Titanium Dioxide

79.86580

79.93780

236-675-5

0338

15204

DTXSID3021352|DTXSID9050432|DTXSID6052827

White, tetragonal crystals|White powder in two crystalline forms, anatase and rutile|AMORPHOUS, INFUSIBLE POWDER|White powder

3206111000

34.14000

-0.23760

White to slightly yellow, powder

4.23 g/cm³

1843 °C

2500-3000 °C

2500-3000°C

2.61

Insoluble

0 mmHg (approx)

Noncombustible Solid

Odorless

TASTELESS

SUSPENSION IN WATER (1 IN 10) IS NEUTRAL TO LITMUS

GRAVIMETRIC FACTOR: 0.33279|RUTILE: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA: CRYSTAL SYSTEM: TETRAGONAL; SPACE GROUP: P4/MNM(136); 2 G FORMULA WT/UNIT CELL; X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA: AO= 4.5937 + OR - 0.0005; CO= 2.9618 + OR - 0.0010|ANATASE: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA: CRYSTAL SYSTEM: TETRAGONAL; SPACE GROUP: I41/AMD(141); 4 G FORMULA WT/UNIT CELL X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA: AO= 3.785 + OR - 0.002; CO= 9.514 + OR - 0.006|BROOKITE: X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA: CRYSTAL SYSTEM: ORTHORHOMBIC; SPACE GROUP: PCAB (61); 8 G FORMULA WT/UNIT CELL X-RAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC DATA: AO= 5.456 + OR - 0.002; BO= 9.182 + OR - 0.005; CO= 5.143 + OR - 0.003|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for TITANIUM DIOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|White, tetrahedral crystals; MP: 1843 °C; BBP: approximately 3000 °C; density: 4.17 g/cu cm. Insoluble in water, dilute acid; soluble in concentrated acid /Titanium(IV)oxide (Rutile)/

Insoluble in water.

Non-Redox-Active Inorganic Compounds

TITANIUM DIOXIDE is incompatible with strong oxidizers and strong acids. Violent or incandescent reactions may occur with metals (e.g. aluminum, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, zinc and lithium). (NTP, 1992).

Noncombustible Solid

UN 1307 3/PG 3

R10;R20;R22;R38;R20/21;R20/21/22;R36/37/38;R36/38

S2;S25;S26;S36;S36/S37

XR2275000

Xn

P260-P280-P301 + P312 + P330-P305 + P351 + P338 + P310

H302-H318-H373

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

The reaction of lithium and titanium dioxide occurs around 200 °C with a flash of light; the temperature can reach 900 °C.|Violent or incandescent reaction with metals at high temperatures (e.g., aluminum; calcium; magnesium; potassium; sodium; zinc; lithium).

The color additive titanium dioxide may be safely used for coloring foods generally, subject to the following restrictions: (1) The quantity of titaanium dioxide does not exceed 1 percent by weight of the food. (2) It may not be used to color foods for which standards of identity have been promulgated under section 401 of the act unless added color is authorized by such standards. ... Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.|The color additive titanium dioxide may be used for coloring ingested and externally aplied drugs generally, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice. External application uncludes use in the area of the eye. Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.|The color additive titanium dioxide may be safely used in cosmetics, including cosmetics intended for use in the area of the eye, in amounts consistent with good manufacturing practice. Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.|/Titanium dioxide/ ... may be used as a color additive in contact lenses in amounts not to exceed the minimum reasonably required to accomplish the intended coloring effect. Authorization and compliance with this use shall not be construed as waiving any of the requirements of sections 510(k), 515, and 520(g) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with respect to the contact lenses in which the additive is used. ... Certification of this color additive is not necessary for the protection of the public health and therefore batches thereof are exempt from the certification requirements of section 721(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.|For more FDA Requirements (Complete) data for TITANIUM DIOXIDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Due to its multifunctional applications, titanium dioxide particles have widespread use in commerce. The particle-types function as sources of pigment color, in food products, anti-bacterial components, ultraviolet radiation scavengers, catalysts, as well as in cosmetics. Because of its inherent properties in a diverse number of products, exposures may occur via any of the major point-of-entry routes, i.e., inhalation, oral or dermal. Although the majority of TiO2 applications are known to exist in the pigment-grade form, nanoscale forms of TiO2 are also common components in several products. This brief review is designed to identify relevant toxicology and risk-related issues which inform health effects assessments on the various forms of titanium dioxide particles.[Warheit DB; How to Measure Hazards/Risks Following Exposures to Nanoscale or Pigment-Grade Titanium Dioxide Particles; Toxicol Lett 220 (2): 193-204 (2013)]|Bioassay of Titanium Dioxide for Possible Carcinogenicity (1979) Technical Rpt Series No. 97 DHEW Pub No. (NIH) 79-1347, U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20014

Literature sources indicate that this chemical is noncombustible. (NTP, 1992)|Not combustible.

|Warning|H351 (97.22%): Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]|P201, P202, P281, P308+P313, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 325 companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.|Not Classified|Danger|H351: Suspected of causing cancer [Warning Carcinogenicity]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P281, P308+P313, P314, P405, and P501|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P273, P281, P308+P313, P314, P405, and P501|H320: Causes eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]|P201, P202, P264, P281, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P337+P313, P405, and P501|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P314, P337+P313, P403+P233, P405, and P501

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, dampen the solid spill material with 5% ammonium hydroxide, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 5% ammonium hydroxide to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with 5% ammonium hydroxide followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material under ambient temperatures. (NTP, 1992)

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body. Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection. Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift). Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated. Change: Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premise. (NIOSH, 2016)|Dust or Mist Concentration: 75 mg/cu m or less: Any dust and mist respirator. 150 mg/cu m or less: any dust and mist respirator, except single-use or quarter-mask respirator. 750 mg/cu m or less: any fume respirator or high efficiency particulate filter respirator; or any supplied-air respirator; or any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. 7,500 mg/cu m or less: A powered air-purifying respirator with a high efficiency particulate filter; or a Type C supplied-air respirator operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continuous-flow mode. Greater than 7,500 mg/cu m or entry and escape from unknown concentrations: Self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode; or a combination respirator which includes a Type C supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure or continuous-flow mode and an auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.|Respirator Recommendations: At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is no REL, at any detectable concentration: [Table#2299]|Respirator Recommendations: Escape: [Table#2300]|Eye protection: Wear safety spectacles.|Use local exhaust or breathing protection.|(See protection codes)

Noncombustible

In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!|Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.|SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.|SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. The completeness of the cleaning procedures should be considered before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at the end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.|Do not eat, drink, or smoke during work.

Derivatives of PABA, benzophenone, cinnamic acid, and salicylate and 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid have caused skin irritation including burning, stinging, pruritus, and erythema on rare occasions. /Sunscreens/

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 15 mg/cu m. /Total dust/

NIOSH considers titanium dioxide to be a potential occupational carcinogen.|NIOSH usually recommends that occupational exposures to carcinogens be limited to the lowest feasible concentration.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers.

Store in covered containers.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

Lungs may be affected by repeated or prolongated exposure. This may result in chronic inflammation. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans if inhaled.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Avoid inhalation of dust.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

Rat - LD50 Intratracheal (>100ug/kg ) Effects: Structural or functional changes in bronchi and trachea. There is inadequate evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of titanium dioxide. Cancer in experimental animals: There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of titanium dioxide. Overall evaluation: Titanium dioxide is possibly carcinogenic to humans (Group 2B).

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been reported to penetrate into human skin through lesional skin or follicular structures. Therefore, their ability to interact with dendritic cell (DC) was investigated using DCs generated from monocytes (mono-DCs). Hybrid titanium dioxide/para-amino benzoic acid (TiO(2)/PABA) NPs did not induce any cell toxicity. NPs were internalized into DCs through macropinocytosis and not by a receptor-mediated mechanism. Confocal microscopy showed that NPs were not detected in the nucleus. These data are confirmed by electronic microscopy which demonstrated that hybrid NPs were rapidly in contact with cellular membrane and localized into cytoplasmic vesicles without colocalization with clathrin-coated vesicles. Hybrid NPs did not induce CD86 or HLA-DR overexpression or cytokine secretion (IL-8 and TNF-alpha) indicating no DC activation. Internalization of hybrid NPs did not modify DC response towards sensitizers such as nickel and thimerosal or /lipopolysaccharide/ LPS used as positive controls. Moreover, hybrid NPs did not induce any oxidative stress implicated in DC activation process. After mono-DC irradiation by ultraviolet A (UVA), hybrid NP-treated cells did not produce UVA-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and exhibited a better cell viability compared with UVA-irradiated control cells, suggesting a protecting effect of hybrid TiO(2)/PABA NPs against UVA-induced ROS. /Hybrid TiO(2)/PABA Nanoparticles/|Diminish the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) light through the epidermis by absorbing UV radiation within a specific wavelength range. The amount and wavelength of UV radiation absorbed are affected by the molecular structure of the sunscreen agent. /Sunscreen agents, topical/|A large quantity of white gas containing titanium dioxide and hydrogen chloride was generated unexpectedly during an experiment in a chemical laboratory. Fourteen students and staff complained of nausea, dyspnea, or respiratory irritation immediately after inhaling the gas. On arrival at Saint Luke's International Hospital, more than half of the patients presented with low-grade fever. Symptoms spontaneously resolved soon after admission, although the low-grade fever persisted until the following morning. Low-grade fever after inhalation exposure is not explicable by hydrogen chloride inhalation and therefore appeared to be caused by titanium dioxide inhalation, manifesting as metal fume fever. Titanium dioxide is thought to have no remarkable human toxicity and is considered to be safe clinically. To our knowledge, this is the first report of titanium dioxide inhalation as the potential cause of metal fume fever in humans. Correlations between the degree of fever and quantity and concentration of inhaled titanium dioxide remain to be determined.|Male Long-Evans-hooded-rats were exposed in a nose only setting to cadmium-chloride at concentrations of 1.5 or 5.0 mg/cu m cadmium ... for 30 minutes. Lung clearance and lymphatic uptake were determined after exposing the cadmium treated rats to titanium-dioxide at dust concentrations of 12 to 15 mg/ cu m for 6 hours. The initial deposition of titanium-dioxide was decreased by 40 percent due to the pre-exposure to 5 milligrams cadmium-chloride. The overall clearance of titanium-dioxide was not changed, but the lymph node burden was 2.7 times higher in cadmium exposed animals as compared to controls. The 1.5 mg/cu m cadmium-chloride exposure did not influence lung clearance nor lymphatic uptake of titanium-dioxide. When the order of exposures was reversed and the animals were first exposed to titanium-dioxide followed by cadmium-chloride, the same results were obtained; lymphatic uptake of titanium-dioxide was increased. The authors concluded that dust particle uptake by the lymphatic system is increased when phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages is decreased.|Groups of 24 male and 24 female Syrian golden hamsters, 6-7 weeks of age, received intratracheal instillations of 3 mg titanium dioxide ((purity unspecified); particle size: 97% <5 um; 51% <0.5 um) plus 3 mg benzo(a)pyrene in 0.2 mL saline or 3 mg benzo(a)pyrene alone in saline (controls) once a week for 15 weeks. Animals were observed until spontaneous death; all control and treated hamsters had died by 90- 100 and 60-70 weeks, respectively. In the 48 hamsters treated with titanium dioxide plus benzo[a]pyrene, tumors (number of tumors per sex unspecified) occurred in the larynx (11 papillomas, five squamous-cell carcinomas), trachea (three papillomas, 14 squamouscell carcinomas, one adenocarcinoma) and lung (one adenoma, one adenocarcinoma, 15 squamous-cell carcinomas, one anaplastic carcinoma). Two papillomas occurred in the trachea of benzo(a)pyrene-treated controls. In the same study, ferric oxide (3 mg) and benzo(a)pyrene induced a similar spectrum of tumors to that induced by the combination with titanium dioxide.

LD50 Hamster dermal > or = 10,000 mg/kg body weight|LD50 Rat oral > 10,000 mg/kg body weight

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ This research evaluated the toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles to freshwater aquatic organisms and the effects of organic and inorganic material on TiO2 toxicity. The fathead minnow was much less acutely sensitive to TiO2 (LC50 500 mg/L and higher) than Ceriodaphnia dubia /water flea/ and Daphnia pulex /water flea/ (mean LC50 values 7.6 and 9.2 mg/L, respectively). Total organic carbon levels of 1.5 mg/L decreased TiO2 acute toxicity to C. dubia (LC50 > 100 mg/L), but kaolinite clay decreased TiO2 toxicity to a lesser extent. In chronic toxicity tests, the green algae Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was more sensitive to TiO2 (IC25 1-2 mg/L) than C. dubia (IC25 9.4-26.4 mg/L) and the fathead minnow (IC25 values over 340 mg/L). Study results indicate that the specific organisms exposed and the effects of water quality parameters on TiO2 toxicity should be considered in hazard evaluations of this nanoparticle.

A bioassay for titanium dioxide for possible carcinogenicity was conducted by admin the test chemical in the feed to Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice. Groups of 50 rats of each sex were admin titanium dioxide in the diet at one of two doses, either 25,000 or 50,000 ppm, for 103 wk and then observed for 1 additional wk. Matched controls consisted of 50 untreated rats of each sex and 50 untreated mice of each sex. All surviving rats and mice were /sacrificed/ at 104 wk. ... It is concluded that under the conditions of this bioassay, titanium dioxide was not carcinogenic by the oral route for Fischer 344 rats or B6C3F1 mice. Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Negative; Female Rats: Negative; Male Mice: Negative; Female Mice: Negative.

... Persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway disease, the breathing of titanium dioxide might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties.|Because the absorptive characteristics of skin of children younger than 6 months of age may differ from those of adults and because the immaturity of metabolic and excretory pathways of these children may limit their ability to eliminate any percutaneously absorbed sunscreen agent, sunscreen products should be used in children younger than 6 months of age only as directed by a clinician. It is possible that the characteristics of geriatric skin also differ from those of skin in younger adults, but these characteristics and the need for special considerations regarding use of sunscreen preparations in this age group are poorly understood. /Sunscreens/

The researchers/ determined blood levels of titanium dioxide (anatase) following oral ingestion of titanium-dioxide capsules and/or powder in six adult men (24-66 years of age). Titanium dioxide was absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract in a size dependent manner: smaller particles (0.16 um) were more readily absorbed than larger ones (0.38 um). Before the experiment, the background blood levels of titanium dioxide in these men ranged from approximately 6 to 18 ug/L. Blood levels reached up to approximately 50 ug/L or 100 ug/L between 4 and 12 hours after intake of 23 mg or 46 mg titanium dioxide, respectively

Found in nature as minerals rutile (tetragonal), anatase or octahedrite (tetragonal), brookite (orthorhombic), ilmenite (FeTiO3), and perovskite (CaTiO3).|In the chloride process, the titanium-containing raw materials ilmenite, leucoxene, rutile, titanium slag, or anatase are chlorinated at 700 - 1200 °C. The TiCl4 is oxidized at temperatures of 900 - 1400 °C to form TiO2. This raw pigment is ground and coated with inorganic compounds.

Titanium dioxide's production and use as a pigment, welding-rod-coating materials, as ceramic colorant, as source of titanium metal. As color in the food industry; manufacture of acid resistant vitreous enamels, in specification paints, exterior white house paints, acetate rayon, white interior air-dry and baked enamels and lacquers, inks and plastics, for paper filling and coating, in water paints, tanners' leather finishes, shoe whiteners, and ceramics and as a pharmaceutic aid (coating agent)(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).|Titanium disulfate is readily hydrolyzed by moisture, and when heated, changes first to titanyl sulfate (TiOSO4), then to TiO2(1).|Titanium tetrachloride hydrolyzes rapidly upon contact with moist air to form a vapor of hydrochloric acid, titanium dioxide, and titanium oxychloride(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of titanium dioxide is 1000 or greater; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,749,569 workers (540,849 of these were female) were potentially exposed to titanium dioxide in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to titanium dioxide may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where titanium dioxide is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to titanium dioxide via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact with consumer products containing titanium dioxide(SRC).|... Exposure to titanium is mainly assoc with metal, dioxide, carbide, or tetrachloride. Exposure ... usually in form of dust but exposures to fumes and vapors occur during handling of titanium tetrachloride.|Industrial exposures consist chiefly of dust and fume from electric furnace operations ... .

Titanium dioxide is used in most sunscreens to block UVA and UVB rays, similar to [zinc oxide].|Treatment of solar urticaria

Photosensitizing Agents; Sunscreening Agents|Titanium dioxide has an action on the skin similar to that of zinc oxide and has similar uses. Titanium peroxide and titanium salicylate are used with titanium dioxide for nappy rash. Titanium dioxide reflects ultraviolet light and is used a physical sunscreen. It it also an ingredient of some cosmetics.|The physical compounds titanium dioxide and zinc oxide reflect, scatter, and absorb both UVA and UVB rays. ... Using new technology, the particle sizes of zinc oxide and titanium dioxide have been reduced, making them more transparent without losing their ability to screen UV.

The manufacturers of sunscreen preparations with propellants warn that concentrating and subsequently inhaling the fumes from these preparations may be harmful or fatal. /Propellants/|Because the absorptive characteristics of skin of children younger than 6 months of age may differ from those of adults and because the immaturity of metabolic and excretory pathways of these children may limit their ability to eliminate any percutaneously absorbed sunscreen agent, sunscreen products should be used in children younger than 6 months of age only as directed by a clinician. It is possible that the characteristics of geriatric skin also differ from those of skin in younger adults, but these characteristics and the need for special considerations regarding use of sunscreen preparations in this age group are poorly understood. /Sunscreens/|Little information is available regarding the safety of chronic sunscreen usage, but commercially available physical and chemical sunscreens appear to have a low incidence of adverse effects. Derivatives of PABA, benzophenone, cinnamic acid, and salicylate and 2-phenylbenzimidazole-5-sulfonic acid have caused skin irritation including burning, stinging, pruritus, and erythema on rare occasions. /Sunscreens/|Sunscreens should not be used as a means of extending the duration of solar exposure, such as prolonging sunbathing, and should not be used as a substitute for clothing on usually unexposed sites, such as the trunk and buttocks. /Sunscreens/|For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for TITANIUM DIOXIDE (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Synthetic or natural materials, other than DRUGS, that are used to replace or repair any body TISSUES or bodily function. (See all compounds classified as Biocompatible Materials.)|Drugs that are pharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight are converted to their active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue. These compounds can be administered topically or systemically and have been used therapeutically to treat psoriasis and various types of neoplasms. (See all compounds classified as Photosensitizing Agents.)|Chemicals and substances that impart color including soluble dyes and insoluble pigments. They are used in INKS; PAINTS; and as INDICATORS AND REAGENTS. (See all compounds classified as Coloring Agents.)|Chemical or physical agents that protect the skin from sunburn and erythema by absorbing or blocking ultraviolet radiation. (See all compounds classified as Sunscreening Agents.)

When male and female rats were fed a diet containing titanium dioxide (100 g/kg) for a period of about 32 days, a significant retention of titanium of 0.06 and 0.11 mg/kg wet weight was found only in the muscles; no retention was observed in the liver, spleen, kidney, bone, plasma, or erythrocytes|The kinetics of TiO2 elimination in the rat lung following its deposition after 7 hr exposure at 10 and 50 mg/cu m were determined for periods up to 140 days.The retention half-time was 14 days for the first clearance phase and 88 days thereafter.|Six hours after titanium dioxide was administered to rats through IV injection at 250 mg/kg body weight, the highest concentration appeared in the liver; after 24 hours, the highest concentration was detected in the celiac lymph nodes, which filter the lymph from the liver.|The clearance of titanium dioxide from the lungs was studied in rats after inhalation of 15 or 100 mg/cu m. The average median aerodynamic diameter of the titanium dioxide particles was 1.48 um. After a single exposure, about 40-45% of the deposited particles were cleared from the lung in 25 days. At 15 mg/cu m, 0.7% was found in the hilar lymph nodes indicating penetration of titanium dioxide particles from alveoli into the lymphatic system and partial clearance by the lymphatic route. The clearance rate was similar after intra-tracheal administration of titanium dioxide. At an exposure of 100 mg/cu m, the clearance rate decreased drastically. /Other researchers/ demonstrated the presence of titanium dioxide in the lymphatic systems of 3 workers employed in processing titanium dioxide pigments.|The deposition of titanium dioxide dust in the lungs of rats is similar to that observed for other particles. Titanium dioxide is found in the lymphocytes and regional nodes in the lungs, indicating that a slow rate of removal occurs by this process. Clearance is also significantly decreased, or even ceases, at high exposure over a period of time because of overload. It is suggested that small amounts of titanium dioxide can enter the general circulation from the lungs.|The case of a 53-year-old man with pneumoconiosis due to approximately 13 years of occupational exposure to 'high' concentrations of titanium dioxide /is reported/. The patient died of lung cancer, which was possibly associated with a 34 pack-year smoking history and not attributed to exposure to titanium dioxide. At autopsy, about 9-10 years after the exposures to titanium dioxide, particle deposition was found to be diffuse in the lung and particles were typically found in interstitial and alveolar macrophages. Examination of lung tissue in the right upper lobe and right hilar lymph nodes showed deposits of crystalloid substances that had a high titanium content and measured 0.2-0.3 um by 0.7 um.|/Researchers/ studied lung specimens from three factory workers exposed for 9 years to the processing of titanium dioxide pigments; they found deposits in the pulmonary interstitium with cell destruction and slight fibrosis. Clearance of titanium dioxide through the lymphatic system was demonstrated by the observation of particles in the lymph nodes.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for TITANIUM DIOXIDE (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Rats were intraperitoneal injected with 1.60 g/100 g body wt of TiO(2) in saline solution. Organs (liver, spleen, lung) were processed for histological evaluation. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in alveolar macrophages obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were evaluated using the nitroblue tetrazolium test and quantitative evaluation by digital image analysis. The histological analysis of organs revealed the presence of titanium in the parenchyma of these organs with no associated tissue damage. Although in lung alveolar macrophages TiO(2) induced a significant rise in ROS generation, it failed to cause tissue alteration. This finding may be attributed to an adaptive response.

The kinetics of TiO2 elimination in the rat lung following its deposition after 7 hr exposure at 10 and 50 mg/cu m were determined for periods up to 140 days...The retention half-time was 14 days for the first clearance phase and 88 days thereafter.

Diminish the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) light through the epidermis by absorbing UV radiation within a specific wavelength range. The amount and wavelength of UV radiation absorbed are affected by the molecular structure of the sunscreen agent.|Diminish the penetration of ultraviolet (UV) light through the epidermis by absorbing UV radiation within a specific wavelength range. The amount and wavelength of UV radiation absorbed are affected by the molecular structure of the sunscreen agent. /Sunscreen agents, topical/

Exposure Routes: inhalation Symptoms: Lung fibrosis; [potential occupational carcinogen] Target Organs: respiratory system (NIOSH, 2016)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)|(See procedures)

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Move the affected person from the hazardous exposure. If the exposed person has been overcome, notify someone else and put into effect the established emergency rescue procedures. Do not become a casualty. Understand the facility's emergency rescue procedures and know the locations of rescue equipment before the need arises.|If a person breathes in large amounts of titanium dioxide, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform artificial respiration. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible.|/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/CASE REPORTS/ A man who was employed to pack titanium dioxide into cans developed pneumoconiosis after nine years of exposure; lung tissue examined five years later revealed slight fibrosis of interstitial tissue surrounding bronchioles and alveolar spaces.|/CASE REPORTS/ Epithelioid granulomas, sarcoid type, are reported in four workers exposed to the inhalation of titanium dioxide dust. The granulomas were observed in the lungs, associated with respiratory insufficiency leading to death, in the hilum lymph nodes and liver. Diagnosis was done after a search of the occupational background of the patients followed by chemical and histochemical identification of the inhaled dusts within the lesions (morin and chromotropic acid methods and atomic absorption spectrophotometry) and experimental production of the disease in guinea-pigs. The harmful effects of titanium are not restricted to its dioxide, or to the inhalatory route. Different types of ceramic used in human implants and prostheses and the textile and aerospace industries use titanium.|/CASE REPORTS/ Six cases of titanium dioxide exposure involving lung, skin, and synovium are described, with a review of the literature. The patients, four men and two women, were between the ages of 22 and 65 years. The pulmonary changes were characterized by fibrosis and numerous macrophages with abundant deposition of a black pigment. Adjacent areas of bronchopneumonia were also observed. In the skin a severe necrotizing lesion involving the subcutaneous tissue with extension to the muscle was observed in one case and a nonspecific inflammatory response was observed in another; both cases showed abundant black pigment deposition. Electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray analysis demonstrated the presence of large quantities of titanium in the pigment granules. There may be a combination of black pigment deposition and fibrosis, necrosis, or a xanthomatous or granulomatous reaction, that, together with negative results on special staining and culture studies for organisms, should raise the suspicion of titanium-associated injury and prompt the study of the affected tissues by x-ray analysis for positive identification.|/CASE REPORTS/ Autopsy findings in a 55-year old man known to have been occupationally heavily exposed to titanium dioxide dust showed extensive pulmonary deposition of white pigment. By energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) and electron and X-ray diffraction, the pigment was identified as rutile. By ordinary transmitted light microscopy, deposits of the white crystalline titanium-dioxide could not be distinguished from anthracotic pigment present in the lung sections. By transmitted polarized and incident light microscopy, the different nature of the two types of pigment was immediately evident. Absence of inflammatory and fibrotic changes in the lungs in our case lends support to the view that rutile is biochemically inert.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for TITANIUM DIOXIDE (21 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

anatase

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of dust.|inhalation

Lung fibrosis; [potential occupational carcinogen]

Redness.

respiratory system

Pigment in paints, varnishes, & lacquers, 51%; paper uses, 23%; pigment in plastics, 12%; exports, 5%; pigment in elastomers, 2.5%; component of porcelain enamels & glazes, 1.5%; other uses, 5% (1981, does not include unisolated component of ores used in mfr of titanium metal & alloys)|Paints, varnishes & lacquers, 54%; paper, 21%; plastics, 16%; rubber, 2%; ceramics, 1%; and other, 6% (1986)|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Titanium Dioxide. Paint, varnish and lacquer, 49%; paper and paperboard, 19%; plastics, 13%; other, including fibers, inks, ceramics, tire rubbers, food and pharmaceutical, 7%; exports, 12%.|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Titanium dioxide. Demand: 1987: 952,000 tons; 1988: 1,018,000 tons; 1992 /projected/: 1,100,000 tons (Does not include imports, which totaled 192,000 tons in 1987.)|For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for TITANIUM DIOXIDE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Technical, of many variations, pure, USP, single crystals, whiskers.|Available in several grades depending on the crystal structure, surface treatment, and particle size distribution. Both rutile and anatase forms are available.

Synthetic dye and pigment manufacturing|Anatase (TiO2): ACTIVE|Paint and coating manufacturing|Rutile (TiO2): ACTIVE|Adhesive manufacturing|Titanium oxide (TiO2): ACTIVE|TiO2 has several naturally occurring mineral forms, or polymorphs, which have the same chemical formula and different crystalline structure. Common TiO2 polymorphs include rutile (CAS Number 1317-80-2) and anatase (CAS Number 1317-70-0). While both rutile and anatase belong to the tetragonal crystal system, rutile has a denser arrangement of atoms.|There is no cost effective substitute for titanium dioxide pigment.

EPA Safer Chemical Functional Use Classes -> Colorants;Processing Aids and Additives|Safer Chemical Classes -> Green circle - The chemical has been verified to be of low concern|Food additives|Human drugs -> Rare disease (orphan)|Human Drugs -> EU pediatric investigation plans|Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients|Cosmetics -> Cosmetic colorant; Opacifying; Uv absorber

Food Additives -> COLOUR;