Sodium bicarbonate

84.00660

83.98230

205-633-8

8MDF5V39QO

1044

DTXSID9021269

C29457

White, monoclinic prisms|White crystalline powder or granules|White powder or crystalline lumps

B - Blood and blood forming organs

2836300000

60.36000

-1.11230

White powder or super flash point crystal

2.159 g/cm³

47 °C

851°C

169.8ºC

1.500

H2O: 9 g/100 mL (20 ºC)

Low temperature, ventilation, drying

2.58E-05mmHg at 25°C

Odorless

Cooling, slightly alkaline taste

Between 8,0 and 8,6 (1 % solution)

6.3None

6.3

Begins to lose carbon dioxide at about 50 °C and at 100 °C it is converted to sodium carbonate.|Stable in dry air, but slowly decomposes in moist air|MP: 60 °C. Solubility: in water, 7.8 g/100g at 18 °C|Solution of 1.3% is approximately isotonic with body fluids|Readily decomposed by weak acids; in aqueous solution it begins to break up into carbon dioxide and sodium carbonate at about 20 °C and completely on boiling|Alkalinity increase as solutions stand, are agitated, or heated; in liquid mixtures containing bismuth subnitrate, sodium bicarbonate reacts with acid formed by hydrolysis of bismuth salt|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for Sodium bicarbonate (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Stable in dry air, but slowly decomposes in moist air. Moderately water soluble. Decomposes slowly in water (accelerated by agitation) (NTP, 1992).

Carbonate Salts

SODIUM BICARBONATE reacts exothermically with acids to generate non-toxic carbon dioxide gas. Decomposes when heated. Incompatible with acids, acidic salts (dopamine hydrochloride, pentazocine lactate, many alkaloidal salts) aspirin and bismuth salicylate.

1

S24/25

VZ0950000

Separated from acids.

Stable in dry air, but slowly decomposes in moist air

P264, P280, P305+P351+P338, P33, P313

H319

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incompatible materials: Strong acids, strong oxidizing agents.|A mixture /of sodium hydrogen carbonate, carbon and water/ was being stirred and steam heated when power failure interrupted stirring, and heating was turned off for a hour before power was restored. When stirring was restarted, the hot contents of the pan erupted immediately. Carbon dioxide is evolved from warm aqueous solutions of the base, and absence of stirring and presence of the carbon adsorbent would lead to non-equilibrium retention of the gas, which would be released instantaneously on stirring.|Several cases of spontaneous ignition after exposure to air of fine coke particles removed from filter strainers on a petroleum refinery furfural extraction unit have been noted. This has been associated with the use of sodium hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) injected into the plant for pH control, which produced a pH of 10.5 locally. This would tend to resinify the aldehyde, but there is also the possibility of a Cannizzaro reaction causing conversion of the aldehyde to furfuryl alcohol and furoic acid. The latter, together with other acidic products of autoxidation of the aldehyde, would tend to resinify the furfuryl alcohol. Pyrolysis gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) showed the presence of a significant proportion of furfuryl alcohol-derived resins in the coke. The latter is now discarded into drums of water, immediately after discharge from the strainers, to prevent further incidents. /2-Furaldehyde (Furfural): sodium hydrogen carbonate/|A self-propagating reaction can occur when ... sodium bicarbonate- ... based dry chemical extinguishing agent is mixed with monoammonium phosphate dry chemical extinguishing agent. Moisture will accelerate reaction. Products are water, ammonia, carbon dioxide and various solid substances. In a fire extinguisher the pressure developed will blow out the valve.|Sodium-potassium alloy undergoes a violent reaction with certain extinguishing agents: water, sodium bicarbonate, carbon tetrachloride. /Sodium-potassium alloy: water/

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as safe (GRAS).|Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: sodium bicarbonate is included in digestive aid drug products.|Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: sodium bicarbonate is included in weight control drug products.|Sodium bicarbonate used as a general purpose food additive in animal drugs, feeds, and related products is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance with good manufacturing or feeding practice.|The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, including sodium bicarbonate, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.

OECD; Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) Inital Assessment Report for SIDS Initial Assessment Meeting (SIAM) 15, Sodium bicarbonate (CAS 144-55-8) 130 pp (July 2003).[Available from, as of October 18, 2017: http://www.inchem.org/pages/sids.html]

Literature sources indicate that this chemical is noncombustible. (NTP, 1992)|Not combustible.

Not Classified

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under refrigerated temperatures, and protect it from moisture. If possible, it would be prudent to store this compound under inert atmosphere. (NTP, 1992)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is stored, weighed and diluted, wear an approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)|Eye/face protection: Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Choose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount of dangerous substances, and to the specific work-place. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection is not required. Where protection from nuisance levels of dusts are desired, use type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) dust masks. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Not combustible.

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.|In case of fire in the surroundings: use appropriate extinguishing media.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: No special environmental precautions required. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.|Sweep spilled substance into containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: No special environmental precautions required.|Precautions for safe handling: Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.|Appropriate engineering controls: General industrial hygiene practice.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.

The substance is mildly irritating to the eyes.

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water.

Separated from acids.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a nuisance-causing concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is mildly irritating to the eyes.

Wear safety spectacles.

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Sodium bicarbonate is a white crystalline powder or granules. It is used in manufacturing many sodium salts, as a source of carbon dioxide, ingredient of baking powder, and effervescent salts and beverages, in fire extinguishers, cleaning compounds. It is also used in analytical chemistry for pH adjustment. It is used in aquaculture as an anesthetic for fish in the United States. Sodium bicarbonate is used in the treatment of metabolic acidosis associated with many conditions. It is also used in veterinary medicine. HUMAN STUDIES: Risks of acute and chronic oral bicarbonate ingestion include metabolic alkalosis, hypernatremia, hypertension, gastric rupture, hyporeninemia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, intravascular volume depletion, and urinary alkalinization. Abrupt cessation of chronic excessive bicarbonate ingestion may result in hyperkalemia, hypoaldosteronism, volume contraction, and disruption of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. The anticoagulant effects of sodium bicarbonate was investigated in fresh human whole blood obtained from normal healthy volunteers. Prothrombin and thrombin clotting time determination indicated that bicarbonate can interfere with the clotting process. ANIMAL STUDIES: Sodium bicarbonate was irritating to the rabbit eye. It was slightly irritating when tested on the skin of rabbits. Sodium bicarbonate was evaluated for teratological effects, maximum dose levels were as follows: mice, 580 mg/kg; rats, 340 mg/kg; and rabbits, 330 mg/kg. No effects were found in any of these species. The mutagenicity of sodium bicarbonate was assessed in Salmonella/microsome assays using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA 92, TA 94, TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535 and TA 1537 with metabolic activation, and it was negative. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Several histological anomalies, including increased incidence of necrotic cells, suggested that fish were adversely affected as a result of exposure to >450 mg NaHCO3/L.

Concurrent use /of citrates/ with sodium bicarbonate may promote the development of calcium stones in patients with uric acid stones, due to sodium ion opposition to the hypocalciuric effect of the alkaline load; may also cause hypernatremia.|Chronic administration of bicarbonate with milk or calcium may cause the milk-alkali syndrome which is characterized by hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, metabolic alkalosis, nausea, vomiting, headache, mental confusion, and anorexia. During the acute phase of the milk-alkali syndrome, the condition is reversible when the calcium and alkali are withdrawn. However, in patients with chronic milk-alkali syndrome, reduced renal function may persist even after calcium and alkali are discontinued. Patients with a salt-losing nephropathy have an increased risk of developing the milk-alkali syndrome.|Concurrent use /of anticholinergics or other medications with anticholinergic action/ with sodium bicarbonate may decrease absorption, reducing the effectiveness of the anticholinergic; doses of these medications should be spaced 1 hour apart from doses of sodium bicarbonate; also, urinary excretion may be delayed by alkalinization of the urine, thus potentiating the side effects of the anticholinergic|Antacids may alkalinize the urine and counteract the effect of urinary acidifiers /such as ammonium chloride, ascorbic acid and potassium or sodium phosphates/; frequent use of antacids, especially in high doses, is best avoided by patients receiving therapy to acidify the urine.|For more Interactions (Complete) data for Sodium bicarbonate (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Rat oral 4,220 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 3360 mg/kg

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Some tributaries in the Powder River Structural Basin, USA /southeast Montana and northeast Wyoming/, were historically ephemeral, but now contain water year round as a result of discharge of coalbed natural gas (CBNG)-produced waters. This presented the opportunity to study field sites with 100% effluent water with elevated concentrations of sodium bicarbonate. In situ experiments, static renewal experiments performed simultaneously with in situ experiments, and static renewal experiments performed with site water in the laboratory demonstrated that CBNG-produced water reduces survival of fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) and pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus). Age affected survival of fathead minnow, where fish 2 days posthatch (dph) were more sensitive than 6 dph fish, but pallid sturgeon survival was adversely affected at both 4 and 6 dph. This may have implications for acute assays that allow for the use of fish up to 14 dph. The survival of early lifestage fish is reduced significantly in the field when concentrations of NaHCO(3) rise to more than 1500 mg/L (also expressed as >1245 mg HCO(3)/L). Treatment with the Higgin's Loop technology and dilution of untreated water increased survival in the laboratory. The mixing zones of the 3 outfalls studied ranged from approximately 800 m to 1200 m below the confluence. These experiments addressed the acute toxicity of effluent waters but did not address issues related to the volumes of water that may be added to the watershed.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) is the principal salt in coal bed natural gas produced water from the Powder River Structural Basin, Wyoming, USA, and concentrations of up to 3000 mg NaHCO3/L have been documented at some locations. No adequate studies have been performed to assess the chronic effects of NaHCO3 exposure. The present study was initiated to investigate the chronic toxicity and define sublethal effects at the individual organism level to explain the mechanisms of NaHCO3 toxicity. Three chronic experiments were completed with fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas), 1 with white suckers (Catostomus commersoni), 1 with Ceriodaphnia dubia, and 1 with a freshwater mussel, (Lampsilis siliquoidea). The data demonstrated that approximately 500 mg NaHCO3/L to 1000 mg NaHCO3/L affected all species of experimental aquatic animals in chronic exposure conditions. Freshwater mussels were the least sensitive to NaHCO3 exposure, with a 10-day inhibition concentration that affects 20% of the sample population (IC20) of 952 mg NaHCO3/L. The IC20 for C. dubia was the smallest, at 359 mg NaHCO3/L. A significant decrease in sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na(+)/K(+) ATPase) together with the lack of growth effects suggests that Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activity was shut down before the onset of death. Several histological anomalies, including increased incidence of necrotic cells, suggested that fish were adversely affected as a result of exposure to >450 mg NaHCO3/L.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Water produced during coal bed natural gas (CBNG) extraction in the Powder River Structural Basin of Wyoming and Montana (USA) may contain concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) of more than 3000 mg/L. The authors evaluated the acute toxicity of NaHCO3, also expressed as bicarbonate (HCO3(-)), to 13 aquatic organisms. Of the 13 species tested, 7 had a median lethal concentration (LC50) less than 2000 mg/L NaHCO3, or 1300 mg/L HCO3(-). The most sensitive species were Ceriodaphnia dubia, freshwater mussels (Lampsilis siliquoidea), pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus), and shovelnose sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus platorynchus). The respective LC50s were 989 mg/L, 1120 mg/L, 1249 mg/L, and 1430 mg/L NaHCO3, or 699 mg/L, 844 mg/L, 831 mg/L, and 1038 mg/L HCO3(-). Age affected the sensitivity of fathead minnows, even within life stage. Two days posthatch, fathead minnows were more sensitive to NaHCO3 and HCO3(-) compared with 4-day-old fish, even though fish up to 14 days old are commonly used for toxicity evaluations. The authors recommend that ion toxicity exposures be conducted with organisms less than 24 hr posthatch to ensure that experiments document the most sensitive stage of development. The results of the present study, along with historical and current research regarding the toxicity of bicarbonate, may be useful to establish regulatory standards for HCO3(-).|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ ... Increased NaHCO3 added to Ceriodaphnia dubia in synthetic or natural water gave similar 48-hr 10% effective concentration (EC10) values of 1750 + or -125 mg NaHCO3/L (mean+ or -standard error) and 1670+ or -180 mg NaHCO3/L, respectively. Bicarbonate was toxic to C. dubia in both waters with conductivities above 1900 uS/cm. In contrast, when conductivity was elevated with NaCl, toxicity to C. dubia was observed only above 2800 uS/cm. Bicarbonate also impaired C. dubia reproduction with an EC10 of 340 mg NaHCO3/L. Major ion composition also influenced Zn bioavailability, a common co-occurring metal contaminant in coal mine waters, with sublethal concentrations of NaHCO3 and elevated pH increasing Zn toxicity. Higher pH was the dominant parameter determining a 10-fold increase in the 48-hr 50% effective concentration (EC50) for Zn toxicity to C. dubia at pH 8.6 of 34 ug Zn/L (95% confidence limit= 32-37 ug Zn/L) compared with the Zn toxicity at approximately circumneutral pH. Exposure of the freshwater shrimp Paratya australiensis (Atyidae) in natural water to increasing bicarbonate gave a mean 10-d 10% lethal concentration (LC10) of 850+ or -115 mg NaHCO3/L, associated with a mean conductivity EC10 of 1145 uS/cm, which is considerably lower than toxicity of NaCl and artificial seawater to this species reported elsewhere. Because toxicity was influenced by salt composition, specific ions should be regulated rather than conductivity alone in mine wastewater discharges.

... Volume expansion can increase blood pressure and promote edema, so that use of even moderate amt of sodium bicarbonate may be hazardous to persons with renal insufficiency or incipient or active hypertension or cardiac failure.|Sodium bicarbonate should be used with extreme caution in patients with congestive heart failure or other edematous or sodium-retaining conditions; in patients with renal insufficiency, especially those with severe insufficiency such as oliguria or anuria ...

... nahcolite ... the mineral form of pure sodium bicarbonate. ...|Sodium bicarbonate for eggshell formation in birds is produced by the activity of the enzyme carbonic anhydrase(13).

According to the 2016 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, 24 reporting facilities estimate the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed during the manufacturing, processing, or use of sodium bicarbonate in the United States may be as low as 10 workers to less than 10,000 but unknown or unreasonably ascertainable as to how many workers per plant; the data may be greatly underestimated due to confidential business information (CBI) or unknown values(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 883,204 workers ( 31,721 of these are female) are potentially exposed to sodium bicarbonate in the US(1). Occupational exposure to sodium bicarbonate may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where isobutylene is produced or used. Use data indicate the the general population may be exposed to sodium bicarbonate via ingestion of food, drinking water and dermal contact with consumer products and medicines containing sodium bicarbonate(SRC).

Sodium bicarbonate is used for the treatment of metabolic acidosis which may occur in severe renal disease, uncontrolled diabetes, circulatory insufficiency due to shock or severe dehydration, extracorporeal circulation of blood, cardiac arrest and severe primary lactic acidosis. Also is indicated in severe diarrhea which is often accompanied by a significant loss of bicarbonate. Further indicated in the treatment of certain drug intoxications, including barbiturates (where dissociation of the barbiturateprotein complex is desired), in poisoning by salicylates or methyl alcohol and in hemolytic reactions requiring alkalinization of the urine to diminish nephrotoxicity of blood pigments.

Sodium bicarbonate is used in the treatment of metabolic acidosis associated with many conditions including severe renal disease (e.g., renal tubular acidosis), uncontrolled diabetes (ketoacidosis), extracorporeal circulation of the blood, cardiac arrest, circulatory insufficiency caused by shock or severe dehydration, ureterosigmoidostomy, lactic acidosis, alcoholic ketoacidosis, use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and ammonium chloride administration. In metabolic acidosis, the principal disturbance is a loss of proton acceptors (e.g., loss of bicarbonate during severe diarrhea) or accumulation of an acid load (e.g., ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, renal tubular acidosis).|The specific role of sodium bicarbonate therapy in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis has not been established. Because correction of the underlying metabolic disorder generally results in correction of acid-base abnormalities and because of the potential risks of sodium bicarbonate therapy in the treatment of this disorder, administration of sodium bicarbonate is generally reserved for the treatment of severe acidosis (e.g., arterial pH less than 7-7.15 or serum bicarbonate concentration of 8 mEq/L or less). Rapid correction of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis may cause hypokalemia, paradoxical acidosis in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) since carbon dioxide diffuses more rapidly into CSF than does bicarbonate, and lactic acidosis since increased pH increases hemoglobin-oxygen affinity which, when combined with erythrocyte 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) deficiency in these patients, results in peripheral tissue hypoxia. However, the benefits and risks of sodium bicarbonate therapy in ketoacidosis have not been fully determined, and additional controlled studies of the safety and efficacy of the drug are necessary. Generally, when sodium bicarbonate is used in the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, the acidosis should only be partially corrected (e.g., to an arterial pH of about 7.2) to avoid rebound metabolic alkalosis as ketones are metabolized.|Oral sodium bicarbonate is indicated to reduce uric acid crystallization as an adjuvant to uricosuric medication in gout. /Included in US product labeling/|Parenteral sodium bicarbonate is indicated in the treatment of certain drug intoxications, including barbiturates, and in poisoning by salicylates or methyl alcohol. /Included in US product labeling/|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for Sodium bicarbonate (29 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Sodium bicarbonate is generally contraindicated in patients with metabolic or respiratory alkalosis, in patients with hypocalcemia in whom alkalosis may induce tetany, in patients with excessive chloride loss from vomiting or continuous GI suctioning, and in patients at risk of developing diuretic-induced hypochloremic alkalosis. Sodium bicarbonate should not be used orally as an antidote in the treatment of acute ingestion of strong mineral acids, since carbon dioxide gas forms during neutralization and may cause gastric distention and possible rupture.|Sodium bicarbonate should be used with extreme caution in patients with congestive heart failure or other edematous or sodium-retaining conditions; in patients with renal insufficiency, especially those with severe insufficiency such as oliguria or anuria; and in patients receiving corticosteroids or corticotropin, since each gram of sodium bicarbonate contains about 12 mEq of sodium. IV administration of sodium bicarbonate may cause fluid and/or solute overload resulting in dilution of serum electrolytes, overhydration, congestive conditions, or pulmonary edema. The risk of dilutional conditions is inversely proportional to the electrolyte concentration administered, and the risk of solute overload and resultant congestive conditions with peripheral and/or pulmonary edema is directly proportional to the electrolyte concentration administered.|Gastric distention and flatulence may occur when sodium bicarbonate is administered orally. Inadvertent extravasation of hypertonic solutions of sodium bicarbonate has reportedly caused chemical cellulitis because of their alkalinity, subsequently resulting in tissue necrosis, ulceration, and/or sloughing at the site of injection.|Predisposing factors /contributing to milk-alkali syndrome/ are preexisting hypertension, sarcoidosis, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance due to vomiting or aspiration of gastric contents with inadequate iv fluid replacement, and renal dysfunction caused by primary renal disease.|For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for Sodium bicarbonate (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Intravenous sodium bicarbonate therapy increases plasma bicarbonate, buffers excess hydrogen ion concentration, raises blood pH and reverses the clinical manifestations of acidosis.

Elimination: Renal; carbon dioxide formed is eliminated via lungs.|Excess sodium bicarbonate is emptied rapidly into small intestine where it is absorbed.|It is eliminated principally in the urine and effectively alkalizes it. ... /It/ is completely absorbed orally and usually is excreted within 3-4 hr.|Oral: Onset of action: Rapid; Duration: 8-10 minutes. I.V: Onset of action: 15 minutes; duration: 1-2 hours.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Sodium bicarbonate (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Excessive use can cause systemic alkalosis /in animals/, but body usually splits bicarbonate radical into water and carbon dioxide ...|Sodium bicarbonate rapidly reacts with hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride, carbon dioxide, and water; excess bicarbonate that does not neutralize gastric acid rapidly empties into the small intestine and is absorbed.

Sodium bicarbonate is a systemic alkalizer, which increases plasma bicarbonate, buffers excess hydrogen ion concentration, and raises blood pH, thereby reversing the clinical manifestations of acidosis. It is also a urinary alkalizer, increasing the excretion of free bicarbonate ions in the urine, thus effectively raising the urinary pH. By maintaining an alkaline urine, the actual dissolution of uric acid stones may be accomplished. Sodium bicarbonate acts as an antacid and reacts chemically to neutralize or buffer existing quantities of stomach acid but has no direct effect on its output. This action results in increased pH value of stomach contents, thus providing relief of hyperacidity symptoms. [PharmGKB]

Free-flowing food grade contains 0.6% tricalcium phosphate.|For the food grade: Na2CO3, 0.2%; NaCl, 0.004%; H2O, 0.05%; insolubles, 0.003%

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound include irritation of the skin, eyes, nose and throat, coughing, chest discomfort and gastrointestinal disturbance. It may cause distention or rupture of the stomach, systemic alkalosis, edema and expansion of extracellular fluid volume. Severe alkalosis may be characterized by hyperirritability and tetany. It can cause cerebral edema leading to death. It may also cause renal injury. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: When heated to decomposition this compound emits toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and sodium oxides. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Oral ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (bicarbonate loading) has acute ergogenic effects on short-duration, high-intensity exercise. Because sodium bicarbonate is 27% sodium, ergogenic doses (ie, 300 mg/kg) result in sodium intakes well above the Dietary Reference Intakes upper limit of 2300 mg/day. Therefore, it is conceivable that bicarbonate loading could have hypertensive effects. Therefore, we performed a double-blind crossover trial to evaluate the hypothesis that bicarbonate loading increases resting and exercise blood pressure (BP). A secondary hypothesis was that bicarbonate loading causes gastrointestinal distress. Eleven endurance-trained men and women (exercise frequency, 4.6 +/- 0.4 sessions/wk; duration, 65 +/- 6 min/session) underwent testing on two occasions in random sequence: once after bicarbonate loading (300 mg/kg) and once after placebo ingestion. BP and heart rate were measured before bicarbonate or placebo consumption, 30 minutes after consumption, during 20 min of steady state submaximal cycling exercise, and during recovery. Bicarbonate loading did not affect systolic BP during rest, exercise, or recovery (P = 0.38 for main treatment effect). However, it resulted in modestly higher diastolic BP (main treatment effect, +3.3 +/- 1.1 mmHg, P = 0.01) and higher heart rate (main treatment effect, +10.1 +/- 2.4 beats per minute, P = 0.002). Global ratings of gastrointestinal distress severity (0-10 scale) were greater after bicarbonate ingestion (5.1 +/- 0.5 vs 0.5 +/- 0.2, P < 0.0001). Furthermore, 10 of the 11 subjects (91%) experienced diarrhea, 64% experience bloating and thirst, and 45% experienced nausea after bicarbonate loading. In conclusion, although a single, ergogenic dose of sodium bicarbonate does not appear to have acute, clinically important effects on resting or exercise BP, it does cause substantial gastrointestinal distress.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ In neutralizing gastric acid, distention and possible damage or rupture of the stomach may occur from carbon dioxide release.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Sodium bicarbonate is an extremely well-known agent that historically has been used for a variety of medical conditions. Despite the widespread use of oral bicarbonate, little documented toxicity has occurred, and the emergency medicine literature contains no reports of toxicity caused by the ingestion of baking soda. Risks of acute and chronic oral bicarbonate ingestion include metabolic alkalosis, hypernatremia, hypertension, gastric rupture, hyporeninemia, hypokalemia, hypochloremia, intravascular volume depletion, and urinary alkalinization. Abrupt cessation of chronic excessive bicarbonate ingestion may result in hyperkalemia, hypoaldosteronism, volume contraction, and disruption of calcium and phosphorus metabolism.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ ... When large doses of sodium bicarbonate and calcium carbonate were administered with milk or cream for the management of peptic ulcer, the milk-alkali syndrome occurred frequently. This syndrome ... results from large quantities of Ca+2 taken with milk. Patients may be asymptomatic or may present with the insidious onset of hypercalcemia, reduced secretion of parathyroid hormone, retention of phosphate, precipitation of Ca+2 salts in the kidney, and renal insufficiency.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Sodium bicarbonate (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Baking Soda

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.

Redness.

35% for foods, mostly in baking powder, but also in ready and premixes, flour and candy; 30% in industry and household chemical manufacture; 13% in pharmaceuticals; 12% in fire extinguishers; 5% in soaps and detergents; 4% for leather tanning, textile and paper production; 12% for misc applications (1973)|Food preparation, 30 %; Animal feed 20%; Rubber and industrial chemicals, 15 %; Pharmaceuticals, 11%; Fire extinguishers, 9 %; Soap and detergents, 5%; Other, including textiles, paper, and leather, 10%.|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Sodium Bicarbonate. Food preparation, 34%; animal feed, 24%; industrial chemicals, 13%; soap and detergents, 10%; exports, 6%; pharmaceuticals, 4%; fire extinguishers, 3%; other, including textiles, paper and leather, 6%.|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Sodium bicarbonate. Demand: 1987: 325,000 tons; 1988: 330,000 tons; 1992 /projected/: 360,000 tons (Does not include imports, which totaled 12,800 tons last year.)|For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for Sodium bicarbonate (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Grade: Commercial, pure, highest purity, CP /chemically pure/, USP, FCC /Food Chemical Codex/.|The bicarbonate of commerce is about 99.8% pure.|Table: Sodium Bicarbonate [Table#1988]|Commercial grades include U.S.P. and food grade; animal feed and industrial grade|Sodium bicarbonate /present in/: Arm & Hammer Carpet Deodorizer and Arm & Hammer Cat Litter Deodorizer.

Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting|Carbonic acid sodium salt (1:1): ACTIVE|First registered as a fungicide in USA in 1994.

Sodium bicarbonate standard solution... /is determined by the manometric method/.|AOAC Method No. 973.54 Sodium in Water. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FLAA) Detection Limit = Range, 1.0 mg/L /Sodium/|ASTM Method No. D4185 Standard Practice for Measurement of Metals in Workplace Atmosphere by Atomic Absorption. Flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FLAA) Detection Limit = 0.0002 ug/mL. /Sodium/|OSW Method No. 6010A Inductively Coupled-Plasma (ICP) Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. ICP Detection Limit = EIDL, 29 ug/L /Sodium/|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for Sodium bicarbonate (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Processing Aids and Additives|Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern|Food additives|Agrochemicals -> Fungicides|Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients|Food Additives -> ACIDITY_REGULATOR; LEAVENING_AGENT; RAISING_AGENT; -> JECFA Functional Classes|Cosmetics -> Abrasive; Buffering; Deodorant; Oral care

Food Additives -> ACIDITY_REGULATOR; LEAVENING_AGENT; RAISING_AGENT;