Thiabendazole

201.25

201.25

205-725-8

N1Q45E87DT

757347|525040|90507

3077|2588

DTXSID0021337

C873

Colorless crystals|White crystals|Off-white powder|White to practically white powder|White to tan crystals

D - Dermatologicals|P - Antiparasitic products, insecticides and repellents

29341000

69.8

2.2

light yellow powder

1.2271 (rough estimate)

304-305 °C

446.0±37.0 °C(Predicted)

226.2±16.9 °C

1.5500 (estimate)

H2O: 0.005 g/100 mL;soluble in methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide.

0-6°C

Negligible at room temperature

Oral-Rat LD50: 2080 mg/kg; Oral-Mouse LD50: 1300 mg/kg

Combustion produces toxic nitrogen oxide and sulfur oxide gas

Odorless

Tasteless

4.64(at 25 °C)

Henry's Law constant = 2.12X10-11 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

4.64 (at 25 °C)|pKa = 4.64

164.17 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: DT, Method: stepped-field]|144.6 Ų [M-H]- [CCS Type: DT, Method: stepped-field]|137.7 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]|136.19 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW]|138.9 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: DT, Method: single field calibrated]|141.7 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with Waters Major Mix]|152.4 Ų [M+Na]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with Waters Major Mix]|141.71 Ų [M-H]-|144.1 Ų [M-H]-

Nonhygroscopic|Sublimes when heated strongly to 310 °C|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 6.5X10-11 cu cm/molec-sesc at 25 °C (est)

Insoluble in water.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

THIABENDAZOLE is incompatible with a number of pesticides, including copper-containing fungicides, and with highly alkaline materials. It is a chelating agent, binding many metals including iron, but not calcium (NTP, 1992)

III

9

UN 3077 9/PG 3

2

50/53-36/37/38

60-61-36-26

DE0700000

N,Xi

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from food materials

Non-volatile at room temp; stable in water and in acid and alkaline soln; stable under normal conditions to hydrolysis, light, and heat.

P273-P501

H410

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|If reuse is not possible thiabendazole should be incinerated in a unit equipped with an effluent gas scrubber to remove SO2 /sulfur dioxide/. Incineration temp above 1000 °C about 1-2 sec. Recommendable method: Incineration.|Do not discharge effluent containing this product into lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries oceans or other waters unless in accordance with the requirements of a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit and the permitting authority has been notified in writing prior to discharge.

Incompatible with a number of pesticides including copper-containing fungicides, & highly alkaline materials.

Tolerances are established at 0.1 part per million for negligible residues of thiabendazole in uncooked edible tissues of cattle, goats, sheep, pheasants, and swine, and at 0.05 part per million for negligible residues in milk.|The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, incl thiabendazole, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.|The Generic Animal Drug and Patent Restoration Act requires that each sponsor of an approved animal drug must submit to the FDA certain information regarding patents held for the animal drug or its method of use. The Act requires that this information, as well as a list of all animal drug products approved for safety and effectiveness, be made available to the public. Thiabendazole is included on this list.|Thiabendazole ... is used in feed for animals as follows: (1) Cattle - (i) Amount. 3 grams per 100 lb. body weight. (a) Indications for use. Control of infections of gastrointestinal roundworms ( Trichostrongylus spp., Haemonchus spp., Ostertagia spp., Nematodirus spp., Oesophagostomum radiatum). (b) Limitations. Use 3 grams per 100 lb. body weight at a single dose; may repeat once in 2 to 3 weeks; do not treat animals within 3 days of slaughter; milk taken from treated animals within 96 hours (8 milkings) after the latest treatment must not be used for food. (ii) Amount. 5 grams per 100 lb. body weight. (a) Indications for use. Control of severe infections of gastrointestinal roundworms (Trichostrongylus spp., Haemonchus spp., Ostertagia spp., Nematodirus spp., Oesophagostomum radiatum); control of infections of Cooperia spp. (b) Limitations. 5 grams per 100 lb. body weight at a single dose or divided into 3 equal doses, administered 1 dose each day, on succeeding days; may repeat once in 2 to 3 weeks; do not treat animals within 3 days of slaughter; milk taken from treated animals within 96 hours (8 milkings) after the latest treatment must not be used for food.|For more FDA Requirements (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

USEPA/Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Thiabendazole EPA 738-R-02-xxx (October 2002). The RED summarizes the risk assessment conclusions and outlines any risk reduction measures necessary for the pesticide to continue to be registered in the U.S.[Available from, as of May 28, 2009: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm]

Flash point data for this chemical are not available; however, it is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)

|Warning|H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]|P273, P391, and P501|H400 (99.76%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 426 companies from 11 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]|Danger|H360: May damage fertility or the unborn child [Danger Reproductive toxicity]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P281, P307+P311, P308+P313, P314, P321, P405, and P501

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material under ambient temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)|Mixers, loaders, applicators, and other handlers must wear long sleeve shirt and long pants, shoes, plus socks. In addition to the above, handlers making applications to mushroom houses using hand held sprayers must wear chemical resistant gloves.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a POTW is acceptable only after review by the governing authority. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must meet Hazardous Material Criteria for disposal.

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|Users should wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, tobacco, or using the toilet.|Users should remove clothing/PPE immediately if pesticides get inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/Thiabendazole/ is neither irritating to the eyes or skin nor is a dermal sensitizer.

Thiabendazole was reported at concentrations of <11 ng/L in two effluents entering Assunpink Creek, in the vicinity of Trenton, New Jersey(1). Thiabendazole concentrations ranged from 1-100 ug/L in effluents from treatment plants in the Suerte River Basin, Costa Rica, an area characterized by banana plantations(2).

SEDIMENT: Thiabendazole concentrations ranged from 85-1,100 ug/kg dry weight in sediments of the Suerte River Basin, Costa Rica, 1993-1997, an area characterized by banana plantations(1). Eight sediment samples from the Port of Osaka, Japan contained thiabendazole ranging in average concentrations of <0.04 to 0.12 ug/kg dry weight, sampled from January 27, 2002 through October 21, 2003(2).

moderately

Overdosage may be associated with transient disturbances of vision and psychic alterations. The oral LD 50 is 3.6 g/kg, 3.1 g/kg and 3.8 g/kg in the mouse, rat, and rabbit respectively.

Thiabendazole therapy is associated with serum aminotransferase elevations in up to 36% of patients, but it is usually given for a brief period only and its effects on serum enzyme levels after single dose administration has not been systematically evaluated. Importantly, thiabendazole therapy has also been associated with clinically apparent liver injury which can be prolonged and severe. The onset of injury is usually within 1 to 2 weeks of finishing a 1 to 5 day course of therapy. The pattern of serum enzyme elevations is typically cholestatic. Autoantibodies are usually negative and fever, arthralgias and rash are uncommon. Several reported cases have been associated with sicca complex marked by parotid enlargement and tenderness, dry eyes and dry mouth arising before the onset of jaundice (Case 1). The cholestatic injury can be associated with damage to small bile ducts and with prolonged jaundice and/or pruritus and alkaline phosphatase elevations. Several instances of prolonged cholestasis and chronic vanishing bile duct syndrome and end stage liver disease has been reported even after a single dose of thiabendazole.

Thiabendazole had no protective effects against pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsions in rats at 20-100 mg/kg, whereas 200 mg/kg sc incr frequency of clonic convulstions resulting in 100% mortality.|Strongyloidiasis in immunosuppressed pt often requires prolonged admin of the anthelmintic, thiabendazole. The case described herein represents the first report of theophylline toxicity induced by concurrent admin of thiabendazole. Preliminary studies suggest that interference with theophylline clearance by thiabendazole may be the mechanism in this drug interaction.|Thiabendazole may compete with other drugs (eg, theophylline) for sites of metabolism in the liver and thereby increase serum concentrations of such drugs to potentially toxic levels. When thiabendazole and a xanthine derivative are used concomitantly, it may be necessary to monitor serum concentrations of the xanthine derivative and/or reduce its dosage. Patients receiving the drugs concomitantly should be carefully monitored.|A probable drug interaction between theophylline and thiabendazole is reported in a 49-yr-old asthmatic male patient initially receiving 300 mg of oral sustained-action theophylline anhydrous 2 times/day, who was given oral thiabendazole suspension at a dose of 1.8 g 2 times/day (total of 6 doses) for the treatment of strongyloidiasis. The patient's serum theophylline concentration was 14 ug/mL before thiabendazole therapy. The dosage of Theo-Dur was decreased to 200 mg twice daily; however, serum theophylline concentrations increased to 22 ug/mL. The dose was then decreased to 150 mg 2 times/day, resulting in serum theophylline levels of 12 ug/mL. Before initiation of thiabendazole therapy, the patient's estimated baseline theophylline clearance was about 1.7 L/hr; after thiabendazole therapy was begun, this clearance fell to about 0.8 L/hr. Nine days after cessation of thiabendazole therapy, theophylline clearance was close to the baseline value. It was concluded that in patients on theophylline therapy, a 50% reduction in theophylline dosage should be considered when thiabendazole therapy is initiated.

LD50 Mouse oral 3.6 g/kg|LD50 Rat oral 3.1 g/kg|LD50 Rabbit oral 3.85 g/kg|LD50 Rat oral 2080 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Aquatic toxicities of six benzimidazole-based anthelmintics /including/ thiabendazole ...were evaluated with a marine bacterium, Vibrio fischeri, and a freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia magna. ... Vibrio fischeri was greater than 10-fold less sensitive to most of the benzimidazoles tested compared to daphnids. For D. magna, the most acutely toxic anthelmintic compound tested was fenbendazole (48-hr median effective concentration [EC50s], 16.5 ug/L), followed by flubendazole (48-hr EC50, 66.5 ug/L), albendazole (48-hr EC50, 67.9 ug/L), febantel (48-hr EC50, 216.5 ug/L), thiabendazole (48-hr EC50, 843.6 ug/L), and oxfendazole (48-hr EC50, 1,168.4 ug/L). The lipophilicity parameter, log Kow, explained the observed acute D. magna toxicity of the individual benzimidazoles (r = -0.91, p < 0.01)...

Persons with liver and kidney disease may be unusually vulnerable to toxic effects.|Most of the adverse effects of thiabendazole are transient and should require only symptomatic management. In regard to its metabolism by the liver and the occasional rise of the SGOT seen during its use, one should avoid this drug in persons with liver disease. It also seems reasonable to monitor the levels of concomitant drugs that are metabolized by the liver when thiabendazole is in use.

Thiabendazole's production may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its use as a fungicide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 2,500 to 4,680(2) indicate that thiabendazole is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of thiabendazole from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 4.0X10-9 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 50 mg/L(2). Thiabendazole is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(2). A half-life of 403 days in soil(2) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 2,500 to 4,680(2) indicate that thiabendazole is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.1X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4.0X10-9 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 50 mg/L(2). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 20(SRC), from its log Kow of 2.47(5) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Thiabendazole is stable in aqueous environments(1) and therefore is not expected to undergo hydrolysis(SRC). A half-life of 403 days in soil(2) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), thiabendazole, which has a vapor pressure of 4.0X10-9 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase thiabendazole may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Thiabendazole absorbs light at 298 nm(3) and therefore thiabendazole may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Thiabendazole is stable in aqueous environments(1) and therefore is not expected to undergo hydrolysis(SRC). The aqueous photolysis half-life is 29 hours at pH 5(1). Photosensitized oxygenation of a 1% methanolic solution of thiabendazole results in the disappearance of thiabendazole after irradiation for 300 hours with UV light(2). The photoreaction of thiabendazole with singlet oxygen produced the same results after 400 hours of irradiation(2). A UV max absorption in methanol 298 nm has been reported(3).|Photolysis of thiabendazole in methanol for 9 days produced a pale yellow solution. The methanol distillate contained dimethyl oxalate and other materials. Treatment of the residual oil with ammonia and then vacuum evaporation produced ammonium formate. The remaining oil was added to an alumina column and elution with ether-methanol mixtures yielded thiazole-4- carboxamide, identified by IR, MS, and mixed melting point; benzimidazol-2-carboxamide, identified by MS; benzimidaxole, identified by comparison of physical characteristics; thiazol-4-ylamide and methyl thiazole-4-carboxylate, identified by IR and MS.|(14)C Thiabendazole was sprayed on sugar beet leaves. The plants were grown for 34 days under incandescent and fluorescent illumination. Analyses accounted for 97-98% of the radioactivity as unchanged thiabendazole. When treated beet leaves were exposed to sunlight for the equivalent of 14, 8 hr days, only 78% of the radioactivity was present as unchanged thiabendazole. The remainder appeared to be photoproducts. In addition to benzimidazole-2-carboxamide, benzimidazole, and polar and polymer products were formed. When photolysis was conducted on glass plates, benzimidazole-2-carboxamide and benzimidazole were observed.

An estimated BCF of 20 was calculated in fish for thiabendazole(SRC), using a log Kow of 2.47(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

1.74e+03 L/kg|The Koc range of thiabendazole is 2,500 to 4,680(1,2). According to a classification scheme(3), this Koc value suggests that thiabendazole is expected to have slight mobility in soil. A mean Kd value of 9.55 has been reported with absorption being affected by organic carbon, clay content, and soil pH(4).|Increasing soil acidity increased adsorption of TBZ. Studies indicated this resulted from ionization at lower pH values and adsorption of ionized molecules. After 9 months, 85-95% of the TBZ applied to soil was recovered from air dried soils; 75-90% from moist soils.

The Henry's Law constant for thiabendazole is estimated as 2.1X10-11 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 4.0X10-9 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 50 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that thiabendazole is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Thiabendazole's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may not occur(SRC). Thiabendazole is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

SURFACE WATER: Thiabendazole concentrations ranged from 1-100 ug/L in surface waters of the Suerte River Basin, Costa Rica, an area characterized by banana plantations. A maximum concentration of 5 ug/L was reported for the Suerte River(1). Eight water samples from the Port of Osaka, Japan contained thiabendazole ranging in average concentrations of 0.002 to 0.007 ug/L, sampled from January 27, 2002 through October 21, 2003(2).

Thiabendazole residues were found in monitoring of domestic and import commodities during the years 1978-1982 and 1983-1986 above the approximate detection limit of 0.01 ppm(1,2). In a study of 836 samples of infant foods during 1985-1991, thiabendazole was detected 12 times at trace-0.26 ppm levels(3). In the same study, thiabendazole residues were found in 11 fruit samples: applesauce (4 samples) at trace-0.09 ppm, pears with pineapple (2 samples) at trace and 0.17 ppm, plums (2 samples) at 0.24 and 0.26 ppm, apple juice (1 sample) at 0.17 ppm, pear juice (1 sample) at 0.05 ppm, and pears (1 sample) at 0.21 ppm(3). In adult foods eaten by infants/children, thiabendazole was found in: 141 of the 152 samples of apples at trace-4.2 ppm, 24 of the 64 samples of bananas at trace-0.26 ppm, 38 of 44 samples of oranges at trace-3.5 ppm, 17 of 49 samples of pears at trace-1.2 ppm during the years 1985-1991(3).|Thiabendazole has also been detected in Danish foods during the period of 1978-1979: 22 of 30 imported samples of oranges at 0.28-6.85 ppm, 4 of 5 samples of imported bananas at 0.55-1.52 ppm, 11 of 30 samples of imported clementines, satsumas, and tangerines at 0.21-6.25 ppm, 6 of 7 samples of imported grapefruit at 0.11-4.66 ppm, 1 of 313 of Danish lettuce at an average of 0.05 ppm, 13 of 137 samples of Danish strawberries, 2 of 302 samples of Danish potatoes, 10 of 135 samples of Danish tomatoes, and 36 of 353 samples of Danish apples at 0.13-2.47 ppm(1). Of 6391 domestic agricultural commodities tested during the period of 1981-1986, 1 sample contained 0.05 ppm thiabendazole, 3 samples contained 0.5 ppm thiabendazole, 14 samples contained 1.0 ppm thiabendazole, 34 samples contained 2.0 ppm thiabendazole, and 53 samples contained >2.0 ppm thiabendazole although none of these samples exceeded EPA guideline levels(2). Of 12,044 imported agricultural commodities tested during this same period, 14 samples contained 0.5 ppm thiabendazole, 3 samples contained 1.0 ppm thiabendazole, and 2 samples contained 2.0 ppm thiabendazole and twelve of these samples violated EPA guidelines(2).|In a survey of 13,980 samples of foods, 25 contained thiabendazole at levels below guideline limits during the years of 1988-1989(1). In a study of 13,230 samples of agricultural food commodities available in Canada during the years 1988-1991, 3 domestic samples contained less than 0.5 ppm thiabendazole which did not exceed the guideline levels(2). Thiabendazole was found in 14 out of 4,329 samples of large fruits in the years 1971, and 1973-1975(3).|Thiabendazole was detected in 78 of 109 imported citrus fruits (grapefruit, lemon, orange) at residue levels ranging from <0.01 to 1 ug/g as a result of 5-year monitoring survey of 478 domestic and 287 imported agricultural products conducted from April 1995-March 200 in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan(1). Pesticide residues on 270 apple and citrus fruit samples from 1999-2001 revealed thiabendazole concentrations ranging from a trace to 12.52 ppm on 12 apple and 17 citrus samples(2).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 5,960 workers (1,184 of these were female) were potentially exposed to thiabendazole in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to thiabendazole may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where thiabendazole is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to thiabendazole via ingestion of contaminated food(SRC).

For the treatment of strongyloidiasis (threadworm), cutaneous larva migrans (creeping eruption), visceral larva migrans, and trichinosis.|FDA Label

Thiabendazole is a broad spectrum anthelmintic agent used predominantly in treatment of intestinal pinworm and strongyloides infection, which recently has been replaced by better tolerated agents. Thiabendazole therapy has been shown to cause clinically apparent cholestatic liver injury which is rare, but can be severe.

Anthelmintic Agents

Antinematodal Agents|MEDICATION (VET): Thiabendazole is included in some otic preparations for treatment of yeast infections.|MEDICATION (VET): The antifungal imidazoles also have some antibacterial action but are rarely used for this purpose. ... Thiabendazole is effective against Aspergillus and Penicillium spp , but its use has largely been replaced by the more effective imidazoles.|MEDICATION (VET): Imidazoles may have antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, and anthelmintic activity. ... The anthelmintic thiabendazole is also an imidazole with antifungal properties.|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The clinical utility of thiabendazole in adults is compromised by its toxicity. Side effects frequently encountered with therapeutic doses include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and dizziness. Less frequently, diarrhea, fatigue, drowsiness, giddiness, or headache occur. Occasional fever, rashes, erythema multiforme, hallucinations, sensory disturbances, and Stevens-Johnson syndrome have been reported. Angioedema, shock, tinnitus, convulsions, and intrahepatic cholestasis are rare complications of therapy. Some patients excrete a metabolite that imparts an odor to the urine much like that occurring after ingestion of asparagus. Crystalluria without hematuria has been reported on occasion; it promptly subsides with discontinuation of therapy. Transient leukopenia has been noted in a few patients on thiabendazole therapy. There are no absolute contraindications to the use of thiabendazole. Because CNS side effects occur frequently, activities requiring mental alertness should be avoided during therapy. Thiabendazole has hepatotoxic potential and should be used with caution in patients with hepatic disease or decreased hepatic function.|Hypersensitivity reactions consisting of pruritus, fever, facial flush, chills, conjunctival injection, rash (including perianal), angioedema, anaphylaxis, erythema multiforme (including Stevens-Johnson syndrome with some fatalities), and lymphadenopathy have occurred.|Because adverse CNS effects of thiabendazole may occur quite frequently, patients should be warned that the drug may impair their ability to perform activities requiring mental alertness or physical coordination (e.g., operating machinery, driving a motor vehicle) and that such activities should be avoided.|Thiabendazole should be used with caution in patients in whom vomiting might be dangerous and in patients with severe malnutrition or anemia. Ideally, supportive therapy is indicated for anemic, dehydrated, or malnourished patients prior to administration of the drug.|For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (19 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Thiabendazole is a fungicide and parasiticide. Thiabendazole is also a chelating agent, which means that it is used medicinally to bind metals in cases of metal poisoning, such as lead poisoning, mercury poisoning or antimony poisoning. Thiabendazole is vermicidal and/or vermifugal against Ascaris lumbricoides ("common roundworm"), Strongyloides stercoralis (threadworm), Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale (hookworm), Trichuris trichiura (whipworm), Ancylostoma braziliense (dog and cat hookworm), Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati (ascarids), and Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm). Thiabendazole also suppresses egg and/or larval production and may inhibit the subsequent development of those eggs or larvae which are passed in the feces.

Agents that kill parasitic worms. They are used therapeutically in the treatment of HELMINTHIASIS in man and animal. (See all compounds classified as Anthelmintics.)

Rapidly absorbed and peak plasma concentration is reached within 1 to 2 hours after the oral administration of a suspension. Some systemic absorption may occur from topical preparations applied to the skin.|It is metabolized almost completely to the 5-hydroxy form which appears in the urine as glucuronide or sulfate conjugates.|Investigations in mice, rats and dogs using (14)C-labelled thiabendazole indicated that oral doses were rapidly absorbed from the gut and were distributed throughout the body (including the brain). Only 0.01% of the (14)C-thiabendazole given to rats was recovered as (14)C-carbon dioxide. Thiabendazole readily crossed the placental barrier to expose the fetuses.|It becomes distributed throughout most of the body tissues, its highest concn in blood occurring at 4-7 hr after admin /in animals/.|Absorption of thiabendazole by parasites is probably through the cuticle. Evidence from in vitro studies ... suggests that absorption ... is by means of passive diffusion of molecule through lipid barrier of nematode cuticle. This ... is not necessarily the case in vivo.|Thiabendazole is rapidly absorbed and peak plasma concentrations occur within 1 to 2 hours. It is metabolized almost completely and appears in the urine as conjugates. In 48 hours, approximately 5% of the administered dose is recovered from feces and approximately 90% from urine. Most is excreted within the first 24 hours.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Hepatic. Metabolized almost completely to the 5-hydroxy form which appears in the urine as glucuronide or sulfate conjugates.|In mice, rats and humans, the main pathway of metabolism of thiabendazole is an initial hydroxylation to form 5-hydroxythiabendazole, followed by conjugation to 5-hydroxythiabendazole glucuronide and 5-hydroxythiabendazole sulfate. In rats, 4-hydroxythiabendazole and 2-acetylbenzimidazole have been identified as minor metabolites or degradation products in urine.|... Treated beet leaves were exposed to sunlight for equiv of 14 8-hr days ... in addn to benzimidazole-2-carboxamide, benzimidazole and polar and polymer products were formed ... Thiabendazole was not metabolized by potatoes or cotton ...|A single oral dose of thiabendazole was administered to four male human subjects. Feces and urine were collected. After an oral dose of 1.0 g of (14)C thiabendazole, plasma levels peaked at 1 to 2 hr and large amounts of radioactivity appeared rapidly in the urine. More than 40% of the label was excreted within 4 hr and 80% in 24 hr. Most of the dose appeared in urine as the glucuronide (35%) and sulfate (13%) of 5-hydroxy-TBZ. A small amount of unchanged TBZ and unconjugated 5-HO-TBZ were also present. The same compounds were observed with rats and dogs. It has also been reported that (14)C-labeling of the benzene ring in thiabendazole gave rise to some (14)CO2 by rats, indicating ring cleavage.|Rat hepatic mixed function oxidase /activities in microsomal/ preparations hydroxylated thiabendazole. This activity seemed to be greatest in microsomal preparations > hepatocytes > slices.|For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|Thiabendazole has known human metabolites that include 5-hydroxythiabendazole.

The half-life for thiabendazole in both normal and anephric patients is 1.2 hours (range 0.9 to 2 hours). The half-life for the 5-hydroxythiabendazole metabolite in both normal and anephric patients is 1.7 hours (range 1.4 to 2 hours).

The precise mode of action of thiabendazole on the parasite is unknown, but it most likely inhibits the helminth-specific enzyme fumarate reductase.|Thiabendazole and other benzimidazole anthelmintics act by binding strongly to tubulin in the absorptive cells in the gut of parasitic worms. This interferes with the uptake of nutrients and the worms effectively starve to death. The host is less affected as the binding to mammalian tubulin is less strong and is reversible.|Although the exact mechanism of anthelmintic activity of thiabendazole has not been fully elucidated, the drug has been shown to inhibit the helminth-specific enzyme, fumarate reductase. In animals, thiabendazole has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic effects.

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound include anorexia, nausea, vomiting, epigastric distress, vertigo, pruritus, skin rashes, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, drowsiness, hyperglycemia, xanthopsia, leukopenia, bradycardia, hypotension, crystalluria and erythema multiforme. Other symptoms include dry eyes, dry mouth, cholestatic jaundice, hypersensitivity, jaundice, parenchymal liver damage, giddiness, numbness, hyperirritability, convulsions, collapse, psychic disturbances, tinnitus, abnormal sensation in eyes, blurring of vision, hematuria, enuresis, malodor of the urine, facial flush, chills, conjunctival injection, angiodema, anaphylaxis and lymphadenopathy. Exposure may also cause fever, itching, body odor, hypotension and fainting. Central nervous system depression may occur. Decrease in pulse rate and systolic blood pressure and perianal rash may also occur. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: When heated to decomposition this compound emits toxic fumes of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Thiabendazoles and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... /Thiabendazoles and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Thiabendazoles and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Overdosage may be associated with transient disturbances of vision and psychic alterations.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Jaundice, cholestasis, and parenchymal liver damage have been reported in patients treated with MINTEZOL. In rare cases, liver damage has been severe and has led to irreversible hepatic failure.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ If hypersensitivity reactions occur, the drug should be discontinued immediately and not be resumed. Erythema multiforme has been associated with thiabendazole therapy; in severe cases (Stevens-Johnson syndrome), fatalities have occurred.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptoms and signs that sometimes follow ingestion are: dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric distress, lethargy, fever, flushing, chills, rash and local edema, headache, tinnitus, paresthesia, and hypotension. Blood enzyme tests may indicate liver injury.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2-(4'-Thiazolyl)Benzimidazole

Approximately 150,000 lbs. active ingredient of thiabendazole are used annually, according to registrant and Agency estimates.

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 060101; Trade Names: Arbotect; Mertect; TBZ; Apl-luster; Bioguard; Bovizole; Eprofil; Equizole; Lombristop; Mertect 160; Metasol TK 100; Mintesol; Mycozol; MK 360; Nemapan; Omnizole; Polival; Tebuzate; Tecto; Thibenzole 200; Thiprazole; Top Form Wormer; Agrosol, component of (with 081301); Agrosol T, component of (with 079801).|The following thiabendazole formulation types are registered: a ready-to-use, dusts, flowable concentrates, emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, granules, and water dispersable granules.|Oral: Suspension: 500 mg/5 mL Mintezol (Merck); Tablets, chewable: 500 mg Mintezol (scored) (Merck).|40, 60 AND 90% WETTABLE POWDERS; 45% WT/VOL FLOWABLE SUSPENSION; THERMAL FUMIGATION TABLET CONTAINING 7 G THIABENDAZOLE; 5 AND 10% DUSTS AND OTHERS.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (31 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1H-Benzimidazole, 2-(4-thiazolyl)-: ACTIVE|The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Thiabendazole as unlikely to present an acute hazard in normal use; Main Use: Fungicide.|It is also effective for the post-harvest treatment of fruit and vegetables for the control of storage diseases (bananas, citrus, apples, and pears, etc).

Method: EPA 641; Procedure: high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection; Analyte: thiabendazole; Matrix: municipal and industrial wastewater; Detection Limit: 1.7 ug/L.|Method: EPA-OW/OST 1694; Procedure: high performance liquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry; Analyte: thiabendazole; Matrix: water, soil, sediment, and biosolids; Detection Limit: 0.7 ng/L.|Method: USGS-NWQL O-2080-08; Procedure: high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry; Analyte: thiabendazole; Matrix: broad range of filtered water types; Detection Limit: 0.0125 ug/L.|Thiabendazole determination in feed supplements and premixes containing greater than 1% thiabendazole (not applicable to feed premixes or cattle supplements containing high level of proteins.|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for THIABENDAZOLE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A RAPID, SENSITIVE & PRECISE HPLC METHOD USING FLUORESCENCE DETECTION WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF THIABENDAZOLE & 5-HYDROXYTHIABENDAZOLE IN HUMAN SERUM.

Agrochemicals -> Fungicides|Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients|Animal Drugs -> FDA Approved Animal Drug Products (Green Book) -> Active Ingredients|Veterinary Drug -> ANTHELMINTHIC_AGENT; -> JECFA Functional Classes|Fungicides|Cosmetics -> Antimicrobial|Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)

Thiabendazole has known environmental transformation products that include 5-Hydroxy-thiabendazole and Benzimidazole.

Veterinary Drug -> ANTHELMINTHIC_AGENT;