Zinc oxide (ZnO)

81.39

79.924065

215-222-5

0208

3077|1516

DTXSID7035016

White or yellowish-white powder; hexagonal crystals|Coarse white or grayish powder|Hexagonal, wurtzite crystal structure|White powder; hexagonal

3824909990

17.1

-0.12130

White to pale yellow nanopowder

5.607 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

1975 °C

2360ºC

27℃

2.008~2.029

H2O: 1.6 mg/L (29 ºC)

Store at +5°C to +30°C.

0 mmHg (approx)

Noncombustible Solid

Odorless

Bitter taste

pH = 6.95 (American process zinc oxide); 7.37 (French process)

Heat capacity: 40.26 J/mol °C at 25 °C; Enthalpy of formation: -356.1 kJ/mol at 419.5-907 °C; coefficient of expansion: 4.0X10-6 1/deg C; conductivity: 25.2 W/m K|Zinc oxide, as an amphoteric material, reacts with acids to form zinc salts and with strong alkalies to form zincates; zinc oxide reacts with carbon dioxide in moist air to form oxycarbonate; acidic gases (e.g., hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, and chlorine) react with zinc oxide, and carbon monoxide or hydrogen reduce it to the metal|When strongly heated it assumes a yellow color which disappears on cooling|Incompatibilities: reacts slowly with fatty acids in oils and fats to produce lumpy masses of zinc oleate, stearate, etc.|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for ZINC OXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Slowly decomposed (hydrolyzed) in water. Insoluble in water.

Salts, Basic

ZINC OXIDE is insoluble in water. What little solubility it has yields aqueous solutions that are neutral in pH. Intimate mixtures of zinc oxide and chlorinated rubber with or without hydrocarbons or chlorinated solvent react violently, even explosively upon heating [Chem. Trade J., 1962, 151, 672]. Slow addition of zinc oxide to cover the surface of linseed oil varnish caused generation of heat and ignition, [Chem. Trade J., 1933, 92, 278].

Noncombustible Solid

III

9

UN 3077 9/PG 3

2

50/53-20-43-36/38-20/21/22-67-66-10-11

60-61-7/9-36/37-26-16

ZH4810000

N,Xn,F

Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

Stable. Incompatible with magnesium, strong acids.

P273-P501

H410

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|Chemical Treatability of Zinc; Concentration Process: Ultrafiltration; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of Study: Continuous flow, pilot scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Industrial wastewater; Results of Study: 0.38 ppm effluent concentration. /Zinc/|Chemical Treatability of Zinc; Concentration Process: Miscellaneous sorbents; Chemical Classification: Metals; Scale of Study: Literature review; Type of Wastewater Used: Unknown; Results of Study: Final concentration reduced to 0.1 ppb; SiO2 + CaO slags used. /Zinc/

Slow addition of zinc white (a voluminous oxide containing much air) to cover the surface of linseed oil varnish caused generation of heat and ignition. Lithopone, a denser (air-free) grade of oxide did not cause heating.|Oxides of ... zinc can react explosively with magnesium when heated.|Intimate mixtures of chlorinated rubber and zinc oxide ... with or without hydrocarbon or chlorinated solvents, react violently or explosively when heated at about 216 °C. If in milling such mixtures local overheating occurs, a risk of a violent reaction exists. Such risks can be minimized by controlling milling temperatures, by cooling, or by using a mixture of maximum possible fluidity. /Chlorinated rubber: metal oxides or hydroxides/|Zinc oxide reacts with carbon monoxide or hydrogen to produce /elemental zinc/.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for ZINC OXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, including zinc oxide, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.|Certification of this color additive when used for coloring externally applied drugs, including those used in the area of the eye, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice is not necessary for the protection of the public health, and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification pursuant to section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Actt.|Certification of this color additive when used in cosmetics, including cosmetics intended for use in the area of the eye, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice is not necessary for the protection of the public health, and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification pursuant to section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act.|This substance is generally recognized as safe when used as a nutrient in accordance with good manufacturing practice.|For more FDA Requirements (Complete) data for ZINC OXIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]: Some may burn but none ignite readily. Containers may explode when heated. Some may be transported hot. For UN3508, be aware of possible short circuiting as this product is transported in a charged state. (ERG, 2016)|Not combustible.

|Warning|H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]|P273, P391, and P501|H400 (98.61%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 7218 companies from 44 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H400 (100%): Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 38 companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|The GHS information provided by 1 company from 1 notification to the ECHA C&L Inventory.|H226 (100%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]|P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P273, P280, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378, P391, P403+P235, and P501|H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard]|Danger|H361: Suspected of damaging fertility or the unborn child [Warning Reproductive toxicity]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P281, P307+P311, P308+P313, P321, P405, and P501|H333: May be harmful if inhaled [Warning Acute toxicity, inhalation]|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P304+P312, P304+P340, P307+P311, P312, P314, P321, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]: Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent dust cloud. Avoid inhalation of asbestos dust. SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area. SMALL SPILL: Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2016)

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body. Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection. Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift). Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated. Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the work shift. (NIOSH, 2016)|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 50 mg/cu m: [Table#5040]|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 125 mg/cu m: [Table#5041]|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 250 mg/cu m: [Table#5042]|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 500 mg/cu m: [Table#5043]|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for ZINC OXIDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|(See protection codes)

Not combustible.|Contact with water liberates highly flammable gases.

Special protective equipment for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.|In case of fire in the surroundings: use appropriate extinguishing media.

Accidental release measures: Personal precautions: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.|Sweep spilled substance into containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place.

SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.|Exhaust ventilation is the most effective control of freshly generated zinc oxide fumes. Education of metal repair persons as to the hazards and proper use of temporary ventilation for large repair jobs is essential.|Prevention ... /of metal fume fever/ is a matter of keeping exposure of workers below level of concn currently accepted as satisfactory for working with the metal in industry, preferably by employment of proper local exhaust ventilation to collect fumes at their source. Acceptable respirators are avail commercially but should be used only under suitable conditions. /Zinc/|Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ZINC OXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Derivatives of PABA, benzophenone, cinnamic acid, and salicylate and 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid have caused skin irritation including burning, stinging, pruritus, and erythema on rare occasions. /Sunscreens/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m. /Zinc oxide fume/|Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 15 mg/cu m. /Total dust/|Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m. /Respirable fraction/|Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 5 mg/cu m; STEL 10 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Fume/|Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 10 mg/cu m is still enforced in some states. /Total dust/

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hour Time-Weighted Average: 5 mg/cu m. /Fume, dust/|Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 Minute Short-Term Exposure Limit: 10 mg/cu m. /Fume/|Recommended Exposure Limit: 15-Minute Ceiling value: 15 mg/cu m. /Dust/

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Separated from incompatible materials. See Chemical Dangers. Provision to contain effluent from fire extinguishing.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly , especially for fume.

May cause mechanical irritation to the eyes and respiratory tract. The fume is irritating to the respiratory tract. Inhalation of fumes may cause metal fume fever.

NO contact with incompatible materials: See Chemical Dangers

PREVENT INHALATION OF FUMES.

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

... Substances for which a Federal Register notice has been published that included consideration of the serious health effects, including cancer, from ambient air exposure to the substance. Zinc oxide (52 FR 32597, August 1987) is included on this list.

SOIL: The concentration of zinc oxide in soil samples taken from 0-20 cm depth in the vicinity of the lead-zinc smelter at Tarnowskie Gory in southwest Poland was studied. Zinc oxide concentration ranged from 31.3 to 237 mg/kg in 10 samples from Haplorthods (podzols; pH 4.1-5.4; organic matter 1.26-3.69%; cation exchange capacity 5.1-23.5 cmol/kg; cadmium 0.3-3.0 mg/kg; lead 14-410 mg/kg; zinc 54-540 mg/kg). Zinc oxide concentration ranged from 7.8 to 2727 mg/kg in Haplumbrepts (brown soils; pH 3.7-7.1; organic matter 0.89-5.61%; cation exchange capacity 7.2-24.2 cmol/kg; cadmium 0.2-102 mg/kg; lead 14-7100 mg/kg; zinc 37-10,000 mg/kg)(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Zinc oxide is present at 35% of total composition in the fume generated during an entire melting-cycle of steel production(1).|SOURCE DOMINATED: Zinc oxide fumes may also be produced secondary to torch welding and cutting of zinc containing or galvanized materials. These processes yield a dispersion into the atmosphere of zinc oxide particles of about 1 um.

Acute oral toxicity (LD50): 7950 mg/kg [Mouse].

The presence of zinc oxide inhibits the therapeutic effects of 8-hydroxyquinoline in ointments.|... The effect of zinc oxide on contact allergy to colophony /was studied/. With 14 patients with earlier history of moderate patch test reactions to colophony a patch test with 10% zinc oxide (2.3 mg Zinc/sq cm) with and without colophony was performed. No positive response was observed in the 14 patients when only a 10% solution of zinc oxide was used. The addition of zinc oxide to colophony decreased the allergic reaction induced by colophony.|... /The authors/ report here preliminary studies of biocidal effects and cellular internalization of ZnO nanoparticles on Escherichia coli bacteria ... Bacteria thin sections were used to study biocidal action of ZnO materials. The results confirmed that E. coli cells after contact with di(ethylene glycol) (DEG) and ZnO were damaged showing a Gram-negative triple membrane disorganization. This behavior causes the increase of membrane permeability leading to accumulation of ZnO nanoparticles in the bacterial membrane and also cellular internalization of these nanoparticles.|Zinc oxide effectively reduces visual cell loss in rats exposed to intense visible light and is known to slow the rate of disease progression in advanced stages of age-related macular degeneration. Our goal was to determine the efficacy of zinc oxide in combination with novel and well-established antioxidants in an animal model of light-induced oxidative retinal damage. One group of male Sprague-Dawley rats was pretreated with zinc oxide with or without a detergent extract of rosemary powder and then exposed to intense visible light for 4-24 hr. Another group of animals received zinc oxide combined with rosemary oil diluted with a mixture of polyunsaturated fatty acids (ROPUFA) and a third group was given an antioxidant mineral mix containing zinc oxide, as recommended by the Age Related Eye Disease Study group's first clinical trial (AREDS1). Visual cell survival was determined 2 weeks after intense light treatment by measuring rhodopsin and photoreceptor cell DNA levels and confirmed by retinal histology and agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA. Western analysis was used to determine the effects of zinc and antioxidants on the oxidative stress markers, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and carboxyethylpyrrole (CEP). Rod and cone opsin and arrestin levels were used as markers of photoreceptor cell function. Dark-reared rats treated with 1.3 mg/kg zinc oxide and 17 mg/kg rosemary extract, or with one-half those doses, and exposed to moderate intensity green light retained 75%-85% of the rhodopsin and retinal DNA measured in unexposed rats. These levels were significantly higher than found for zinc oxide or rosemary treatment alone. Rosemary oil was also effective when combined with zinc oxide, but ROPUFA alone was no more effective than the detergent vehicle. Prolonged intense green light led to increases in retinal GFAP and HO-1 levels and to decreases in cone cell opsin and rod and cone arrestins. Rosemary plus zinc treatment reduced the expression of oxidative stress protein markers and enhanced visual cell survival, as shown by improved photoreceptor cell morphology and by decreased retinal DNA degradation. Using higher intensity white light for exposures in cyclic light-reared rats, treatment with an AREDS antioxidant/mineral mixture was found to be ineffective, whereas rosemary extract plus an equivalent dose of zinc oxide was significantly more effective in preserving visual cells. CEP protein adduct formation was reduced by all antioxidant treatments, but rosemary plus zinc oxide also prevented the loss of cone cell opsin and arrestin more effectively than AREDS. In the rat model of acute retinal light damage, zinc oxide combined with a detergent extract of rosemary powder or rosemary oil is more effective than treatment with either component alone and significantly more effective than an AREDS mixture containing a comparable dose of zinc oxide. Light-induced oxidative stress in animal models of retinal degeneration can be a useful preclinical paradigm for screening novel antioxidants and for testing potential therapeutics designed to slow the progression of age-related ocular disease.|Diminish the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) light through the epidermis by absorbing UV radiation within a specific wavelength range. The amount and wavelength of UV radiation absorbed are affected by the molecular structure of the sunscreen agent. /Sunscreen agents, topical/

LD50 Rat ip 240 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 7950 mg/kg|LD50 Rat oral >5 g ZnO/kg bw|LC50 Mouse inhalation (head and nose only) >5.7 mg/L/4 hr

/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ The pore water zinc concentration and the calcium chloride extracted zinc fraction are higher in the soils spiked with a zinc salt (ZnCl2) compared to soils spiked with zinc oxide or zinc powder. Based on total zinc concentrations in the soil, the acute toxicity of zinc salt to the compost worm Eisenia fetida, the potworm Enchytraeus albidus and the springtail Folsomia candida was lower compared to zinc oxide and zinc powder. However, when expressed on the basis of pore water concentrations or calcium chloride extracted fractions, acute toxicity was higher for zinc salt, which indicated that dermal uptake via the pore water is not the only route of uptake. Chronic toxicity of zinc salt, zinc oxide and zinc powder was similar when based on total concentrations in the soil which again indicates that the pore water route of uptake is not the only route of exposure but that oral uptake is also important.

Because the absorptive characteristics of skin of children younger than 6 months of age may differ from those of adults and because the immaturity of metabolic and excretory pathways of these children may limit their ability to eliminate any percutaneously absorbed sunscreen agent, sunscreen products should be used in children younger than 6 months of age only as directed by a clinician. It is possible that the characteristics of geriatric skin also differ from those of skin in younger adults, but these characteristics and the need for special considerations regarding use of sunscreen preparations in this age group are poorly understood. /Sunscreens/

Intended for local use only, no systemic absorption.

The zinc mineral zincite is composed of zinc oxide and is 80.3% zinc(1). Metallic zinc is not found free in nature, but rather occurs in the +2 oxidation state often as zinc sulfide or zinc oxide(SRC).

Zinc oxide's production and use as a pigment in white paints instead of lead carbonate; in rubber industry as vulcanization activator and accelerator; in cosmetics, driers, quick-setting cements; with syrupy phosphoric acid or ZnCl2 in dental cements; manufacture opaque glass and certain types of transparent glass; manufacture enamels, automobile tires, white glue, matches, white printing inks, porcelains, zinc green; as a reagent in analytical chemistry; in electrostatic copying paper; as flame retardant; in electronics as semiconductor(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use as a feed additive, dietary supplement, in seed treatment(2) and application to patios, walkways and roofs for mold control(3) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).|... Zinc oxide is produced ... in zinc smelting, manufacture of zinc oxide and powder, production of brass, and melting of galvanized iron. Zinc oxide fumes may also be produced secondary to torch welding and cutting of zinc containing or galvanized materials.

Contamination of pastures with zinc oxide is known to occur in vicinity of works where zinc is produced from its ores and is likely in neighborhood of brass foundries.

GROUNDWATER: Zinc oxide was not a dominant metal species in aquifer samples from the Bypass-601 Superfund site in Concord, NC, a former location of a lead battery recycling operation(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of zinc oxide is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 919,302 workers (151,482 of these were female) were potentially exposed to zinc oxide in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to zinc oxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where zinc oxide is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to zinc oxide via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact with consumer products containing zinc oxide(SRC).|Of several effects resulting from industrial exposure to zinc, that of zinc fume fever from freshly formed zinc oxide fume ... /is/ most commonly described and best documented.|Exposure to zinc fumes, particularly zinc oxide, is potential risk where ever zinc oxide is product or by product such as, in zinc smelting, manufacture of zinc oxide and powder, production of brass, and melting of galvanized iron.

For adjunctive treatment of diaper dermatitis. Also, it can be used to treat minor skin irritations (eg, cuts, burns, and scrapes, poison ivy). Zinc oxide can be used in ointments, creams, and lotions to protect against sunburn and other damage to the skin caused by ultraviolet light.|FDA Label

Dermatologic Agents; Sunscreening Agents|The physical compounds titanium dioxide and zinc oxide reflect, scatter, and absorb both UVA and UVB rays. ... Using new technology, the particle sizes of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide have been reduced, making them more transparent without losing their ability to screen UV.|Zinc oxide diaper rash ointment promotes healing, protects skin and relieves chafing.|In addition to healing diaper rash, zinc oxide ointment is indicated for treating many everyday skin problems. It promotes healing, protects and helps seal out wetness. Use for minor burns, cuts and scrapes.|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for ZINC OXIDE (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Do not use in eyes; for external use only.|The presence of zinc oxide inhibits the therapeutic effects of 8-hydroxyquinoline in ointments.|The manufacturers of sunscreen preparations with propellants warn that concentrating and subsequently inhaling the fumes from these preparations may be harmful or fatal. /Propellants/|Because the absorptive characteristics of skin of children younger than 6 months of age may differ from those of adults and because the immaturity of metabolic and excretory pathways of these children may limit their ability to eliminate any percutaneously absorbed sunscreen agent, sunscreen products should be used in children younger than 6 months of age only as directed by a clinician. It is possible that the characteristics of geriatric skin also differ from those of skin in younger adults, but these characteristics and the need for special considerations regarding use of sunscreen preparations in this age group are poorly understood. /Sunscreens/|For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for ZINC OXIDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Zinc oxide has astringent, soothing and protective properties and is used in topical preparations for eczema, slight excoriations, wounds and haemorrhoids. It also reflects ultraviolet radiation and can be used as a physical sunscreen.

Chemical or physical agents that protect the skin from sunburn and erythema by absorbing or blocking ultraviolet radiation. (See all compounds classified as Sunscreening Agents.)|Drugs used to treat or prevent skin disorders or for the routine care of skin. (See all compounds classified as Dermatologic Agents.)

No significant percutaneous absorption from topically applied zinc oxide.|Intended for local use only, no systemic absorption.|Urinary and blood exam /in workers in maufacturing of zinc oxide compound/ indicated that zinc was absorbed and excreted in amount higher than normal, from 0.12-3.93 mg/100 cc in urine (normal average ... estimated as 1.06 mg); Fecal Zn also high, but this represented to considerable extent Zn swallowed and passed through GI tract unabsorbed.|Absorption occurs across broken epithelium when zinc oxide is applied to treat burns or wounds.|An increase in serum Zn2+ levels was observed in 8 patients suffering from second and third degree burns, who were treated with adhesive zinc-tape (ca 7.5 g ZnO/100 g dry weight). The maximum value (up to 28.3 umol/litre) was reached within 3 to 8 days during treatment. It is noted that the absorption through intact skin cannot be assessed based on this study with burn patients.|... Application of zinc oxide dressings (containing 250 ug Zn2+/sq cm) to rats for 48 hours with full-thickness skin excision resulted in a 12% delivery of zinc ions from the dressing to each wound, while application of zinc sulphate dressings (containing 66 ug Zn2+/sq cm) resulted in a 65% delivery of ions to each wound ... The application of zinc oxide resulted in sustained delivery of zinc ions causing constant wound-tissue zinc cation levels due to its slow dissociation rate, while the more water soluble zinc sulphate delivers zinc ions more rapidly to the wound fluid with subsequent rapid transferral into the blood /was suggested/.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for ZINC OXIDE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Intended for local use only, no systemic absorption.

Intended for local use only, no systemic absorption.|Groups of three rats received single intratracheal installations of zinc oxide suspension at the dose of 100 mg/rat during the experiment and were killed 1/3, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, and 21 days after administration. The half-life of zinc oxide was calculated to be 14 hr.

It acts by providing a physical barrier to prevent skin irritation and help heal damaged skin.|... Freshly formed fumes are ... composed of ... particles in range of 0.05 to 0.5 um, and ... /have/ increased activity when they come into contact with the alveolar walls of lung. As fumes age they become less reactive because they tend to agglomerate or form aggregates and settle out of atmosphere ... thereby reducing concn of reactive particulates in lung. ... The size of particles is important factor in producing the illness. ... Finely divided particles of metals /are/ so small that they behave much like a gas and act on the alveolar surfaces, affecting the lung tissue and not upper respiratory tract. /Zinc/|... /That/ zinc oxide fume inhalation initiates a time-dependent sequence of proinflammatory events /was postulated/. This includes dose-dependent increases in pulmonary neutrophils and increased tumor necrosis factor (TNF) release into the pulmonary environment beginning at 3 hr after exposure, which, in turn, may lead to increases in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) IL-6 and the neutrophil chemoattractant IL-8. The IL-6 then enters the circulation, contributing to the development of the fever and the symptoms of metal-fume fever. /It was/ confirmed, through in vitro studies, that zinc oxide exposure stimulated U937 mononuclear cells to release TNF and IL-8, a finding consistent with in vivo observations in metal-fume fever.|The pathogenesis /of metal fume fever/ is unknown, but it is thought to result from endogenous pyrogen release due to cell lysis. Extracts prepared from tracheal mucosa and from the lungs of animals with experimentally induced metal fume fever produce similar symptoms when injected into other animals.|Diminish the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) light through the epidermis by absorbing UV radiation within a specific wavelength range. The amount and wavelength of UV radiation absorbed are affected by the molecular structure of the sunscreen agent. /Sunscreen agents/

... Some technical grades contain a few tenths of a percent lead.

Exposure Routes: inhalation Symptoms: Metal fume fever: chills, muscle ache, nausea, fever, dry throat, cough; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); metallic taste; headache; blurred vision; low back pain; vomiting; malaise (vague feeling of discomfort); chest tightness; dyspnea (breathing difficulty), rales, decreased pulmonary function Target Organs: respiratory system (NIOSH, 2016)

Breathing: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. (NIOSH, 2016)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention if breathing difficulties and/or fever develop.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible).

Emergency and supportive measures: Administer supplemental oxygen, and give bronchodilators if there is wheezing ... If hypoxemia or wheezing is present, consider other toxic inhalations ... Provide symptomatic care (eg, acetaminophen or other antipyretic) as needed; symptoms are self-limited ... There is no specific antidote. Decontamination is not necessary; by the time symptoms develop, the exposure has usually been over for several hours ... There is no role for ... /enhanced elimination/ procedures. /Metal fume fever/|Immediate first aid: Remove patient from contact with the material. Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Zinc and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Zinc and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine, hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Zinc and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ /Researchers/ exposed a group of 11 control subjects and a group of 10 sheet metal workers to 5 mg/cu m of zinc oxide fume for 2 hours on each of 3 consecutive days. Naive subjects showed a number of slight to moderate symptoms following the first exposure, including chills, flushing, fatigue, muscle and stomach aches, dyspnea, and nausea. Following the second and third exposures, the incidence of symptoms among naive subjects were significantly lower than following the first exposure. Similarly, the increase in temperature was greatest among naive subjects after the first exposure, and decreased after the second and third exposures; after the third exposure, the temperature increase was significantly lower than after the first exposure. The temperature changes and incidence of symptoms for sheet metal workers were not significantly different from exposure to control air. Both the response of naive subjects to multiple exposures and the response of sheet metal workers to zinc oxide exposure were cited as evidence of the development of tolerance to zinc fume fever.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... Two volunteers /were exposed/ to air concentrations of 600 mg Zn/cu m (as ZnO). Moderate symptoms with typical febrile reaction and leukocytosis were recorded after 10.5 and 12 minutes exposure.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ ... 14 welders recruited /from/ galvanized steel /industry were studied/ ... /Their/ lung volumes, airflow, diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide, and airway reactivity at baseline as well as either 6 or 20 hours after welding /were measured/ ... Bronchoalveolar lavage either 8 hours (early follow-up, 5 participants) or 22 hours (late follow-up, 9 participants) /were carrried out/ after welding, assaying the fluid for total and differential cell counts and bronchoalveolar lavage supernatant concentrations of interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ... Changes in pulmonary function and airway reactivity were minimal. Cumulative zinc exposure and polymorphonuclear leukocyte count in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at late (r = 0.87; P less than 0.01) and early (r = 0.93; P less than 0.05) follow-up were positively correlated. Among the late follow-up group, the mean proportion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes was 37% (range, 19% to 63%), a statistically greater proportion than the 9% (range, 2% to 21%) seen among the early follow-up group (P less than 0.05) ... TNF or more than a trace amount of interleukin-1 /was not detected/ in the bronchoalveolar lavage supernatant ... /I was concluded that/ zinc oxide welding fume was associated with a marked dose-dependent increase in the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes recovered in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid 22 hours after exposure but was not associated with a clinically significant change in pulmonary function or airway reactivity ...|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Bronchonchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed in 23 volunteer subjects (26 exposures) at 3 (6 subjects), 8 and 22 hr after welding of galvanized mild steel for 15 to 30 min. The mean cumulative zinc oxide concentrations amounted to 1.8, 2.0, and 2.6 g/min/cu m. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 8 (IL-8) were detected in the BAL fluid supernatant. The concentration of TNF was significantly higher at 3 hr than at 8 hr or 22 hr after exposure, exhibiting a dose-response relationship to airborne zinc at each follow-up time period. IL-6 displayed a significant dose-response relationship to zinc at 22 hr and IL-8, at 8 hr after exposure. The time course of increased cytokines, their correlations with one another and with polymorphonuclear /leukocytes/ (PMN) in the BAL fluid support ... the hypothesis that a network of cytokines is involved in the pathogenesis of metal-fume fever.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ZINC OXIDE (41 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Lassar Paste

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of fume.|inhalation

Metal fume fever: chills, muscle ache, nausea, fever, dry throat, cough; lassitude (weakness, exhaustion); metallic taste; headache; blurred vision; low back pain; vomiting; malaise (vague feeling of discomfort); chest tightness; dyspnea (breathing difficulty), rales, decreased pulmonary function

Cough. Sore throat. Fumes: Metallic taste. Headache. Fever. Chest tightness. Shortness of breath. Weakness. Muscle pain.

No acute symptoms expected.

Redness.

respiratory system

Rubber, 50%; agriculture, 15%; chemicals, 12%; paints, 8%; ceramics, 5%; photocopying, 5%; miscellaneous, 5% (1986)|Zinc oxide shipments in metric tons (1970), 193,488; (1975) 153,754; (1978) 181,452; (1979) 179,769; (1980) 135,776; (1995) 104,000|US consumption in metric tons: (1995) 70,900|(2001) 1410 thousand metric tons zinc. /Apparent, all forms/|For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for ZINC OXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Zinc oxide is incorporated in powders, ointments, and pastes. ... Preparation containing zinc oxide including zinc oxide ointment (20% or 25% ZnO), zinc oxide paste (25% ZnO), and zinc oxide and salicylic acid paste (2% salicylic acid in zinc oxide paste).|Calamine consists of pink powder containing zinc oxide (not less than 98%) and small amont of ferric oxide. It is incorporated into calamine lotion (8% calamine and 8% zinc oxide), and phenolated calamine lotion (compound calamine lotion) (1% phenol in calamine lotion).|The medicinal grade contains 99.5% or more ZnO; technical grades contain 90-99% ZnO and a few tenths of 1% of lead.|Grades: American process, lead-free; French process, lead-free, green seal, red seal, white seal (according to fineness); leaded (white lead sulfate); USP, single crystals.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for ZINC OXIDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Adhesive manufacturing|Zinc oxide (ZnO): ACTIVE|One disadvantage of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide is that they are visible, giving the skin a white colour. This effect can be reduced by decreasing the particle size of the material. When used in 'nanoparticle' form (less than 100 nanometers, or one millionth of a millimeter), they can't be seen on the skin but still retain the sunscreening properties of the coarser material. At the present time around 70% of sunscreens with titanium dioxide and 30% of sunscreens with zinc oxide have these materials in nanoparticle form.

Method: NIOSH 7502, Issue 2; Procedure: X-ray powder diffraction; Analyte: crystalline zinc oxide; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: 5 ug per sample.|Method: OSHA ID-143; Procedure: X-ray diffraction; Analyte: zinc oxide; Matrix: air; Detection Limit: qualitative 30 ug zinc oxide; quantitative 50 ug zinc oxide.|Analyte: zinc oxide; matrix: chemical identification; procedure: strong heat produces a yellow color that disappears on cooling|Analyte: zinc oxide; matrix: chemical identification; procedure: reaction with sodium acetate or ammonium sulfide yields a white precipitate, with hydrogen sulfide, that is insoluble in acetic acid but soluble in hydrochloric acid; reaction with potassium ferricyanide yields a white precipitate that is insoluble in hydrochloric acid (zinc test)|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for ZINC OXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients|Cosmetics -> Bulking; Cosmetic colorant; Skin protecting; Uv absorber