VINYL CHLORIDE

62.5

62.50

200-831-0

TSCA listed

29032100

0

Colorless, liquefied compressed gas with a faint, sweetish odor

1.6

powder

0.911 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)

-153.8 °C(lit.)

-13.4 °C(lit.)

-78 °F

n20/D1.3700(lit.)

<1.1g/L(25 ºC)

2-8°C

3,428 at 30 °C (quoted, Standen, 1964)

2.21

The mechanisms of toxicity for noncancer effects of VC have not been completely determined.It is hypothesized that VC is metabolized to the reactive metabolites 2-chloroethylene oxide and, subsequently, 2-chloroacetaldehyde via mixed-function oxidases (MFOs), whose activity is primarily concentrated in the liver. The presence of the reactive 2-chloroacetaldehyde results in protein adduction, which interferes with normal cellular function, resulting in cytotoxicity. This is consistent with the progression of effects from hypertrophy to fatty changes, hyperplasia, and necrosis. Indications of binding to proteins such as immunoglobulin G (IgG) in occupationally exposed individuals show immune responses including B-cell proliferation, hyperimmunoglobulinemia, and complement activation and increased circulating immune complexes. It has been hypothesized that cardiac arrhythmia reported after VC exposure may result from sensitization of the heart to circulatory catecholamines, as occurs with other halogenated hydrocarbons.VC is a known human and animal carcinogen including both increased incidence of hepatic angiosarcomas and hepatotoxicity. It is thought that the mechanism for these liver effects is that VC is metabolized by MFO to form an epoxide intermediate, 2-chloroethylene oxide, which rearranges to form 2-chloroacetaldehyde. These reactive metabolites are transported from parenchymal cells to the nonparenchymal cells forming four primary DNA adducts which produce base–pair transitions during transcription and DNA cross-links. Such mutations can result in the mutation of ras oncogenes and the p53 tumor suppressor gene which are found in VC-exposed individuals.The metabolism of VC to highly reactive metabolites, the observance of DNA adduction in mechanistic studies, and the observed carcinogenicity resulting from a single, high-level inhalation exposure in animals suggest that the primary mechanism of VC carcinogenicity involves direct DNA interactions rather than secondary responses to cytotoxicity.

Open flame, flammable by heat; burning produces toxic chloride fumes

vol% in air: 3.63

Ethereal odor

1.50, 1.68, 2.17, 2.65, and 2.8 at 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 °C, respectively (EPICS, Ashworth et al.,1988)

Highly flammable. Forms polymeric peroxides that are explosive [Bretherick 1979. p. 164].

VINYL CHLORIDE is peroxidizable. Forms explosive polymeric peroxides in contact with air (in the presence of any of a variety of catalysts) [Bretherick 1979. p. 164]. Long storage in contact with air increases the concentration of the polyperoxides to hazardous levels [MCA Case History 1551. 1969]. The peroxides may initiate exothermic polymerization of the remaining material [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980.p. 958; Bretherick 1979. p. 160]. Light-sensitive. Many oxidizing agents apparently initiate polymerization (oxides of nitrogen, O2, etc.). May react with very hot water or steam to produce toxic fumes.

2-8°C

2.1

UN 1086 2.1

2

F+,T,F

53-45-36/37-16-7

KU9625000

F+,T,F

Vinyl chloride should be used in a well-ventilated area, preferably using a hood with forced ventilation. Some authorities believe that the odor of vinyl chloride does not provide adequate warning of its presence in concentrations sufficient to produce dizziness and unconsciousness, so special caution is urged against leaks and poor ventilation.Precautions required for the safe handling of all flammable gas must be observed with vinyl chloride. Adequate electrical grounding of all lines and equipment, and ditching or diking in storage tank areas to control the liquid in the event of vessel rupture are among recommended precautions. Ditching is preferable because the material should not be retained at a location directly beneath or surrounding the storage tanks. Installations must be designed to comply with requirements for unfired pressure vessels and all state, provincial, and local regulations. Personnel handling vinyl chloride should wear safety shoes, chemical safety goggles or a full face shield, and rubber gloves. An effective educational and training program must be instituted to inform the workers of the hazards involved in handling and using vinyl chloride and the first aid measures to be followed in the event of an emergency. For specific OSHA requirements, refer to 29 CFR 1910.1017.For respiratory protection, SCBA, air-line cartridge-type respirators, and U.S. Bureau of Mines or NIOSH approved canister-type, cartridge-type respirators should be available in emergencies. Instant-acting safety showers and eyewash fountains should be conveniently located near the site ofthe operation.Store and use cylinders of vinyl chloride in well-ventilated areas away from heat and all sources of ignition such as flames and sparks. Do not use vinyl chloride around sparking motors or other equipment that is not explosion-proof equipment. Do not store reserve cylinder stocks of vinyl chloride with cylinders containing oxygen, chlorine, or other highly oxidizing or combustible materials.

Open flame mixed with air, can be explosive when heated

Stable, but may be light sensitive. May undergo autopolymerization. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, chemically active metals, copper. Highly flammable. Severe explosion risk at concentrations of around 3%. It is reported that "large fires of this material are practically inextinguishable".

P201-P210-P260-P280-P301 + P310-P311

The vapor density is 2.16, which is heavier than air. It is toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorption. Vinyl chloride is a known human carcinogen. The TLV is 5 ppm in air. The four-digit UN identification number is 1086. The NFPA 704 designation is health 2, flammability 4, and reactivity 2; uninhibited, the values would be higher for reactivity. The primary uses are in making polyvinyl chloride and as an additive in plastics.

Copper, oxidizers, aluminum, peroxides, iron, steel. Polymerizes in air, sunlight, heat, and on contact with a catalyst, strong oxidizers; and metals, such as aluminum and copper unless stabilized by inhibitors, such as phenol. Attacks iron and steel in presence of moisture.

UN 1086 (VINYL CHLORIDE, STABILIZED)

P201; P210; P308 + P313; P410 + P403

Flammable gas; heavier than air, density 2.2 (air=D 1), flame propagation and flash back fire hazard if the container is placed near a source of ignition; autoignition tem perature 472°C (882°F); polymerization may occur at elevated temperatures, which may cause possible rupture of containers; fire extinguishing measure: stop the flow of gas; water may be used to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Vinyl chloride may decom pose under fire conditions, producing the toxic gases carbon monoxide and hydrogen chloride.Vinyl chloride forms explosive mixtures with air in a wide range; the LEL and UEL values are 3.6% and 33.0% by volume in air, respectively. It may undergo oxidation by atmospheric oxygen, producing an unstable polyperoxide that may explode (MCA 1969). Such a reaction is catalyzed by a variety of contaminants.

moderately toxic

TLV-TWA 5 ppm (～12.5 mg/m3) (ACGIH), 1 ppm (OSHA), 200 ppm (MSHA), Lowest Detection Limit (NIOSH); ceiling 5 ppm/15 min (OSHA); carcinogenicity: Recognized Human Carcinogen (ACGIH), Animal Suf- ficient Evidence, Human Sufficient Evidence (IARC), Cancer Suspect Agent (OSHA).

The acute inhalation toxicity is of low order.Since it is a gas, the route of exposure isprimarily inhalation. The target organs arethe liver, central nervous system, respiratorysystem, and blood. Exposure to high concen trations can produce narcosis. A 30-minuteexposure to 30% vinyl chloride in air wasfatal to experimental animals. Chronic expo sure produced minor injury to the liver andkidneys. Such effects were noted at a 7-hourexposure daily to 200 ppm for 6 months.Vinyl chloride is an animal and humancarcinogen. Rats subjected to 12 months’inhalation developed tumors of the lungs,skin, and bones. Occupational exposure tothis compound demonstrated an increasedincidence of liver cancer. Tabershaw andGaffey (1974) conducted epidemiologicalstudies on workers who had at least 1 year ofoccupational exposure to vinyl chloride. Thestudy indicated that cancers of the digestivesystem, respiratory system, and brain, as wellas lymphomas, were greater among peoplewho had the greatest estimated exposure tovinyl chloride.