1,2,5-tribromo-3-(2,4,6-tribromophenoxy)benzene

643.6 g/mol

643.53009 g/mol

253-058-6

ND6VH2E266

9.2 Ų

log Kow = 7.40|7.40

148-151°C

In water, 4.08X10-3 mg/L at 25 °C (calc)|4.08e-06 mg/mL

5.10X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C

log Kow = 6.86-7.92

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

WHO; Environ Health Criteria 162: Brominated Diphenyl Ethers (1994). EHC are designed for scientists and administrators responsible for the establishment of safety standards and regulations and provide basic scientific risk evaluations of a wide range of chemicals and groups of chemicals.[Available from, as of October 26, 2010: http://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc162.htm]

Five waste water treatment plants tested in 2005 from Spain contained 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether at 3.68, 3.55, 3.69, 3.31, and 5.70 ng/g dry weight from plants in Barcelona, Burgos, Lleida, Pamplona, and Terragona, respectively and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether at 3.42, 3.51, 2.47, 2.82, and 4.08 ng/g dry weight, respectively(1). Hexabromodiphenyl ether isomers were detected in sewage sludge from 16 sites in Switzerland at 0.2-0.8, 2.5-8.8 and 1.3-6.1 ug/kg dry matter for 2,2',3,4,4',5'-, 2,2',4,4',5,5'- and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-isomers, respectively, in samples taken May to July 2003 and Jan 2005(2).

SEDIMENT: Marine, estuarine, and river sediment samples were collected at different places in Japan in 1981-83 and analyzed for hexabromodiphenyl ether(1). Five out of 15 samples contained 9-26 ug/kg(1,2). In 1987, environmental surveys were conducted on hexabromodiphenyl ether levels in sediment in Japan(1). Hexabromodiphenyl ether was detected in 4 of 69 samples at concentrations of 7-77 ug/kg dry wt (limit of determination 5.1 ug/kg dry wt) in 1987, and, in 4 of 141 samples collected in 47 areas in 1988-89, at concentrations of 4.5-18 ug/kg dry weight (limit of determination 3.5 ug/kg dry wt)(1).|SOIL: 2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether were reported in agricultural soil treated with sewage sludge at field sites in Spain at concentrations of not detected to 3.68 and 0.77-3.42 ng/g dry weight, respectively(1). Background levels of 2,2',3,4,4',5'-isomer, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-isomer, 2,2',4,4',5,6'-isomer and 2,3,4,4',5,6-hexabromodiphenyl ether were 26-68, 19-600, 8-240 and 9-70 pg/g dry weight in grass lands throughout the United Kingdom, at 13-270, 38-1200, 14-420 and 33-110 pg/g dry weight throughout woodlands in the United Kingdom and at 20-140, 11-270, 13-310 and 17-110 pg/g dry weight throughout woodlands of Norway(2). Hexabromodiphenyl ether was reported at 0.001-0.158 ng/g in soil samples taken from 15 urban and 6 industrial sites in Taiyuan, China sampled Jan 2006(3).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: 2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether were detected in the atmosphere of Izmir, Turkey at 0.6-3.7 and 0.2-2.8 pg/cu m in the summer of 2005 and at 0.9-1.9 and 0.8-1.8 pg/cu m in the winter of 2004, respectively(1). Atmospheric samples from the city of Chilton, England had hexabromodiphenyl ether concentrations of 0.09-1.5 and 0.09-0.90 pg/cu m for 2,2',4,4',5,5'- and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-isomers, 2,2',3,4,4',5'- and 2,3,4,4',5,6-isomers were reported as less than method detection limit(2). 2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether was detected at <0.006 pmol/cu m outside an electronic dismantling plant in Sweden(3).|INDOOR: 2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether was detected in the atmosphere at a dismantling electronics plant at 1.4-17 pmol/cu m and was reported at <0.006 pmol/cu m in the office with computers in samples taken in Sweden(1).|RURAL/REMOTE: Atmospheric samples from Hazelrigg, England had hexabromodiphenyl ether concentrations of 0.14-0.66 and 0.08-0.42 pg/cu m for 2,2',4,4',5,5'- and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-isomers; 2,2',3,4,4',5'- and 2,3,4,4',5,6-isomers were reported as less than method detection limit(1). Atmospheric samples from Mace Head, Ireland had hexabromodiphenyl ether concentrations of 0.16, 0.04-0.18, 0.05-0.10 and 0.08 pg/cu m for the 2,2',3,4,4',5'-, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-, 2,2',4,4',5,6'- and 2,3,4,4',5,6-isomers, respectively(1).

Hexabromodiphenyl ether isomers 2,2',3,4,4',5'-, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-, 2,2',4,4',5,6'- and 2,3,3',4,4',5- were not detected in silicone, isomers 2,2',4,4',5,5'- and 2,3,3',4,4',5- were not detected in ethylene propylenediene monomer rubber but 2,2',3,4,4',5'- and 2,2',4,4',5,6'- were detected at 110.9 and 250.8 ng/g, respectively(1).

LD50 Rabbit oral >2000 mg/kg bw

Hexabromodiphenyl ether is found as an impurity in commercial preparations of tetrabromodiphenyl ether, pentabromodiphenyl ether, and octabromodiphenyl ether at concentrations ranging from 4 to 12%(1). The production and use of polybrominated diphenyl ether mixtures may result in hexabromodiphenyl ether's release to the environment through various waste streams(1).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 35,000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that hexabromodiphenyl ether is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of hexabromodiphenyl ether from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.7X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Hexabromodiphenyl ether is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.1X10-8(4). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 15% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(5) suggesting that hexabromodiphenyl ether is not readily biodegradable in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 35,000(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that hexabromodiphenyl ether is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.7X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), BCFs of 216-1310 and 527-1490 in carp(6) suggest the bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high(SRC). Hexabromodiphenyl ether is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Utilizing the Japanese MITI test, 15% of the Theoretical BOD was reached in 4 weeks(6). Based on this test, hexabromodiphenyl ether is not readily biodegradable(6).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), hexabromodiphenyl ether, which has a vapor pressure of 5.1X10-8 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase hexabromodiphenyl ether is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 46 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase hexabromodiphenyl ether may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Fifteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers, tetra- thru deca-isomers, were reported to absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore are expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of hexabromodiphenyl ether with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.5X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 46 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Hexabromodiphenyl ether is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Fifteen polybrominated diphenyl ethers, tetra- thru deca-isomers, were reported to absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore are expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

In carp (Cyprinus carpio), BCF values of 216-1310 and 527-1490 were reported for hexabromodiphenyl ether at exposure concentrations of 10 and 1 ug/L and 8 weeks of exposure(1). Mussels, in water containing 0.0086 ng/L of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether, had a BCF of 24,400 wet weight and 2,200,000 based on lipid weight(2). According to a classification scheme(3), these BCFs suggest bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high to very high(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of hexabromodiphenyl ether can be estimated to be 35,000(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that hexabromodiphenyl ether is expected to be immobile in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for hexabromodiphenyl ether is estimated as 4.7X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that hexabromodiphenyl ether is not expected to volatilize from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Hexabromodiphenyl ether is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 5.1X10-8 mm Hg(3).

SURFACE WATER: In Japan, hexabromodiphenyl ether was not detected in 75 samples of water in 1987 or in 150 samples collected in 50 areas in 1988-89 (in both cases the limit of determination was 0.04 ug/L)(1).

Hexabromodiphenyl ether was reported in vegetables, tubers, pulses, cereals, fruits, fish and shellfish, meat and meat products, eggs, milk, dairy products, and fats and oils at 0.4, 0.9, 1.1, 4.5, 0.7, 47.4, 13.5, 11.9, 0.5, 2.0, and 139.7 ng/kg wet weight, respectively, in products purchased from 7 cities in Catalonia, Spain, sampled June to August 2000(1). 2,2',4,4',5,5'- and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether were detected in cod liver oil supplement manufactured in Norway(2).

ENVIRONMENTAL: Human milk concentrations of 0.3-1.3, 0.39, not detected to 10.2, and 0.2-4.32 ng/g lipid were reported in the countries of Canada, Finland, Japan, and Sweden, respectively, for 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether(1).|ENVIRONMENTAL: 2,2',4,4',5,5'- and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether breast milk concentrations over time in Northern Hemisphere populations(1).|ENVIRONMENTAL: In a study conducted in 2002 of levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human milk in the U.S., 47 samples from Caucasian, African-American, and Hispanic nursing mothers 20-41 years of age and living in Texas were analyzed for 13 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners. Mean and median total concentrations of tri- thru decabromodiphenyl ethers were 74 and 34 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. The maximum and mean concentrations of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether were 22 and 5 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. Maximum and mean levels for 2,2',3,4,4',5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether were 7 and 0.6 ng/g lipid weight and for 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether were 7 and 0.8 ng/g lipid weight, respectively, indicating wide variations of congener levels among nursing women. There was no apparent difference in concentrations between age groups or ethnic groups.|ENVIRONMENTAL: Milk samples were collected in 2003 from 40 first-time mothers with 2- to 8-week-old infants and residing in urban areas in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S. (Montana, Oregon, and Washington State) and Canada (British Columbia). Mean and median total concentrations of 12 tri- thru decabromodiphenyl congeners were 96 and 50 ng/g lipid weight, respectively. 2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether was found at 4.8 ng/g lipid weight. In 7% of the samples, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether was the dominant congener. Breast milk was collected from 12 primiparous 24- to 33-year-old nursing women in Japan, at 1 month after delivery and analyzed for six tri- to hexabrominated diphenyl ethers. The sum of the concentrations of six tri- to hexabromodiphenyl ethers ranged from 0.7 to 2.8 ng/g lipid weight. There was a strong positive relationship between total polybrominated diphenyl ether levels in human milk and the frequency of fish consumption. In Japan, 16 tri- to heptabrominated diphenyl ethers were analyzed in eight pooled human milk samples collected between 1973 and 2000. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers were not detected in the samples from 1973 at the limit of detection of 0.01 ng/g lipid weight. In 2000, the sum of the concentration of these polybrominated diphenyl ethers was 1.4 ng/g lipid weight and 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether was reported at 0.3 ng/g lipid weight, 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether was <0.05 ng/g lipid weight. The relatively large concentration of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether in Japanese mothers' milk was explained by past use of a hexabromodiphenyl ether commercial product in Japan, consisting mostly of this congener. The breast milk concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers were determined in samples from 93 primiparous women collected from 1996 to 1999 in Uppsala County, Sweden. The women ranged in age from 20-35 years. 2,2,',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl ether was reported at 0.6 ng/g lipid weight and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether was reported at 0.07 ng/g lipid weight. No significant relationship was found between breast milk concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and dietary intakes of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (through fish, meat/poultry, dairy products, and egg consumption), age, body mass index, alcohol consumption, or computer usage. After adjustments for these factors, a weak but significant association between polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations and smoking was observed. Time-trend analysis for samples collected between 1996 and 2001 indicated a peak in total polybrominated diphenyl ether concentrations around 1998, followed by decreasing levels. Pooled samples of breast milk collected at eight time periods between 1972 and 1997 from primiparous Swedish women were analyzed for tri- to hexabromodiphenyl ethers. In 1997, 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl etherwas reported at approximately 0.5 ng/g lipid weight and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether was reported at 0.05 ng/g lipid weight. The sum of the concentrations of these polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in human milk increased from 0.1 to 4.0 ng/g lipid weight during the 25-year period studied.

Occupational exposure to hexabromodiphenyl ether may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where hexabromodiphenyl ether is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to hexabromodiphenyl ether via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food, and dermal contact with products containing hexabromodiphenyl ether. (SRC)

In the USA, the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human adipose tissue samples were determined in 1987 as part of the National Human Adipose Tissue Survey(1,2). Preliminary evidence for the presence of hexabromodiphenyl ether was found at a frequency of 72%, in an estimated concentration range of not detected to 1000 ng/kg(1-3). The mean concentration of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether in U.S. blood donors in 1988 was 0.54 pmol/g lipid wt (range, 0.13-3.1 pmol/g lipid weight; 12 of 12 samples, positive)(4). Hexabromodiphenyl ether was reported in adipose tissue of 13 people that had lived in Tarragona, Spain for at least 10 years at concentrations of 0.67-4.2 ng/g(5). Adipose tissue concentrations of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether were reported as 1.4-11.7, 0.05-1.89, 1.3-3.79, <0.006-0.63, 0.7-4.2, 0.57-1.4 and 1.5-124 ng/g lipid in samples from Belgium, Czech Republic, Finland, Japan, Spain, Sweden and the United States, respectively(6). These samples also had reported concentrations of 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether of 0.002-0.11, <0.006-0.10, 0.04-0.1 and 2.9-70.5 ng/g lipid in samples from Czech Republic, Japan, Sweden and the United States, respectively(6). Human milk concentrations of 0.3-1.3, 0.39, not detected to 10.2, and 0.2-4.32 ng/g lipid were reported in the countries of Canada, Finland, Japan, and Sweden, respectively, for 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether(6). Adipose samples taken in 1970 contained 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether at <6.3 pg/g lipid and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether at <6.3 pg/g lipid, samples taken in 2000 contained 122-631 pg/g lipid of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether and 14-104 pg/g lipid of 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether, all samples were collected in Tokyo, Japan(7).|2,2',4,4',5,5'-Hexabromodiphenyl was detected in the serum of cleaners, clerks and dismantlers at a dismantling electronics plant in Sweden at 0.89, 1.3 and 7.0 pmol/g lipid weight, respectively(1). Mean concentrations of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether in serum were 0.67-2.3, 3.36, and 1.6 ng/g lipid in samples from Japan, Korea, and Sweden, and were 2.9, 4.4, and 0.35 ng/g lipid in samples from maternal, umbilical cords, and in the general population from the United States, respectively(2). Serum samples from 276 California residents contained a geometric mean of 6.8 and 0.8 ng/g lipid for 2,2',4,4',5,5'- and 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether, serum samples from 1764 residents of other US states had a geometric mean of 5.6 ng/g lipid for 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether(3).

Using rats as a model, ... tissue distribution of polybromodiphenyl ethers (PBDEs) /was investigated/ after oral administration and ... a suitable matrix /was evaluated/ for body burden estimation. Male rats were administered dust or corn oil containing 8 or 6 ug PBDEs/kg bw, respectively, in the diet for 21 days (N=4 rats per treatment), and the concentration of 15 PBDEs were measured in various tissues, plasma, and feces. PBDEs were found in all tissues, including the brain, and showed no difference in distribution patterns between treatments for most PBDEs. Tri- to hexa-BDEs comprised >80% of the total PBDEs in the adipose, brain, kidney, lung, and residual carcass, but <40% in the liver and plasma. The ratio of the lipid-weight concentration of tri- to hexa-BDEs in adipose tissue, residual carcass, and plasma was 1:1:2. For the hepta- to nona-BDEs, lipid-weight concentrations increased from adipose tissue to residual carcass to plasma in the ratio 0.3:1:>4. BDE-209 was the dominant congener in the liver and plasma, but was not detected in the adipose tissue or carcass. In summary, the lower brominated congeners tended to distribute equally into lipids implying both adipose tissue and plasma would be suitable matrices for biomonitoring. Plasma was the best matrix for detection of the higher brominated congeners (especially BDE-209), although on a lipid-weight basis tended to overestimate the total body burdens.|The disposition of the 14C-labelled polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexaBDE (BDE153) was investigated in rodents following single and multiple doses and in a mixture with radiolabelled 2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE (BDE47) and 2,2',4,4',5-pentaBDE (BDE99). In single exposure studies there was little or no effect of dose on BDE153 disposition in male rats in the range 1-100 umol/kg. No major sex or species differences in the in vivo fate of BDE153 were detected. BDE153 was absorbed in rats or mice following gavage by approximately 70%; retained in tissues; and poorly metabolized and slowly excreted. Mixture studies indicated that, relative to each other, more BDE47 was distributed to adipose tissue, more BDE153 accumulated in the liver, and BDE99 was metabolized to the greatest extent. BDE153 was probably retained in the liver due to minimal metabolism and elimination after first-pass distribution to the tissue following gavage.|Twelve paired samples of maternal and cord blood collected in 2001 from women presenting in labor in an Indiana hospital were analyzed for six tetra- to heptaBDE congeners. None of the mothers had work-related potential for exposure to PBDEs, and none smoked. ... TetraBDE-47 was the most abundant congener, followed by pentaBDE-99, pentaBDE-100, and hexaBDE-153. PBDE concentrations were highly correlated between mother and fetal sera, indicating that PBDEs cross the placenta into the fetal circulation. In addition, the results indicate that all tetra- through hepta-substituted congeners have approximately the same potential to cross the placenta. There was a decreasing trend in concentration of PBDE congeners in maternal and fetal sera with increasing degree of bromination.|In F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice, about 30% of the radiolabel was found in the feces 24 hours after administration of a single radiolabeled 0.6 mg/kg dose compared to 4% in animals that received the same dose intravenously.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Hexabromodiphenyl ethers (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A metabolism study of orally administered 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-154; 11.3 umoles/kg) was conducted in conventional and bile duct-cannulated male Sprague-Dawley rats. In conventional rats, approximately 31% of the radiolabeled dose was retained at 72 hr, and lipophilic tissues were the preferred sites for disposition. Urinary excretion of BDE-154 was very low (1.0%), and parent compound was detected. Cumulative biliary excretion was 1.3%, and glutathione conjugates were suggested. Over 62% of the dose in conventional male rats was excreted in feces, and was composed of parent compound (7.3%), free metabolites (13.1%), and covalently bound residues (41.4%). Fecal metabolites characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry included multiple isomers of monohydroxylated hexa-/penta-/tetrabromodiphenyl ethers, and di-hydroxylated hexa/pentabromodiphenyl ethers. The adipose tissue carbon-14 was extractable BDE-154, but 40% of liver carbon-14 was bound to macromolecules ...|Zebrafish (Danio rerio) were fed a diet containing a mixture of 11 structurally diverse brominated flame retardants (BFRs) at nominal concentrations of either 1 or 100 nmol/g for up to 42 d, followed by an elimination period of 14 d. Uptake rates and elimination constants for five of the BFRs were calculated from measurements of their concentrations in the male fish during the exposure and elimination phases. Observed uptake efficiencies were highest for 2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether (BDE 28) and 1,2-dibromo-4-(1,2-dibromoethyl)cyclohexane (TBECH) and were lowest for decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209). Estimated half-lives for TBECH and 2,4,6-tribromophenol were short (<2 d). Four BFR metabolites were identified in the fish: 2,2',3,4',5',6-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 149), 2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 154), 2,4,6-tribromoanisole, and 1,2,4,5-hexabromobenzene. These metabolites were still present in the zebrafish after the 14-d elimination period. No relationship between the BFR concentrations in the zebrafish and their log octanol-water partition coefficient (Kow) values was found. Generally, low tendencies to bioaccumulate were observed for perbrominated and hydroxylated compounds. The observed accumulation of BFR metabolites in fish, however, shows that low concentration of a BFR does not provide, in isolation, a sound indication that the BFR poses low risks.|In F344 rats, almost all of the radiolabel in feces appeared to be parent compound in the 24-hr period after administration of BDE-153 on 1, 3, or 10 consecutive days or an equimolar mixture of BDE-47, -99, and -153 on 1 or 3 consecutive days. The total radiolabel extracted from the liver after 1 or 3 days of BDE-153 treatment was 85 +/- 1% or 94 +/- 1%, respectively. Unrecovered radioactivity (about 5-10%) was considered to be metabolites bound to liver proteins, and recovered material was considered to be unmetabolized BDE-153 dissolved in liver lipids and not yet transported to other tissues. /BDE-153/|/An/ examination of the radiolabel in the feces and urine from mice exposed to 1 mg/kg-day BDE-153 intravenously /was performed/. In mice, about two-thirds of the label in the feces and four-fifths of that in the urine were identified as metabolites. Metabolites were extracted, separated using chromatography, and identified by mass spectroscopy. Three isomers were identified as monohydroxylated metabolites that retained all six bromines. Two isomers were identified as monohydroxylated metabolites that had lost one bromine. A single monohydroxylated isomer that had lost two bromines was identified as well as a trace amount of a sulfur-containing metabolite ...

The half-life of pentabromodiphenyl ether (Bromkal 70) was investigated in the perirenal fat of groups of 3 male and 3 female Wistar rats (weight 160-180 g), following a single oral dose of 300 mg/kg body weight in peanut oil. The groups were killed on days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 7 and then weekly for 10 weeks. Perirenal fat was collected and analysed. Half-lives in male and female rats of 2 hexabromodiphenyl ethers (HxBDE(1) and HxBDE(2)) were: for female rats, 44.6 (37.4-51.9) days and 90.0 (78.7-103.6) days, and, for male rats, 55.1 (48.4-61.7) and 119.1 (102.8-136.1) days, respectively.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ The aim of this study was to examine how PBDEs in breast milk are associated with infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation characteristics. Study participants were healthy women recruited from central Taiwan between December 2000 and November 2001. Twelve congener levels of PBDEs (BDE-17 /2,2',4-tribromodiphenyl ether/, 28 /2,4,4'-tribromodiphenyl ether/, 47 /2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether/, 66 /2,3',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether/, 85 /2,2',3,4,4'-pentabromodiphenyl ether/, 99 /2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether/, 100 /2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether/, 138 /2,2',3,4,4',5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether/, 153 /2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether/, 154 /2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether/, 183 /2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether/, 209 /decabromodiphenyl ether/) in 20 breast milk samples were measured by gas chromatography with high resolution mass spectrometer. The mean level of PBDEs in breast milk was 3.93 +/- 1.74 ng/g lipid. The estimated PBDE daily intake for a breastfed infant was 20.6 ng/kg bw/day after delivery. After maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI, and parity were adjusted, increased PBDEs in breast milk was related with decreased birth outcome, particularly for birth weight and length, chest circumference, and Quetelet's index of infants. No significant differences in PBDEs were found between the two groups of menstrual cycle length higher and lower than 30 days after /adjustment/ for maternal age, pre-pregnant BMI, and parity. In utero exposure to low doses of PBDEs may result in lower birth weight and shorter birth length. /The/ findings are limited based on the low doses of PBDEs and the small sampling size.|/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ ... The aim of this study was to examine whether high breast milk PBDE levels in reproductive-age females lead to interference with menstruation characteristics. We analyzed 15 PBDE congeners in 46 breast milk samples. Fifteen PBDE congeners (BDE-15 /4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether/, 28 /4,4'-dibromodiphenyl ether/, 47 /2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether/, 49 /2,2',4,5'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether/, 99 /2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether//, 100 /2,2',4,4',6-pentabromodiphenyl ether/, 153 /2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexabromodiphenyl ether/, 154 /2,2',4,4',5,6'-hexabromodiphenyl ether/, 183 /2,2',3,4,4',5',6-heptabromodiphenyl ether/, 196 /2,2',3,3',4,4',5,6'-octabromodiphenyl ether/, 197 /2,2',3,3',4,4',6,6'-octabromodiphenyl ether/, 203 /2,2',3,4,4',5,5',6-octabromodiphenyl ether/, 207 /2,2',3,3',4,4',5,6,6'-nonabromodiphenyl ether/, 208 /2,2',3,3',4,5,5',6,6'-nonabromodiphenyl ether/, and 209 /decabromodiphenyl ether/) were analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a high resolution mass spectrometer. The mean sum of PBDEs (SigmaPBDEs) in breast milk was 3.42 ng/g lipid. Women's age at menarche was not correlated with breast milk PBDE levels. Increased BDE-208 and 209 levels were significantly associated with the prolonged length of average and the longest menstrual cycle independent of age, pre-pregnant BMI, and parity. Higher concentrations of SigmaPBDEs and the higher brominated PBDEs from BDE-183 to 209, except 197, were significantly linked to women whose menstruation periods were still coming irregularly at the sampling time. Age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of BDE-153, 183, 207, 208, and SigmaPBDEs were significantly higher in women with length of average menstrual cycle >32 days, compared to the control. Women whose menstruation periods still came irregularly when they were 18 years old had higher age-adjusted ORs of BDE-207, 208, 209, and SigmaPBDEs than those whose periods came regularly at the same age. Although SigmaPBDEs and certain higher brominated PBDEs appear to have potential to prolong length of average menstrual cycle and delay the age when menstruation periods begin coming regularly, these findings are not conclusive...

42 individual congeners for hexabromodiphenyl ether /From table/

Hexabromodiphenyl ether is not manufactured or used, but occurs as a contaminant of commercial brominated diphenyl ethers.|... /Hexabromodiphenyl ether/ is a component of Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (TeBDE), Pentabromodiphenyl ether (PeBDE), and Octabromodiphenyl ether (OBDE) at concentrations ranging from 4 to 12%.