Ethephon

144.49400

144.49

240-718-3

XU5R5VQ87S

DTXSID7024085

Needles from benzene|White waxy solid|White crystalline powder

2931900043

67.34000

0.40290

1.58 g/cm³

74-75 °C

333.4ºC at 760 mmHg

155.4ºC

1.479

Miscible with water /1X10+6 mg/L/ at 25 deg C

2-8ºC

2.62E-05mmHg at 25°C

LD50 orally in mice: 2850 mg/kg (Hennighausen)

Henry's Law constant = 1.43X10-13 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

Dissociation Constants: pKa1 = 2.5; pKa2 = 7.2 (diprotic acid)

Spray formulations are quite acidic, about pH 1.0. May be irritating to exposed skin and eyes, or if inhaled.|Very hygroscopic (/needles/ must be dried over P2O5)

II

6.1

UN 2928

2

R20/21; R34; R52/53

S26-S28-S36/37/39-S45-S61

SZ7100000

C

Sensitive to UV irradiation.

P261-P273-P280-P303 + P361 + P353-P304 + P340 + P310-P305 + P351 + P338

H302 + H332-H311-H314-H411

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|Pesticide wastes are acutely hazardous. Improper disposal of excess pesticides, spray mixture, or rinsate is a violation of Federal law. If these wastes cannot be disposed of by use according to label instruction, contact your Stat Pesticide or Environmental Control Agency or the Hazardous Waste representative at the nearest EPA Regional Office for guidance. /Boll Buster/|SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.|Must be disposed of by special means, e.g., suitable incineration, in accordance with local regulations.|Recommendable methods: Incineration. Peer-review: Large amt should be incinerated in a unit with effluent gas scrubbing. (Peer-review conclusions of an IRPTC expert consultation (May 1985))

Incompatibility: Oxidizing agents ans alkaline materials. Corrosive to iron, mild steel, aluminum, and copper. /Boll Buster/|Incompatible with alkaline materials and with solutions containing metal ions, eg iron, zinc, copper, and manganese-containing fungicides.

|Danger|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P301+P312, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P391, P405, and P501|H302 (79.03%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 310 companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H312: Harmful in contact with skin [Warning Acute toxicity, dermal]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P281, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P309+P311, P310, P312, P321, P322, P363, P405, and P501

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE): Applicators and other handlers must wear: Coveralls over short sleeved shirts and short pants, chemical resistant gloves made of any waterproof material (such as Nitrile, Butyl, Neoprene and/or Barrier Laminate), chemical resistant footwear plus socks, protective eyewear, chemical resistant headgear for overhead exposure adn chemical resistant apron when cleaning equipment or mixing and loading. /Boll Buster/|Wear a NIOSH approved pesticide respirator with organic vapor cartridge and pesticide prefilter. /Boll Buster/|GLOVES & EYE SHIELDS ARE ADVISED.

NONFLAMMABLE

Extinguishing Media: Considered non-combustible. Use medium appropriate to surrounding fire. Foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water, or fog. /Boll Buster/|Special Fire Fighting Procedures: Wear protective clothing and self contained breathing apparatus. Do not breathe smoke, gases or vapors. keep non-essential personnel away from the immediate fire area, and out of any fall-out or run-off areas. /Boll Buster/

Small spill or leak: Avoid bodily contact. Confine spill by diking with suitable absorbent material and recover as much free lquid as possible. If spilled on the ground, the affected soil whould be removed to a depth of one or two inches and placed in an appropriate container for proper disposal in accordance with all Federal, State and Local regulations. /Boll Buster/|Large spill or leak: Follow basic procedure as outlined in small spill or leak steps above. Follow this by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Absorb any excess liquid and add to the drums of waste collected. Repeat if necessary. If spilled on the ground, the affected soil should be removed to a depth of one or two inches and placed in an appropriate container for proper disposal. Dispose in accordance with Federal, State, and Local regulations. /Boll Buster/|Do not allow any spill materials to enter waterways. /Boll Buster/|Large spills should be dammed-off and pumped into containers; soak up remainder with absorbent material and dispose of in accordance with local regulations.

Use Boll Buster only in accordance with its labeling and with the Worker Protection Standard, 40 CFR part 170. /Boll Buster/|Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted entry interval (REI) of 48 hr. The REI is 72 hr in areas where average rainfall is less than 25 inches per year. /Boll Buster/|Do not enter or allow worker entry into treated areas during the restricted entry interval (REI) of 48 hr. The REI is 72 hr in areas where average rainfall is less than 25 inches per year. PPE required for early entry to treated areas that is permitted under the Worker Protection Standard and that involves contact with anything that has been treated such as plants, soil, or water, is coveralls over long sleeved shirt and long pants, chemical resistant gloves such as any water proof gloves, chemical resistant footwear plus socks, and protective eyewear. for overhead exposure, chemical resistant headgear is required. notify workers of the application by warning them orally and posting warning signs at entrances to treated areas. /Boll Buster/|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for ETHEPHON (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

May be irritating to exposed skin and eyes, or if inhaled.

PRETREATMENT OF WILD GARLIC (ALLIUM VINEALE L) SHOOTS WITH LOW CONCN OF 2-CHLOROETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID (CEPA) INCR BASIPETAL TRANSLOCATION OF FOLIAR-APPLIED DICAMBA. ... ETHYLENE FROM CEPA ALTERED METABOLIC "SINK SOURCE" RELATIONSHIPS & PERMITTED INCR BASIPETAL TRANSPORT.|CUT FLOWERINGSTEMS OF TULIPA CULTIVARS WERE TREATED WITH SILVER THIOSULFATE AT 0.01 TO 2.0 MM FOR 10 MIN TO 24 HR. SILVER THIOSULFATE TREATMENT COMPLETELY ABOLISHED INHIBITION OF STEM ELONGATION CAUSED BY TREATMENT WITH ETHEPHON.|DIP TREATMENTS WERE GIVEN TO DORMANT POTATO TUBERS WITH MIXT OF ETHREL & GIBBERELLIC ACID. COMBINATION OF THESE WAS MORE EFFECTIVE FOR SPROUT INDUCTION THAN EITHER APPLIED ALONE. OPTIMUM PROPORTION OF GIBBERELLIN TO ETHREL IS 60-40.|A range of pesticides is widely used in pest management and the chances of exposure to multiple organophosphorus compounds simultaneously are high, especially from dietary and other sources. Although health hazards of individual organophosphorus insecticides have been relatively well characterized, there is lesser information on the interactive toxicity of multiple organophosphorus insecticides. The aim of this study is to elicit the possible interactions in case combined exposure of an organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos and a plant growth regulator ethephon which are used worldwide. The ileum segments of 3 months old Wistar Albino male rats were used in isolated organ bath containing Tyrode solution. Ethephon and chlorpyrifos were incubated (10(-7) M concentration) separately or in combination with each other to ileum and their effects on acetylcholine-induced contractions were studied. The data obtained from this study show that, single and combined exposure to the agents caused agonistic interactions with regard to potency of acetylcholine whereas they caused a decrease on E(max) value of acetylcholine. These findings suggest that exposure to these agents which have direct and indirect cholinergic effects, may cause developing clinical responses with small doses and earlier but the extent of toxicity will be lower.|Health effects of subacute treatment of combinations of gibberellic acid and ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) were investigated. Mice was used as an experimental model. Ten groups of male ICR (CD-1) mice were treated with oral doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg of either gibberellic acid (GA3), ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) alone or in combination / kg body weight for 11 weeks. A significant dose dependent reduction in weight gain and low dry matter intakes were recorded in animals treated with the combination of both chemicals. Treated groups showed statistically significant increases in mean liver, kidney and spleen weights. Hemoglobin (Hb) and total erythrocyte count (TEC) decreased while total leukocyte count (TLC) was raised in all treated groups. Gibberellic acid (alone) treated animals showed the highest activity of liver aspartate aminotransferase (AST) while no significant variations were recorded among other groups. No significant differences were recorded in the activity of hepatic alanine aminotransferase (ALT). A highly significant variation was recorded among the three treatments in serum urea level. No significant difference was noted among the three treatments in serum creatinine. All treatments caused significant dose dependent increases in creatinine than that of the control group. A highly significant dose dependent variation occurred in acetyl choline esterase (AChE) activity among treated groups. Groups treated with ethephon alone showed the greatest inhibition in brain AChE.

LD50 Rat oral 4000 mg/kg|LD50 Rabbit percutaneous 5730 mg/kg

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Rainbow trout and Bluegill sunfish appeared relatively tolerant.|/PLANTS/ Phytotoxic when used at extremely high rates.

Ethephon's production and use as a ripening aid(1), flow stimulant of rubber and pine gum(2), and defoliant(3) is expected to result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1) experimental Koc values ranging from 608 to 8547(2) indicate that ethephon is expected to have low to slight mobility in most soil types but also suggest that it could be immobile in a few soil types(SRC). Ethephon is a diprotic acid and has a pKa1 of 2.5 and pKa2 of 7.2(3), indicating that this compound will exist entirely in the anion form in the environment. Anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize(SRC). Ethephon applied to field sites in Southern California, North Carolina, and Washington (2-6 lb/gallon soluble concentrate (SC)/L), at 1.6-2 lb active ingredient per acre, dissipated with half-lives of 7-25 days(1). Ethephon is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 7.5X10-8 mm Hg at 20 °C(3). Aerobic degradation of ethephon results in the formation of ethylene gas and soil bound 2-hydroxy ethyl phosphonic acid. Ethephon has a half-life of 7.5 days in sandy loam soil with only 4.7 percent remaining after 30 days(2).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1) experimental Koc values ranging from 608 to 8547(2) indicate that ethephon is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa1 of 2.5 and pKa2 of 7.2(3) indicates ethenone will exist entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from its log Kow of -0.22(5) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Anerobic degradation of ethephon results in formation of ethylene and soil bound 2-hydroxy ethyl phosphonic acid. Ethephon has a half-life of 5.3 days in flooded silt loam sediment and in a sediment/pond water system only 1.8 percent of ethephon remained after 30 days incubation(2).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ethephon, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 7.5X10-8 mm Hg at 20 deg(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase ethephon may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Ethephon does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Ethephon is stable in aqueous solutions below pH 4.0 but above pH 4.0 and at cell cytoplasm pH, ethephon decomposes to yield ethylene, phosphate, and a chloride ion. The rate of reaction was not affected by the presence of urea, KI, CaCl2, MgCl2(1). In experiments that measured labeled-ethylene gas release, ethephon was shown to be stable to hydrolysis in acidic sterilized water, but hydrolyzed rapidly in neutral and alkaline waters. Hydrolytic degradation was not observed in a sterile pH 5 buffered solution incubated in the dark at 25 °C for 30 days with a calculated half-life of 73 days. Under neutral (pH 7) and basic (pH 9) conditions the respective half-lives were 2.4 and 1.0 days(2). Ethephon does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(3). A study of ethephon is in sterile buffered water, pH 5 when exposed to continuous artificial sunlight for 15 days at 25 °C showed it was stable to photolysis. The calculated half-life under irradiated conditions was 61 days and the non-irradiated half-life was 111 days. Assuming hydrolysis occurs concurrently to the same degree under irradiated conditions, then a "photodegradation-only" half-life can be determined to be 139 days(2).|Release experiments indicated ethephon release was independent of type of soil, texture, or the presence of organic matter. Release was however influenced by soil pH and moisture content. Ethephon at a concentration of 200 nmol was added to 5 g of each soil samples obtained from the Agricultural Soils and Animal Nutrition Laboratory of Alberta Agriculture in Edmonton, Alberta and incubated at 22 °C for 24 hours in the dark prior to analysis by GC. Release percentage was determined by measuring ethylene concentration evolved. A sandy loam soil of pH 8.8 showed a much more rapid degradation than another sandy loam soil of pH 6.5. Degradation of ethephon increased with soil moisture content(1).|On a sandy loam soil irradiated with an artificial light for a 12-hour daily photoperiod over 30 days, ethephon degraded with a half-life of 5.1 days. The dark control had a half-life of 8.0 days. Calculated rate constants indicated that photodegradation accounted for approximately 36 percent of the total degradation observed over a given 24-hour period and other degradative processes accounted for the remaining 64 percent. The major degradates were ethylene gas and soil-bound 2-hydroxy ethyl phosphonic acid which were both found in the irradiated and dark control systems. 2-Hydroxy ethyl phosphonic acid appeared to be persistent; its concentration increasing throughout the study period(1).|Ethephon is stable in aqueous solutions having pH <5; at higher pH, decomposition occurs with the liberation of ethylene; the half-life is 2.4 days (pH 7, 25 °C). The compound is sensitive to UV irradiation(1).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated for ethephon(SRC), using a measured log Kow of -0.22(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

1.00 L/kg|The Koc of ethephon ranges from 608 to 8547 determined from adsorption/desorption experiments(1). 14C-Ethephon in solution at 0.4, 1.3, 5.1, and 10.1 ppm and applied to loamy sand, silt loam soil, sandy loam and clay soils as well as in sandy loam pond sediments was equilibrated in the dark for 24 hours at 25 °C. Freundlich adsorption values were 2.4 for the silt loam soil, 7.2 for the loamy sand soil, 29.8 for sandy loam soil, 53.1 for the clay soil, and 57.3 for the sandy loam pond sediment; respective K values were 608, 3117, 4078, 3220, and 1676. Freundlich desorption values were 3.9 for the silt loam soil, 17.5 for the loamy sand soil, 62.4 for sandy loam soil, 69.0 for the clay soil, and 87.9 for the sandy loam pond sediment; respective K values were 992, 7600, 8547, 4181, and 2570(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this range of Koc values suggests that ethephon is expected to have a low to slight mobility in most soil types but also suggest that it could be immobile in a few soil types. The pKa1of 2.5 and pKa2 of 7.2 indicates that this compound will exist entirely in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(3).

The Henry's Law constant for ethephon is estimated as 1.43X10-13 atm-cu m/mole(SRC)derived from its vapor pressure, 7.5X10-7 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1X10+6 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that ethephon is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). Ethephon's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected(SRC).

WHEN...FED TO LACTATING COW IN DIET @ 5 PPM, SOME OF DOSE WAS EXCRETED UNCHANGED IN URINE (9.8%), BUT NONE WAS PRESENT IN MILK OR FECES.

Occupational exposure via inhalation and dermal contact to ethephon may occur to mixer/loader/applicator (handlers) of this chemical. These exposure routes are possible at workplaces where ethephon is produced or used during activities that include open pouring, broadcast (aerial and ground) application, and application with hand-held equipment. Post application dermal and inhalation exposure to persons entering recently treated areas was also identified as a potential exposure pathway(1). The general population is not likely to be exposed to ethephon due to its rapid degradation under environmental conditions(SRC).

Any of the hormones produced naturally in plants and active in controlling growth and other functions. There are three primary classes: auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins. (See all compounds classified as Plant Growth Regulators.)

WHEN...FED TO LACTATING COW IN DIET @ 5 PPM, SOME OF DOSE WAS EXCRETED UNCHANGED IN URINE (9.8%), BUT NONE WAS PRESENT IN MILK OR FECES.|WITHIN 12 HR AFTER APPLICATION OF CEPA TO LEAF SURFACES OF APPLE & CHERRY TREES, ETHYLENE WAS DETECTED. CEPA IN LEAVES, HULL, SHELL & KERNEL OF WALNUTS WAS ALSO METABOLIZED.

AFTER EXPOSURE OF PLANTS TO CEPA, ETHYLENE WAS EVOLVED. PHOSPHATE & CHLORIDE WERE ALSO DETECTED.|IN LEAF & STEM TISSUE OF HEVEA BRASILIENSIS, 2-CEPA WAS CONVERTED INTO 13 & 20 COMPD, RESPECTIVELY. ONE OF COMPD OBTAINED FROM STEM & LEAF WAS IDENTIFIED ... AS 2-HYDROXYETHYL-PHOSPHONIC ACID. THIS COMPD ALSO FORMED ... WHEN ... INCUBATED FOR SEVERAL DAYS IN BUFFER SOLN @ ROOM TEMP.|In rye, ethephon was metabolized to ethylene and CO2.|In suspension cultures of Hevea brasiliensis, ethephon was metabolized to a number of compounds. One chromatographed similarly to 2-hydroxy-ethylphosphonic acid.|For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for ETHEPHON (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Plant growth regulator with systemic properties. Penetrates into the plant tissues, and is decomposed to ethylene, which affects the growth processes.|Studies have established the variety of target sites in pests and nontarget organisms at which the metabolically activated organophosphorus pesticides act. The high potency and specificity of the organophosphorus pesticides have made these cmpd useful chemical probes to further the knowledge of their mode of action and their metabolism. Many organophosphorus pesticides have been classified as phosphorylating agents. Some enzymes inhibited by organophosphorus cmpd have included acetylcholinesterase, kynurenine formamidase, neuropathy-target esterase, carboxyesterases, and other unknown esterases. Bioactive phosphorylating agents have been designed that are sufficiently stable to reach the organism, yet are reactive at the target site. The majority of organophosphorus bioactivations have been initiated by oxidation at sulfur or nitrogen connected to phosphorus, but some bioactivations involve oxidation at carbon or heteroatom centers distant from phosphorus. The phosphorus center is not the toxic site of some organophosphorus cmpd. The toxic effects of phosphinyliminodithiolanes, phosphorothionates, and ethephon are mediated through other reactive moieties.|Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is inhibited by the plant growth regulator (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) as observed 25 years ago both in vitro and in vivo in rats and mice and more recently in subchronic studies at low doses with human subjects. The proposed mechanism is phosphorylation of the BChE active site at S198 by ethephon dianion. The present study tests this hypothesis directly using [(33)P]ethephon and recombinant BChE (rBChE) with single amino acid substitutions and further evaluates if BChE is the most sensitive esterase target in vitro and with mice in vivo. [(33)P]Ethephon labels purified rBChE but not enzymatically inactive diethylphosphoryl-rBChE (derivatized at S198 by preincubation with chlorpyrifos oxon) or several other esterases and proteins. Amino acid substitutions that greatly reduce rBChE sensitivity to ethephon are G117H and G117K in the oxyanion hole (which may interfere with hydrogen bonding between glycine-N-H and ethephon dianion) and A328F, A328W, and A328Y (perhaps by impeding access to the active site gorge). Other substitutions that do not affect sensitivity are D70N, D70K, D70G, and E197Q which are not directly involved in the catalytic triad. The effect of pH and buffer composition on inhibition supports the hypothesis that ethephon dianion is the actual phosphorylating agent without activation by divalent cations. Human plasma BChE in vitro and mouse plasma BChE in vitro and in vivo are more sensitive to ethephon than any other esterases detected by butyrylthiocholine or 1-naphthyl acetate hydrolysis in native-PAGE. All mouse liver esterases observed are less sensitive than plasma BChE to ethephon in vitro and in vivo. More than a dozen other esterases examined are 10-100-fold less sensitive than BChE to ethephon. Thus, BChE inhibition continues to be the most sensitive marker of ethephon exposure.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organophosphates and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Aggressive airway control may be needed. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Organophosphates and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously and consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer atropine. Correct hypoxia before giving atropine ... . Administer pralidoxime chloride (2 PAM). USE UNDER DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDERS ONLY ... . Treat seizures with adequate atropinization and correction of hypoxia. In rare cases diazepam or lorazepam may be necessary ... . Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organophosphates and related compounds/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Five male volunteers received a dose of 1.5 mg/kg bw per day and five women received 2.2 mg/kg bw per day for 28 days, followed by a 14-day dose-free period. Neither plasma nor erythrocyte cholinesterase activity was inhibited, but transient symptoms consistent with inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity, including urinary urgency and gastrointestinal effects, were reported. The overall NOAEL for short-term effects of ethephon in humans was 0.5 mg/kg bw per day.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ 10 male and 10 female volunteers received ethephon orally by capsule at 0.5 mg/kg bw per day for 16 days. Plasma cholinesterase activity was significantly inhibited, but no gross symptoms or changes in haematological, clinical chemical or urine end-points were associated with treatment.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ When volunteers were given ethephon orally at a dose of 0.17 or 0.33 mg/kg bw per day (in three divided doses), the only significant finding was inhibition of plasma cholinesterase activity. No gross symptoms or changes in haematological, clinical chemical or urine end-points were associated with treatment.

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid

On average about 4.1 million pounds of ethephon are used annually on 1.7 million acres. The crops with highest percent crop treated are tart cherries (61%), grapes (40%), processed tomatoes (15%), and cotton (10%).

Aqueous solutions, liquid concentrate.|Premix Partners: AMADS, chlormequat chloride; cyclanilide; mepiquat chloride.|Emulsifiable concentrate; suspension concentrate (flowable concentrate); soluble concentrate.|First Pick Cotton Harvest Aid/Defoliant (Nufarm Americas Inc): Ethephon 18.3%; Sulfuric acid, monourea adduct 58.6%.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for ETHEPHON (44 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies ethephon (technical grade) as Class III: slightly hazardous; Main Use: plant growth regulator.|ETHEPHON SPRAY ON TOMATO TRANSPLANTS (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM) 12 DAYS PRIOR TO PULLING RESULTED IN PARTIAL PROTECTION OF THE PLANTS FROM FROST INJURY AFTER TRANSPLANTING.|... Ethephon is an organophosphonate as opposed to an organophosphate. It is structurally different from and exhibits different physical/chemical properties than traditional organophosphate compounds. The toxicological profile of ethephon also differs from that of the organophosphate compounds.

EXTRACTED ETHEPHON RESIDUES ARE ESTERIFIED WITH DIAZOMETHANE, THEN ANALYZED BY GC USING AN ALKALI THERMIONIC OR FLAME PHOTOMETRIC DETECTOR IN PHOSPHORUS MODE.|Product analysis by measuring the ethylene, or phosphate ion, produced on treatment with concentrated alkali ... Residues determined by conversion to the dimethyl ester, measured by glc with NPD or FPD.|Analysis of products: by phosphorus determination using known methods, or by titration in aqueous solution with sodium hydroxide, and thymolphthalein as indicator; by determination of the ethylene produced on treatment with concentrated alkali. Analysis of residues: by GLC, with flame ionization detector or flame photometric detector.

Agrochemicals -> Plant Growth Regulators|Plant growth regulators|Environmental transformation -> Pesticides (parent, predecessor)

Ethephon has known environmental transformation products that include 2-hydroxyethanephosphonic acid.