chlorophenols and to impurities in chlorophenol products. /Chlorophenols/|Dichlorophenols can occur in tap water as a result of standard chlorination treatment(1). Therefore, the general population may be exposed to 3,4-dichlorophenol through oral consumption or dermal contact with chlorinated tap water(SRC).

3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 8 of 10 urine samples collected from adults at concentrations ranging from 12 to 96 ppb, with an average concentration of 47 ppb(1). 3,4-Dichlorophenol was detected in 12 of 197 urine samples collected from children residing in Arkansas at a maximum concentration of 9 ppb(2).

Because of their high lipid solubility and low ionization at physiological pH, dichlorophenols would be expected to be readily absorbed following ingestion. /Dichlorophenols/|Dichlorophenol isomers are absorbed through the skin and from the gut. /Dichlorophenol isomers/|... Readily absorbed from the gastroenteric tract and from parenteral sites of injection. /Chlorophenols/

... To investigate the relation between metabolism and toxicity of 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB), the biotransformation, tissue distribution, blood kinetics, and excretion at three different oral dose levels (5, 50 and 250 mg/kg) of the radiolabelled compound were investigated in the male Wistar rat. A toxic dose level (250 mg/kg...) was included. ... The concentration of parent chemical was essentially constant during 3 and 6 hr for the mid- and high-dose level respectively, and then declined. 1,2-DCB could only be detected in blood in the first 2 hr after administration of the 5-mg/kg dose. The major route of biotransformation was via the glutathione pathway and 60% of the urinary metabolites were mercapturic acids. In addition, the major metabolites in bile were conjugates of glutathione. Other major metabolites in urine were the sulfate conjugates of 2,3- and 3,4-dichlorophenol (DCP). No significant differences in metabolic profiles were observed between the different doses. Induction with phenobarbital resulted in the increased excretion of sulfate conjugates (30% in the induced rat, 20% in the control rat), mainly the conjugate of 3,4-DCP...|Yields 3,4-dichlorocatechol in rabbit; yields 4,5-dichlorocatechol, 3,4-dichlorophenyl-beta-d-glucuronide, & 3,4-dichlorophenyl sulfate in rabbit... /From table/|1,2-Dichlorobenzene gave 3,4-dichlorophenol with smaller amounts of 2,3-dichlorophenol, 3,4- and 4,5-dichlorocatechol and 3,4-dichlorophenylmercapturic acid also observed; 1,3-dichlorobenzene gave 2,4-dichlorophenol as the major product with 3,5-dichlorophenol, 3,4-dichlorocatechol, and 2,4-dichlorophenylmercapturic acid also identified; 1,4-dichlorobenzene gave 2,5-dichlorophenol as the major metabolite with 2,5-dichlorquinol identified as a minor product.|3,4-dichlorophenol is a known human metabolite of 1,2-dichlorobenzene.

0.12 Days

Chlorinated phenols ... Are very effective (in vitro) as uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. They thus prevent incorporation of inorganic phosphate into ATP without affecting electron transport. As a result of this action, cells continue to respire but soon are depleted of ATP necessary for growth. /Chlorophenols/|The aim of this study is to investigate the chemical retinoic acid (RA) disruption at the level of retinoid X receptor (RXR) functioning. This assay makes use of recombined human RXR gene and reporter gene yeast, which specifically expresses beta-galactosidase when incubated with exogenous 9-cis retinoic acid (9-cis RA). Agonistic and antagonistic actions of chemicals including a series of phenols, phthalates, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were tested in the absence and presence of 5 x 10-6 mol/L 9-cis RA, at which maximal beta-galactosidase activity could be induced. The results obtained reveal that some chemicals, e.g., 2-t-butylphenol, 2-isopropylphenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), 3,4-dichlorophenol (3,4-DCP), 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), are RXR agonists...

... Chlorinated 2-phenoxyphenols, chlorinated diphenylethers, and chlorinated dibenzofurans occur as impurities in technical grade of chlorophenols. /Chlorophenols/

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Prolonged contact can cause damage to the eyes, severe irritation and burns. Exposure to this class of compounds may cause profuse sweating, intense thirst, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cyanosis from methemoglobinemia, hyperactivity, stupor, blood pressure fall, hyperpnea, hemolysis, convulsions, collapse, coma and pulmonary edema followed by pneumonia. If death from respiratory failure is not immediate, jaundice and oliguria or anuria may occur. Other symptoms of exposure to this class of compounds may include headache, dizziness, rapid and difficult breathing, weakness, severe burns and internal damage. Chronic exposure may result in digestive disturbances, nervous disorders, skin eruptions and liver and kidney damage. Skin contact with this type of compound may result in softening and whitening of the skin, followed by the development of painful burns. Prolonged contact may lead to dermatitis. Local contact may also result in painless blanching or erythema and corrosion of the skin. Skin sensitivity reactions occur occasionally. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound may be harmful by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption. It is an irritant of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract; and prolonged contact may result in severe irritation or burns. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen chloride gas. It is rapidly absorbed through the skin. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Phenols are very toxic poisons AND corrosive and irritating, so that inducing vomiting may make medical problems worse. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Phenols and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Do not use emetics. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Maintain body temperature. /Phenols and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDER ONLY ... Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam. ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Phenols and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ SYMPTOMATOLOGY: Burning pain in mouth and throat. White necrotic lesions in mouth, esophagus and stomach. Abdominal pain, vomiting ... and bloody diarrhea. Pallor, sweating, weakness, headache, dizziness, tinnitus. Shock: Weak irregular pulse, hypotension, shallow respirations, cyanosis, pallor, and a profound fall in body temperature. Possibly fleeting excitement and confusion, followed by unconsciousness. ... Stentorous breathing, mucous rales, rhonchi, frothing at nose and mouth and other signs of pulmonary edema are sometimes seen. Characteristic odor of phenol on the breath. Scanty, dark-colored ... urine ... moderately severe renal insufficiency may appear. Methemoglobinemia, Heinz body hemolytic anemia and hyperbilirubinemia have been reported. ... Death from respiratory, circulatory or cardiac failure. 9. If spilled on skin, pain is followed promptly by numbness. The skin becomes blanched, and a dry opaque eschar forms over the burn. When the eschar sloughs off, a brown stain remains. /Phenol/|/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Several epidemiological studies have been published concerning human cancer outcomes following occupational exposure to chlorophenols, phenoxy herbicides (made from or contaminated with chlorophenols) and chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (microcontaminants found in some chlorophenols and phenoxy herbicides). Most of these studies (case-control and cohort studies) have been described and reviewed in several publications by IARC (1979, 1986, 1987). Equivocal relationships between chlorophenols and cases of soft tissue sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (Hodgkins disease and non-Hodgkins lymphoma), nasal and nasopharyngeal cancer and lung cancer have been reported. IARC concluded that there is a limited evidence of carcinogenicity from occupational exposure to chlorophenols ... /Chlorophenols/|/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Nineteen isomeric chlorophenols were tested for their toxicity to HeLa cells. Cytotoxicity (median inhibitory concn IC50) varied between 0.37 and 900 mg/L and generally increased in proportion to the number of chlorine substituents and the partition coefficient. Ortho chlorination decreased toxicity, whereas meta chlorination had the opposite effect. A good correlation was found between HeLa cell toxicity and data on the bacterial toxicity of the substances.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The toxicity of chlorophenols tends to increase as chlorination is increased. /Chlorophenols/

3,4-dichlorophenol

Phenol, 3,4-dichloro-: ACTIVE|T - indicates a substance that is the subject of a final TSCA section 4 test rule.

AN ANALYTICAL METHOD IS DESCRIBED FOR CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION, AFTER DERIVATIZATION, OF 19 INDIVIDUAL CHLOROPHENOLS 1 OF WHICH WAS 3,4-DICHLOROPHENOL IN SURFACE WATER OF THE NETHERLANDS.|Chlorophenols were separated by high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection (280 nm) in conjunction with electrochemical detection. /Chlorophenols/|Detection of trace chlorophenol residues in environmental samples by quadrupole mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring is described. /Chlorophenols/|Direct determination of trace amounts of chlorophenols in freshwater, waste water, and seawater was studied. /Chlorophenols/|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for 3,4-DICHLOROPHENOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A method of determining 2,3-dichlorophenol and 3,4-dichlorophenol, the urinary metabolites of o-dichlorobenzene, using gas chromatography was developed and tested using spiked control urine specimens. Mean recoveries from spiked controls were 98.3% to 101.9% for 2,3-dichlorophenol and 100.6% to 105.4% for 3,4-dichlorophenol.|Determination of trace amounts 3,4-dichlorophenol in human urine by gas chromatography.|A method is described for the confirmation of chlorophenols in hydrolyzed urine (human) using gas chromatography and liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. /Chlorophenols/|A method for the detection and confirmation of trace amounts of chlorophenol residues in environmental and biological samples by quadrupole mass spectrometry with selected-ion monitoring (sim) is described. Use of sim eliminates background interference which allows identification of chlorophenol residues in human urine. Phenol concentrations as low as 1.0 pmol/mL urine gave peaks that were discernible by sim. /Chlorophenol/|A gas chromatographic method is described that is sensitive and specific for the simultaneous determination of 10 chlorinated phenols /in urine samples/: 2,6-, 2,4-, 2,3-, and 3,4-dichlorophenol; 2,4,6-, 2,4,5-, and 3,4,5-trichlorophenol; 2,3,4,6- and 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorophenol; and pentachlorophenol. ... The method is based on the hydrolysis of the phenolic compounds in urine and subsequent derivatization with acetic anhydride. To determine the accuracy and precision of the method, pooled urine from unexposed persons spiked with definite amounts of each chlorophenol was analyzed. Concentrations were between 58 and 220 ug/l. Recoveries ranged between 87 and 119%. The coefficients of variation were between 4.4 and 10.1%. The detection limit for each chlorophenol in urine ranged between 4.9 and 18.6 ug/L.