Azodicarbonamide

116.08

116.08

204-650-8

0380

3242

DTXSID0024553

Orange-red crystals|Yellow powder|Pale yellow crystalline

29270000

110.90000

-0.85

Azodicarbonamide appears as a yellow to orange powder. Insoluble in water and common solvents. Soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide. Nontoxic.

1.65 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

225 °C (decomp)

217.08°C (rough estimate)

225 °C

1.4164 (estimate)

water: soluble 0.033g/L at 20°C

Flammables area

7.1 mm Hg at 66.2 °F ; 10.7 mm Hg at 79.7° F (NTP, 1992)

LD50 oral in rat: > 6400mg/kg

Henry's Law constant: 8.20X10-13 atm-cu m/mole @ 20 °C /Estimated/

Hydrolyzes at high temperatures to nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and ammonia.|Decomposes in hot hydrochloric acid|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant: 2.00X10-12 cu cm/molecule -sec @ 25 °C /Estimated/

Highly flammable. Water insoluble. Dust may form an explosive mixture in air.

Amides and Imides

Highly Flammable

AZODICARBONAMIDE is easily ignited and burns rapidly. Confined samples show a high rate of pressure rise during thermal decomposition, which produces carbon monoxide and nitrogen. Sensitive to temperatures exceeding 122°F. May be sensitive to exposure to light. Stable in bulk when stored for two weeks at temperatures up to 140° F. Slightly unstable in water suspension (showed 1.3% decomposition at 2 mg/mL over a two-week period at room temperature in the light but no decomposition at 41° F over a two-week period in the dark (NTP, 1992). Reacts with hot water to give nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and ammonia [Hawley]. Decomposes in hot hydrochloric acid. Incompatible with strong acids and bases, and with compounds of metals.

II

4.1

UN 3242 4.1/PG 2

1

R42;R44

22-24-37-S37-S24-S22

LQ1040000

Xn

Highly flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids, strong bases, heavy metal salts.

P261-P284-P304 + P340-P342 + P311

H334

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

The food additive azodicarbonamide may be safely used in food in accordance with the following prescribed conditions: (a) It is used or intended for use: (1) As an aging and bleaching ingredient in cereal flour in an amount not to exceed 2.05 grams per 100 pounds of flour (0.0045 percent; 45 parts per million). (2) As a dough conditioner in bread baking in a total amount not to exceed 0.0045 percent (45 parts per million) by weight of the flour used, including any quantity of azodicarbonamide added to flour in accordance with paragraph (a)(1) of this section. (b) To assure safe use of the additive: (1) The label and labeling of the additive and any intermediate premix prepared therefrom shall bear, in addition to the other information required by the Act, the following: (i) The name of the additive. (ii) A statement of the concentration or the strength of the additive in any intermediate premixes. (2) The label or labeling of the food additive shall also bear adequate directions for use.

International Programme on Chemical Safety's Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents. Number 16: Azodicarbonamide (1999). Available from http://www.inchem.org/pages/cicads.html as of October 27, 2003. CICADs are concise documents that provide summaries of the relevant scientific information concerning the potential effects of chemicals upon human health and/or the environment. They are based on selected national or regional evaluation documents or on existing Environmental Health Criterias. The primary objective of CICADs is characterization of hazard and dose-response from exposure to a chemical. CICADs are not a summary of all available data on a particular chemical; rather, they include only that information considered critical for characterization of the risk posed by the chemical.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 149 [Substances (Self-Reactive)]: Self-decomposition, self-polymerization, or self-ignition may be triggered by heat, chemical reaction, friction or impact. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May burn violently. Decomposition or polymerization may be self-accelerating and produce large amounts of gases. Vapors or dust may form explosive mixtures with air. (ERG, 2016)|Flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.

|Danger|H334: May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]|P261, P285, P304+P341, P342+P311, and P501|H334 (100%): May cause allergy or asthma symptoms or breathing difficulties if inhaled [Danger Sensitization, respiratory]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 1173 companies from 13 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.|H228: Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]|P210, P240, P241, P261, P272, P280, P285, P302+P352, P304+P341, P321, P333+P313, P342+P311, P363, P370+P378, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 149 [Substances (Self-Reactive)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial evacuation for at least 250 meters (800 feet) in all directions. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 149 [Substances (Self-Reactive)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. SMALL SPILL: Pick up with inert, damp, non-combustible material using clean, non-sparking tools and place into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 149 [Substances (Self-Reactive)]: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. (ERG, 2016)

Flammable

Use foam or powder. /from table/

Sweep spilled substance into sealable containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder, then remove to safe place.

/GUIDE 149: SUBSTANCES (Self-Reactive)/ Fire or Explosion: Self-decomposition or self-ignition may be triggered by heat, chemical reaction, friction or impact. May be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May burn violently. Decomposition may be self-accelerating and produce large amounts of gases. Vapors or dust may form explosive mixtures with air.|/GUIDE 149: SUBSTANCES (Self-Reactive)/ Health: Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. May produce irritating, toxic and/or corrosive gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.|/GUIDE 149: SUBSTANCES (Self-Reactive)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas.|/GUIDE 149: SUBSTANCES (Self-Reactive)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 1,1'-AZOBIS(FORMAMIDE) (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The substance irritates the eyes and the respiratory tract. Inhalation of dust may cause asthmatic reactions.|As azodicarbonamide is a skin sensitizer, where skin contact can occur, there may be a risk of developing allergic dermatitis if suitable personal protective equipment is not used.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered sealable containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Inhalation of dust may cause asthmatic reactions.

Repeated or prolonged contact with skin may cause dermatitis. Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Repeated or prolonged inhalation may cause asthma.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! STRICT HYGIENE!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

IDENTIFICATION: Azodicarbonamide is a synthetic chemical that exists at ambient temperatures as a yellow orange crystalline soild. It is poorly soluble in water. HUMAN EXPOSURE: Studies in humans have concentrated soley on the ability of this chemical to induce asthma and skin sensitization. Evidence that azodicarbonamide can induce asthma in humans has found from bronchial challenge studies with symptomatic individuals and from health evaluations of employees at workplaces where this cgemical is manufactured or used. On the basis that this chemical is a human asthmagen and the concentrations required to induce asthma in a non-sensitive individual or to provoke a response in a sensitive individual is unknown, it is concluded that there is a risk to human health under present occupational exposure conditions. Exposure of the general public to this chemical could notbe evaluated because of the lack of data. ANIMAL STUDIES: Toxicokinetic data on azodicarbonamide are limited, but the chemical appears to be well absorbed by the inhalation and oral routes of in rodents. Substantial quantities of the substance remain unabsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and are passed out in the feces. The compound is readily converted to biurea (hydrazocarbonamide), the only breakdown product identified, and it is likely that systemic exposure is principally to this derivative rather than to the parent compound. Elimination of this compound and hydrazocarbonamide is rapid, occurring predominantly via the urine, and there is very little systemic retention of hydrazocarbonamide. Azodicarbonamide is of low acute toxicity and does not cause skin, eye or respiratory tract irritation in experimental animals. Results from a poorly conducted skin sensitization study were negative, and there was no evidence of an asthmatic type response in guinea pigs in one study. Repeated oral exposures resulted in the appearance of pyelonephritis with casts and crystalline deposits in renal tubuli in several species. The dose levels required to induce these effects were high. This compound was found to be a mutagen in bacterial systems, there was no evidence this effect would be expressed in vivo. The carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity of azodicarboxamide have not been examined in detail, but no tumorigenic or antifertility effects were observed in early studies in which animals were treated wit the breakdown product hydrazocarbonamide. Developmental toxicity has not been studied. No observed effect concentrations (NOECs) for fish and the water flea have been reported.

LC50 Rat inhalation >6100 mg/cu m/4 hr (dry aerosol; median mass aerodynamic diameter 5.8+/- 2.25 um [geometric standard deviation])|LC50 Mouse inhalation >6100 mg/cu m/4 hr (dry aerosol; median mass aerodynamic diameter 5.8+/- 2.25 um [geometric standard deviation])|LD50 Rabbit dermal >2,000 mg/kg bw (under an occlusive dressing for 24 hr)

1,1'-Azo-bis(formamide)'s production and use as a blowing agent for plastics and rubbers(1) and as a polymer-additive used in food packaging(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -1.7(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide) is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide) from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.2X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.9X10-10 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 35 mg/liter(2). 1,1'-Azo-bis(formamide) is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(2).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3(SRC), determined from a log Kow of -1.7(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide) is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.2X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 1.9X10-10 mm Hg(2), and water solubility, 35 mg/liter(2). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(5), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide), which has a vapor pressure of 1.9X10-10 mm Hg at 20 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Particulate-phase 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide) may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide) with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.0X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 8.0 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 1,1'-Azo-bis(formamide) is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm)(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide)(SRC), using a log Kow of -1.7(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide) is estimated as 3(SRC), using a log Kow of -1.7(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide) is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide) is estimated as 8.2X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 1.9X10-10 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 35 mg/L(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide) is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). 1,1'-Azo-bis(formamide) is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 42,296 workers (17,061 of these are female) are potentially exposed to 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide) in the US(1). Occupational exposure to 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide) may occur by dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide) is produced or used(SRC). The general population may be exposed to 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide) via dermal contact with plastic products containing 1,1'-azo-bis(formamide) and by ingestion as a result of its use as a polymer-additive in food packaging(SRC).

Agents that suppress immune function by one of several mechanisms of action. Classical cytotoxic immunosuppressants act by inhibiting DNA synthesis. Others may act through activation of T-CELLS or by inhibiting the activation of HELPER CELLS. While immunosuppression has been brought about in the past primarily to prevent rejection of transplanted organs, new applications involving mediation of the effects of INTERLEUKINS and other CYTOKINES are emerging. (See all compounds classified as Immunosuppressive Agents.)|Agents used to treat AIDS and/or stop the spread of the HIV infection. These do not include drugs used to treat symptoms or opportunistic infections associated with AIDS. (See all compounds classified as Anti-HIV Agents.)

30% of the dose given by gavage to F344 rats was found to be absorbed in 72 hr after administration. Upon inhalation, /1,1-azobisformamide/ is readily converted into biurea under physiological conditions, and biurea was the only 14C-labeled compound present in excreta. Excretion occurs predominantly via the urine.|Absorption of azodicarbonamide has been demonstrated following both a single inhalation exposure of up to 6 hr (34% of dose) and a single oral administration (10-33% of dose) of radiolabelled azodicarbonamide to rats. In contrast, approximately 90% of a single intratracheally instilled dose was apparently absorbed. The difference in absorption between inhaled and intratracheally instilled azodicarbonamide could be related to the fact that much of the inhaled azodicarbonamide did not reach the lower respiratory tract. Half an hour after a 6-hr nose-only exposure of rats to 25 mg/cu m of a dry aerosol (average mass aerodynamic diameter 3.4 um), 78% of the calculated total intake was located in the gastrointestinal tract. Following exposure by both inhalation and oral routes, substantial quantities of the substance remain unabsorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and are passed out in the feces. ...Elimination of absorbed azodicarbonamide/biurea is rapid, occurring predominantly via the urine, and there is very little systemic retention of biurea.

Azodicarbonamide is readily converted to biurea, the only breakdown product identified, and it is likely that systemic exposure is principally to this derivative rather than to the parent compound.|... ADA is rapidly converted to biurea and that biurea is then eliminated rapidly from all tissues with the majority of the elimination via the urine.

... Two hours exposure of SUP-T1 cells to 100 microM azodicarbonamide induced a 50% reduction of each deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate.|... azodicarbonamide prevents the progression of human CD4+ T lymphocytes into the G1 phase of the cell cycle, inhibits their blastogenesis, down-regulates their membrane expression of CD25 and CD69, and decreases their transcription of cytokine genes. Addition of the calcium ionophore A23187 completely restores T cell proliferation in the presence of azodicarbonamide. Furthermore, azodicarbonamide synergizes with cyclosporin A to inhibit CD4+ T cell proliferation.|... azodicarbonamide inhibits in a dose-dependent manner the responses of purified human CD4+ T lymphocytes stimulated either by monoclonal antibodies against CD3 and CD28 or by allogeneic dendritic cells. These suppressive effects involve a direct action on the calcium mobilization machinery,|... azodicarbonamide (ADA) represents a new compound that inhibits HIV-1 and a broad range of retroviruses by targeting the the nucleocapsid CCHC domains.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 149 [Substances (Self-Reactive)]: Inhalation or contact with vapors, substance or decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. May produce irritating, toxic and/or corrosive gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

After inhalation exposure, first aid treatment includes: Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention. After skin exposure: Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap. After eye exposure: Rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then take to a doctor. After ingestion: Rinse mouth. Give plenty of water to drink. Rest. /from table/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poison A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in respiratory arrest. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poison A and B/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ /1,1'-Azobisformamide/ was shown to cause pulmonary sensitization and dermatitis in people.|/CASE REPORTS/ ...A male textile worker exposed to azodicarbonamide in foam ear-plugs was patch tested to discover the cause of a recurrent dermatitis of the ear. No response was elicited with a number of standard (International Contact Dermatitis Research Group standard series) allergens. However, the individual gave a strong positive reaction to the ear-plugs at 48 and 96 hr and also to azodicarbonamide (a component of the ear-plugs) at a concentration of 1 and 5% in petrolatum but not at 0.1% in petrolatum. Ten control subjects patch tested with 1 and 5% azodicarbonamide in petrolatum did not respond, and the individual reported no further symptoms upon discarding the ear-plugs.|/CASE REPORTS/ A number of reports have been published of individual azodicarbonamide workers alleging asthma induced by exposure to azodicarbonamide. The strongest evidence comes from a study of two individuals (one atopic and one non-atopic) who worked at the same plastics factory for about 4 years. Both were intermittently exposed (1-2 weeks' duration, 3-4 times/yr) to azodicarbonamide at work. A few months after their first encounter with azodicarbonamide, both developed symptoms described as "eye/nose irritation" at work, followed a few hours later by nocturnal asthmatic symptoms. After a 1-month period free from exposure, both subjects underwent lung provocation studies. Baseline values for forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), and the concentration of histamine required to produce a 20% drop in FEV1 (PC20H) were obtained by spirometry. Both subjects performed a control challenge using lactose and then a 50:50 mixture of lactose and azodicarbonamide for 15 s on the next day. On both days, lung function was monitored to follow the time course of any response. It was reported that the trial was not carried out blind. No effects on lung function were observed following challenge with lactose alone. After the azodicarbonamide challenge, however, the atopic individual developed a late respiratory response starting 3 hr after challenge and reaching a maximum 24% drop in FEV1 6 hr after challenge. A drop in PC20H was also reported, demonstrating increased airway hyperreactivity, and this parameter did not return to the baseline value until 6 weeks after challenge. The non-atopic individual showed a dual response to azodicarbonamide. Peak reductions in FEV1 of >20% were recorded 30 min and 5-6 hr after exposure. No significant reduction in PC20H was reported for the second individual. A control atopic subject with underlying asthma who worked in the same industry but did not experience work-related respiratory effects was also tested. His baseline PC20H was similar to that of the atopic subject, but no change in lung function was observed following a 15-min exposure to azodicarbonamide under similar conditions (as this subject had less reactive airways, a much longer exposure duration was utilized). Owing to the insolubility of azodicarbonamide, skin prick tests were not performed.|/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ A prevalence study of occupational asthma was carried out among a group of 151 workers at a factory manufacturing azodicarbonamide. Diagnosis of asthma was made on the basis of an administered questionnaire and a detailed occupational history... . The population was divided into three groups: those classified as potentially sensitized, on the basis of questionnaire results; those with daily exposure but without symptoms; and those with no exposure to azodicarbonamide or any other known sensitizer. On one day, pre- and post-shift spirometry was performed, and FEV1, FVC, and the FEV1/FVC ratio were determined. Skin prick tests were also attempted using both common allergens to determine atopic status and azodicarbonamide at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 5% in dimethyl sulfoxide. Concurrent personal sampling measurements were made to determine the levels of airborne azodicarbonamide to which individuals were exposed. Personal sampling indicated that, at the time of the investigation, airborne concentrations of azodicarbonamide ranged between 2 and 5 mg/cu m, as 8-hr time-weighted averages. From the questionnaires and occupational histories, 28 individuals (18.5%) were diagnosed as having asthma apparently related to azodicarbonamide exposure. Twelve further cases of occupational asthma were identified from company records of past employees. Skin prick tests with azodicarbonamide could not be adequately performed owing to the insolubility of the substance. Of the 28 current workers classified as sensitized, over half developed symptoms within 3 months of first exposure and 21/28 (75%) within 1 year. Symptoms and signs included shortness of breath, chest tightness, wheezing, cough, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and rash. Reactions were of an immediate type for 6/28 (21%) individuals, late onset for 16/28 (57%), and dual onset for 6/28 workers. Of those showing a dual response, all but one had initially shown a late onset pattern. A total of 13/28 (46%) workers reported worsening of symptoms with continuing exposure to azodicarbonamide and a shortening of the time between returning to work and reappearance of symptoms. Eight out of 13 workers exposed to azodicarbonamide for more than 3 months after development of symptoms also developed sensitivity to previously well-tolerated irritants (e.g., sulfur dioxide and tobacco smoke), which persisted for over a month after removal from exposure to azodicarbonamide. In five individuals, this airway hyperreactivity persisted for over 3 years. There were no changes in FEV1 or FVC over the work shift in any group. In view of the latency in development of effects, late or dual onset of symptoms in 12/28 (43%) symptomatic workers, increase in sensitivity with repeated exposure, and the persisting lung hyperreactivity in workers with prolonged exposure after developing symptoms, it seems likely that these individuals had become sensitized to azodicarbonamide.|/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Respiratory health variables were studied cross-sectionally in 227 employees of a plastics molding facility. ... A strong association was observed for injection molding workers for eye/nose/throat irritation, cough, and wheezing.

1,1'-azobis(formamide)

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol.

Cough. Headache. Shortness of breath. Sore throat. Wheezing. Fatigue. Muscle cramps.

Redness.

Redness. Pain.

100% as a blowing agent for various polymers (1975)

Grades: technical, FCC /food chemical codex/

Custom compounding of purchased resin|1,2-Diazenedicarboxamide: ACTIVE|Among blowing agents (substances evolving nitrogen or carbon dioxide & causing swelling) ... azodicarbonamide (porofor-lk 1074, bayer) evolves nitrogen from 190 °C upwards.|A formulation with pynamin 1 and azodicarbonamide 5 g in container of 100 g calcium oxide and 40 g water gave 86.7% volatilization of insecticide; 6.3% without the foaming agent.|Beta-whitlockite for dental and surgical prosthetic materials: sediment is mixed with egg albumin and azodicarboxamide, left overnight, then sintered. The ceramic when implanted in dogs was resorbed in 2 mo, replaced by dense bone tissue.|In France azodicarbonamide is on authorized lists of products which may come in contact with foodstuffs & in USA it may be used as a food additive.|Mixture of a rodenticide and gas-forming compound is indirectly heated by a thermogenic cmpd; fumigant formed is free from fire hazard. Mixture contains warfarin, azodicarbonamide, and hydroxypropylcellulose.

Azodicarbonamide is determined in air with increased sensitivity by treating the sample with alkaline Nessler reagent at room temperature, followed by spectrophotometric determination.|A HPLC method with UV detection was used for the determination of low mol wt amides in pharmaceutical matrixes. The method was based on Zorbax C8 or Alltech C18 column, mobile phase consisting of 3-5% MeCN in 0.1M phosphate buffer, & flow rate of 1-1.5 ml/min at the room temperature. By strongly retaining the sample matrix & allowing the amide analyte to elute, the method can be generally applied to many types of org matrix for pharmaceutical & agricultural products. /Amides/

Food Additives -> FLOUR_TREATMENT_AGENT; -> JECFA Functional Classes

Food Additives -> FLOUR_TREATMENT_AGENT;