phalloin

772.9 g/mol

772.32141093 g/mol

297 Ų

THE HISTORY OF TOXIC COMPONENTS MAY BE DIVIDED INTO 2 PERIODS. THE 1ST STUDIES BEGAN IN THE LATE 18TH CENTURY AND RESULTED IN DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN NON-TOXIC HEMOLYSIN OR PHALLINE, AND A POORLY DEFINED TOXIC COMPOUND. THE 2ND PERIOD BEGAN WITH THE ISOLATION OF PHALLOIDINE IN 1937, FOLLOWED BY ISOLATION OF ALPHA, BETA AND GAMMA AMANITINE AND PHALLOINE. CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE, CONCENTRATIONS, TOXICITY IN ANIMALS AND STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS ARE DISCUSSED FOR THESE. ALSO REVIEWED ARE DATA ON SYNTHESIS OF TOXIN CONSTITUENTS, RESEARCH ON THE ANTITOXIN, ANTAMANIDE.[THEVENIN M ET AL; AMANITA PHALLOIDES AND ITS TOXINS: I. REVIEW OF RESEARCH ON THE IDENTITY OF THE TOXIC COMPONENTS; EUR J TOXICOL ENVIRON HYG 9(4) 197 (1976)]

PHALLOIN AND GAMMA-AMANITIN WERE DETECTED WITHIN THE 1ST DAY AND PHALLOIDIN WITHIN THE 2ND DAY IN THE URINE OF RATS AFTER THE ADMINISTRATION OF AMANITA PHALLOIDES EXTRACTS.

THE MOST SERIOUS FORM OF MYCETISMUS IS PRODUCED BY GALERINA SPECIES, AMANITA VERNA, AMANITA VIROSA, AND AMANITA PHALLOIDES, WHICH ARE FAIRLY COMMON IN BOTH NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE. THESE SPECIES ACCOUNT FOR 90% OF ALL FATAL CASES. THE PRINCIPAL TOXINS ARE THE PHALLOIDINS, A GROUP OF CYCLIC HEPTAPEPTIDES THAT APPEAR TO INHIBIT PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, AND THE AMANITINS, WHICH INHIBIT RNA POLYMERASE II AND HENCE INTERFERE WITH THE SYNTHESIS OF MESSENGER RNA. THE TOXINS DISRUPT HEPATIC CELL MEMBRANES AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM. /PHALLOIDINS/|THE PHALLOTOXINS ARE SOMETIMES SAID TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR...INITIAL GASTROENTERITIS /OF MUSHROOM POISONING/... /PHALLOTOXINS/|THE PHALLOTOXINS (WHICH INCLUDE PHALLOIDIN) POSSESS A COMMON CYCLIC HEPTAPEPTIDE SKELETON WITH SOME UNUSUAL AMINO ACIDS. AT LEAST IN THE CASE OF PHALLOIDIN, WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT HAVE TO BE ALTERED CHEMICALLY BY THE LIVER BEFORE IT ACQUIRES ITS CHARACTERISTIC ABILITY TO INJURE THAT ORGAN, CYTOTOXICITY IS ASSOCIATED WITH A THIOETHER LINKAGE BETWEEN CYSTEINE AND TRYPTOPHAN IN THE TOXIN MOLECULE.

phalloin

BY A COMBINATION OF COLUMN AND THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY, THE TOXIC COMPOUNDS IN 1-2 G OF AIR DRIED MUSHROOMS OF AMANITA PHALLOIDES WERE ISOLATED AND QUANTITATIVELY DETERMINED.|THE PHALLOTOXIN-MEDIATED PROTECTION OF BOVINE PANCREATIC DNASE I FROM SPECIFIC INHIBITION BY RABBIT MUSCLE ACTIN WAS EMPLOYED FOR THE ASSAY OF PHALLOTOXINS. THE USE OF THIS ASSAY PERMITS THE QUANTIFICATION OF GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 6.3 NG OF PHALLOIDIN.