(±)-Thiopental

242.34

242.34

200-984-3

2100

DTXSID1021744|DTXSID1023653

N - Nervous system

2933595960

90.3

2.3

Solid

1.16g/cm3

158-159 °C

295.00to296.00°C.@760.00mmHg(est)

11℃

1.544

ethanol: complete50mg/mL

2-8°C

2.2X10-10 mm Hg at 25 deg C (est)

cyt-hmn:leu 1500 mg/L TGANAK18(1),13,84

7.55None

Henry's Law constant = 6.4X10-9 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

7.55|pKa = 7.55

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.7X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

III

6.1(b)

UN 1230 3/PG 2

3

22-39/23/24/25-23/24/25-11

36/37/39-45-36/37-16-7

CQ6300000

Xn,T,F

P210-P260-P280-P301 + P310-P311

H225-H301-H311-H331-H370

SRP: Expired or waste pharmaceuticals shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. It is not appropriate to dispose by flushing the pharmaceutical down the toilet or discarding to trash. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.|SRP: At the time of review, regulatory criteria for small quantity disposal are subject to significant revision, however, household quantities of waste pharmaceuticals may be managed as follows: Mix with wet cat litter or coffee grounds, double bag in plastic, discard in trash.

The Generic Animal Drug and Patent Restoration act requires that each sponsor of an approved animal drug must submit to the FDA certain information regarding patents held for the animal drug or its method of use. The Act requires that this information, as well as a list of all animal drug products approved for safety and effectiveness, be made available to the public. Thiopental sodium is included on this list. /Sodium thiopental/|Sodium thiopental for injection. ... It is used as an anesthetic for intravenous administration to dogs and cats during short to moderately long surgical and other procedures. It is also used to induce anesthesia in dogs and cats which then have surgical anesthesia maintained by use of a volatile anesthetic. /Sodium thiopental/

|Warning|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P301+P312, P330, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 43 companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.|Danger|H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P301+P310, P321, P330, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 42 companies from 3 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.

Engineering controls such as exhaust ventilation are recommended.|When working with small quantities in a well-ventilated area, respiratory protection may not be required. The use of an approved dust mask is recommended.

Water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or foam as appropriate for surrounding fire and materials.|As with all fires, evacuate personnel to a safe area. Firefighters should use self-contained breathing equipment and protective clothing.

Wipe up spillage or collect spillage using a high- efficiency vacuum cleaner. Avoid breathing dust. Place spillage in appropriately labeled container for disposal. Wash spill site.

This material is assumed to be combustible. As with all dry powders, it is advisable to ground mechanical equipment in contact with dry material to dissipate the potential buildup of static electricity.|As a general rule, when handling USP Reference Standards avoid all contact and inhalation of dust, mists, and/or vapors associated with the material. Wash thoroughly after handling.|/Use/ safety glasses /and/ protect exposed skin.

May cause irritation. Remove to fresh air. Flush with copious quantities of water.

Overdosage may occur from too rapid or repeated injections. Too rapid injection may be followed by an alarming fall in blood pressure even to shock levels. Apnea, occasional laryngospasm, coughing and other respiratory difficulties with excessive or too rapid injections may occur. Lethal blood levels may be as low as 1 mg/100 mL for short-acting barbiturates; less if other depressant drugs or alcohol are also present.

Therapeutic effects of acetaminophen may be decreased when the medication is used concurrently in patients receiving chronic barbiturate therapy because of increased metabolism resulting from induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes; risk of hepatotoxicity with single toxic doses or prolonged use of high doses of acetaminophen may be increased in alcoholics or in patients regularly using hepatic enzyme inducers such as barbiturates. /Barbiturates/|Concurrent use with barbiturates may result in increased metabolism, leading to decreased serum concentrations and reduced elimination half-lives of carbamazepine or succinimide anticonvulsants because of induction of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. Monitoring of serum concentrations as a guide to dosage is recommended, especially when carbamazepine or a succinimide anticonvulsant is added to or withdrawn from an existing regimen. /Barbiturates/|Concurrent use with barbiturates, especially phenobarbital, may induce microsomal metabolism to increase formation of alkylating metabolites of cyclophosphamide, thereby reducing the half-life and increasing the leukopenic activity of cyclophosphamide. /Barbiturates/|Concurrent use with barbiturates, especially phenobarbital, may reduce serum disopyramide to ineffective concentrations; therefore, monitoring of its serum concentrations is necessary during concurrent therapy. /Barbiturates/|For more Interactions (Complete) data for Thiopental (39 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Rat ip 120 mg/kg|LD50 Rat iv 64 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse iv 70 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 110 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 600 mg/kg

Barbiturates may elevate blood ammonia. Animal studies indicate that thiopental impairs the ability of the liver to metabolize ammonia. For this reason, it has been suggested that barbiturate administration be avoided in patients with ammonia intoxication. /Barbiturates/

Approximately 80% of the drug in the blood is bound to plasma protein.

Thiopental is distributed into milk in humans; colostrum-to-plasma ratios 4 and 9 hours after induction anaesthesia with the drug reportedly were 0.67 and 0.68, respectively.|In two groups of eight patients, concentrations of thiopentone in mature breast milk and colostrum following anaesthesia induction with 5.4 and 5.0 mg kg-1 bw (mean), respectively, were measured in the first 36 hr postoperatively. Blood concentrations were measured simultaneously. The maximal concentrations were: in mature breast milk, 3.4 +/- 0.68 mumol.L-1 (mean +/- s.e. mean) (0.090 mg 100 mL-1), and in colostrum, 1.3 +/- 0.5 mumol.L-1 (0.034 mg 100 mL-1). The milk/plasma ratio was less than 1.0 in both groups.

For use as the sole anesthetic agent for brief (15 minute) procedures, for induction of anesthesia prior to administration of other anesthetic agents, to supplement regional anesthesia, to provide hypnosis during balanced anesthesia with other agents for analgesia or muscle relaxation, for the control of convulsive states during or following inhalation anesthesia or local anesthesia, in neurosurgical patients with increased intracranial pressure, and for narcoanalysis and narcosynthesis in psychiatric disorders.

Anesthetics, Intravenous; Anticonvulsants; GABA Modulators; Hypnotics and Sedatives|Thiopental sodium is indicated /for/ the induction of general anaesthesia; anaesthesia of short duration; reduction of raised intracranial pressure if ventilation controlled and status epilepticus.|Thiopental sodium is used for induction of general anesthesia (prior to administration of other anesthetic agents), as the sole anesthetic agent for short surgical procedures (15 minutes or less); the drug may also be used as an adjunct to regional anesthesia (also called block anesthesia or conduction anesthesia). In addition, thiopental is used as the hypnotic component of balanced anesthesia. /Former/|IV thiopental sodium is used in the management of seizures occurring during or after administration of local or inhalation anesthetics and seizures attributed to unknown etiologies. /Former/|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for Thiopental (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Barbiturates have been shown to cause an incr incidence of fetal abnormalities. Risk-benefit must be carefully considered when the medication is required in life-threatening situations or in serious diseases for which other medications cannot be used or are ineffective. /Barbiturates/|Use of barbiturates throughout the last trimester of pregnancy may cause physical dependence with resulting withdrawal symptoms in the neonate. In infants suffering from long-term exposure in utero, the acute withdrawal syndrome of seizures and hyperirritability has been reported to occur from birth to a delayed onset of up to 14 days. /Barbiturates/|Use of barbiturates during labor may cause respiratory depression in the neonate, esp the premature neonate, because of immature hepatic function. /Barbiturates/|The risk of barbiturate-induced hypothermia may be increased in elderly patients, especially with high doses or in acute overdoses of barbiturates. In addition, elderly patients are more likely to have age-related hepatic or renal function impairment, which may require a reduction of dosage in patients receiving a barbiturate. /Barbiturates/|For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for Thiopental (23 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Potentially lethal blood concentrations are those in excess of 80 ug/mL for phenobarbital, 50 ug/mL for amobarbital or butabarbital, and approximately 30 ug/mL for secobarbital or pentobarbital; however, some patients have survived much higher blood concentrations. /Barbiturates General Statement/

At usual therapeutic dosage, administration of barbiturates may be continued for years without difficulty. Tolerance, psychological dependence, and physical dependence may occur, however, particularly following prolonged use of high doses of barbiturates. Daily administration of 600-800 mg of amobarbital, butabarbital, pentobarbital, or secobarbital for approximately 8 weeks will produce some degree of physical dependence. /Barbiturates General Statement/|The average daily dose ingested by those psychologically and physically dependent on barbiturates is usually about 1.5 g; however, the acute toxic dose remains the same for barbiturate-dependent individuals as for those who are not barbiturate dependent. /Barbiturates General Statement/|Two types of tolerance may be observed with barbiturates. Drug-deposition tolerance may occur when a drug or another drug given concomitantly causes sedative to be inactivated by liver at an accelerated rate ... Pharmacodynamic tolerance results when there is decreased effect on CNS with repeated administration. /Barbiturates/|Treatment of dependence consists of the following: 1) Gradual withdrawal of the barbiturate. 2) An example of the different withdrawal regimens used (all of which require an extended period of time) involves substituting a 30-mg dose of phenobarbital for each 100- to 200-mg dose of the barbiturate that the patient has been taking. The total daily amt of phenobarbital then is administered as a single dose or in 3 or 4 divided doses, not to exceed 600 mg/day. If signs of withdrawal occur on the first day of treatment, a loading dose of 100 to 200 mg of phenobarbital may be administered intramuscularly in addition to the oral dose. After stabilization on phenobarbital, the total daily dose is decreased by 30 mg/day as long as withdrawal is proceeding smoothly. This regimen may be modified by initiating treatment at the patient's regular dosage level and decreasing the daily dosage by 10% if tolerated by the patient. 3) For infants physically dependent on barbiturates, initially a dose of 3 to 10 mg of phenobarbital/kg bw/day may be given. After withdrawal symptoms (hyperactivity, disturbed sleep, tremors, hyperreflexia) are relieved, the dosage of phenobarbital should be gradually decreased and completely withdrawn over a 2-wk period. 4) Also, barbiturate withdrawal may be accomplished with benzodiazepines, such as diazepam. /Barbiturates/

Thiopental, a barbiturate, is used for the induction of anesthesia prior to the use of other general anesthetic agents and for induction of anesthesia for short surgical, diagnostic, or therapeutic procedures associated with minimal painful stimuli. Thiopental is an ultrashort-acting depressant of the central nervous system which induces hypnosis and anesthesia, but not analgesia. It produces hypnosis within 30 to 40 seconds of intravenous injection. Recovery after a small dose is rapid, with some somnolence and retrograde amnesia. Repeated intravenous doses lead to prolonged anesthesia because fatty tissues act as a reservoir; they accumulate Pentothal in concentrations 6 to 12 times greater than the plasma concentration, and then release the drug slowly to cause prolonged anesthesia

Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity. (See all compounds classified as Anticonvulsants.)|Ultrashort-acting anesthetics that are used for induction. Loss of consciousness is rapid and induction is pleasant, but there is no muscle relaxation and reflexes frequently are not reduced adequately. Repeated administration results in accumulation and prolongs the recovery time. Since these agents have little if any analgesic activity, they are seldom used alone except in brief minor procedures. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p174) (See all compounds classified as Anesthetics, Intravenous.)|Substances that do not act as agonists or antagonists but do affect the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor-ionophore complex. GABA-A receptors (RECEPTORS, GABA-A) appear to have at least three allosteric sites at which modulators act: a site at which BENZODIAZEPINES act by increasing the opening frequency of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride channels; a site at which BARBITURATES act to prolong the duration of channel opening; and a site at which some steroids may act. GENERAL ANESTHETICS probably act at least partly by potentiating GABAergic responses, but they are not included here. (See all compounds classified as GABA Modulators.)|Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety. (See all compounds classified as Hypnotics and Sedatives.)

Rapidly absorbed.|Following iv administration of usual induction doses of thiopental sodium in adults, onset of action (hypnosis or unconsciousness) reportedly occurs rapidly, within 10-40 seconds, with maximal effects occurring in about 1 minute and the duration of anaesthesia persisting 5-8 minutes.|Following iv administration, thiopental is rapidly distributed to all tissues and fluids with high concentrations in brain and liver. Lipid solubility of thiopental, and to a lesser extent its protein binding, are the dominant factors in the drugs distribution in the body. Following iv administration of thiopental sodium to rats, the drug distributes into brain, heart, intestines, spleen, pancreas; peak concentrations are reached in about 1minute.|Thiopental equilibrates rapidly in highly perfused organs and tissues (eg, CNS, viscera), while the uptake is delayed in less perfused organs and tissues (eg, muscle, adipose tissue). In rats, peak tissue concentrations occur in about 6, 30, and 60-120 minutes in muscle, or testes, skin, and adipose tissue, respectively. Thiopental penetrates the blood-brain barrier rapidly, and its rate of entry into the brain is limited only by the rate of cerebral blood flow. CSF concentrations of the drug are slightly lower than those in plasma.|The steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) of thiopental following iv administration is reportedly is about 0.4-4 L/kg in adults. The Vss may vary according to dosage and mode of administration (single- or multiple-dose); the pharmacokinetic model (eg, 1-,2-,3-, or 4-compartment) used to describe the drug; and gender, age , or weight of the patient. Limited data indicate that the average Vss is greater in women 20-40 years old (1.2 L/kg) than in men of the same age (0.417 L/kg). It has been suggested that the initial volume of distribution (Vd) may change with age; however, these changes may be associated with the pharmacokinetic model used. The Vss is 3-4 times higher in obese patients compared with lean patients possibly because of the highly lipophilic nature of the drug.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for Thiopental (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Primarily hepatic. Biotransformation products of thiopental are pharmacologically inactive and mostly excreted in the urine.|Thiopental is metabolized mainly in the liver and to a lesser extent in other organs and tissues (eg, kidneys and brain). Thiopental undergoes desulfuration to form pentobarbital, an active metabolite. However, both thiopental and pentobarbital undergo oxidation and hydroxylation to form corresponding carboxylic acid metabolites and alcohols, respectively; all detected metabolites have been found to be pharmacologically active.|Barbiturates are slowly metabolized, chiefly by hepatic microsomal enzymes. Phenobarbital and probably other barbiturates induce hepatic microsomal enzymes and thus may accelerate metabolism of other concomitantly administered drugs metabolized by these enzymes. /Barbiturates General Statement/|... Under clinical trials thiopental and two metabolites namely 5 ethyl-5 (1' methyl-3' hydroxy-butyl) 2 thiobarbituric acid and 5 ethyl-5 (1' methyl-3' carboxy-propyl) 2 thiobarbituric acid have been determined by high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. In human plasma high concentrations of thiopental and 5 ethyl-5 (1' methyl-3' hydroxy-butyl) 2 thiobarbituric acid and a lower concentration of 5 ethyl-5 (1' methyl-3' carboxy-propyl) 2 thiobarbituric acid have been found. In urine samples these metabolites are excreted in large and approximately equal quantities, whereas small amounts of thiopental were recovered.|The desulfuration of thiopental to pentobarbital has previously been shown to be a relatively minor pathway of thiopental metabolism. In two cases, /investigators/ observed significant conversion, resulting in blood pentobarbital concentrations up to 50 percent of total blood barbiturate (thiopental and pentobarbital) concentrations. Both patients received continuous infusions of thiopental and had present a condition (hypothermia) or drug (cimetidine) known to inhibit hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. It is suggested that inhibition of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity may prevent thiopental's metabolism to its major metabolite, a carboxylic acid analogue, and increase the amount of thiopental desulfurated to pentobarbital. Inhibition of hepatic microsomal metabolism also decreases the metabolism of pentobarbital. Until further elucidation of the causes of altered thiopental metabolism is available to identify patients more likely to have elevated concentrations of pentobarbital, monitoring of blood drug concentrations in patients receiving thiopental should include determination of both thiopental and pentobarbital concentrations.

3-8 hours|Following small iv doses of thiopental, the drug appears to decline in a monoexponential (first order) fashion, with an elimination half-life of about 3-22 hours. Following a rapid iv ('bolus") injection, pharmacokinetics of thiopental can be described by a triexponential equation; the drug appears to undergo a rapid and slow distribution phase followed by a terminal elimination phase. In the rapid distribution phase, thiopental equilibrates rapidly in highly perfused organs (CNS, viscera), while in the slow distribution phase the drug equilibrates between highly perfused organs and the adipose tissue. In adults, the mean plasma half-lives in the initial distribution phase and slow distribution phase are about 1.7-13.2 and 39.5-161.4 minutes, respectively.|... At high therapeutic concentrations, pharmacokinetics of thiopental can be characterized by Michaelis-Menten kinetics, with a first-order elimination half-life of 9.72-49.4 hours.|In pediatric patients (5 months to 13 years of age), the elimination half-life of thiopental was about one-half the elimination half-life in adults (about six hours); however the elimination half-life in neonates was increased two-fold compared with their mothers (about 15 hours).

Thiopental binds at a distinct binding site associated with a Cl^- ionopore at the GABA_A receptor, increasing the duration of time for which the Cl^- ionopore is open. The post-synaptic inhibitory effect of GABA in the thalamus is, therefore, prolonged.|The exact mechanism(s) by which barbiturates exert their effect on the CNS, has not been fully elucidated. However, it is believed that such effects are related, at least partially, to the drugs' ability to enhance the activity of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, by altering inhibitory synaptic transmissions that are mediated by GABAA receptors. /Barbiturates General Statement/|Although the drugs act throughout the CNS, a site of particular sensitivity is the polysynaptic midbrain reticular formation which is concerned with the arousal mechanism. Barbiturates induce an imbalance in central inhibitory and facilitatory mechanisms influencing the cerebral cortex and the reticular formation. The significance of the effect of barbiturates on neurotransmitters is unclear. It appears that the drugs decrease the excitability of both presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. It has not been determined which of the various actions of barbiturates at cellular and synaptic levels are responsible for their sedative and hypnotic effects. /Barbiturates General Statement/|Relatively low doses of the barbiturates depress the sensory cortex, decrease motor activity, and produce sedation and drowsiness. In some patients, however, drowsiness may be preceded by a period of transient elation, confusion, euphoria, or excitement, especially after subhypnotic doses of aprobarbital, pentobarbital, or secobarbital. /Barbiturates General Statement/|Larger doses distort judgment, cloud perception, suppress motor activity, and produce drowsiness and sleep. Still larger doses induce anesthesia. Barbiturate-induced sleep differs from physiologic sleep. Barbiturates reduce the rapid eye movement (REM) or dreaming stage of sleep. Stages III and IV sleep are also decreased. Although tolerance develops to the REM-suppressant effects during chronic administration, REM rebound occurs when the drugs are withdrawn, and the patient may experience markedly increased dreaming, nightmares, and/or insomnia. /Barbiturates General Statement/|For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for Thiopental (16 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Emergency and supportive measures. Protect the airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Treat coma, hypothermia, and hypotension if they occur. /Barbiturates/|Decontamination. Administer activated charcoal orally if conditions are appropriate. Gastric lavage is not necessary after small to moderate ingestions if activated charcoal can be given promptly. /Barbiturates/|Enhanced elimination. Alkalinization of the urine increase the urinary elimination of phenobarbital but not other barbiturates. Its value in acute overdose is unproved, and it may potentially contribute to fluid overload and pulmonary edema. Repeat-dose activated charcoal has been shown to decrease the half-life of phenobarbital, but data are conflicting regarding its effects on the duration of coma, time on mechanical ventilation, and time to extubation. Hemodialysis or hemoperfusion may be necessary for severely intoxicated patients who are not responding to supportive care (ie, with intractable hypotension). /Barbiturates/|Treatment of overdosage is mainly supportive including maintenance of an adequate airway and assisted respiration and oxygen administration if needed. Resuscitative measures should be initiated promptly. Standard treatment for shock should be administered if necessary. Management of hypotension may include administration of iv fluids, elevation of the lower extremities, and/or use of vasopressor or inotropic agents. For seizures, iv diazepam and phenytoin may be used; in case of refractory seizures, general anesthesia and paralysis induced by a neuromuscular blocking agent may be necessary. Activated charcoal is an effective barbiturate adsorbant when administered within 30 minutes following ingestion of the drugs. Care should be taken to prevent pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents. Multiple-dose, nasogastric administration of activated charcoal has been used effectively to treat phenobarbital overdose; activated charcoal enhances elimination of the drug and shortens the duration of coma. The patient's vital signs, fluid intake, blood gases, and serum electrolytes should be monitored closely. Analeptic drugs should not be administered because they may produce paroxysmal cerebral activity which may result in generalized seizures. In addition, it has been demonstrated that analeptics are incapable of stimulating respiration and exerting an arousal effect in patients with severe barbiturate poisoning and profound CNS depression. If renal function is normal, forced diuresis may be of benefit. In addition, alkalinization of the urine increases renal excretion of phenobarbital, aprobarbital, and mephobarbital which is metabolized to phenobarbital. Peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis may be useful in severe barbiturate intoxication and/or if the patient is anuric or in shock. /Barbiturates General Statement/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for Thiopental (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Neonates born to women who receive barbiturates throughout the last trimester of pregnancy may show withdrawal symptoms from 1-14 days after birth. Withdrawal symptoms, which resemble congenital opiate withdrawal symptoms, include hyperactivity, restlessness, disturbed sleep, tremor, and hyperreflexia. /Barbiturates General Statement/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptoms of barbiturate dependence are similar to those of chronic alcoholism, but can be more severe than those associated with alcohol or opiate abstinence syndrome and may result in fatalities. Withdrawal symptoms (which usually appear after 8-12 hours of abstinence) may vary from mild, consisting only of weakness, anxiety, muscle twitches, insomnia, nausea, vomiting, postural hypotension, and/or weight loss, to more severe hallucinations, delirium, and seizures. Seizures, clinically indistinguishable from tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures, may occur as early as 16 hours after the last dose of barbiturate or may be delayed for as long as 5 days. Some fatalities resulting from cardiovascular collapse have occurred. /Barbiturates General Statement/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Overdosage of barbiturates produces CNS depression ranging from sleep to profound coma to death; respiratory depression which may progress to Cheyne-Stokes respiration, central hypoventilation, and cyanosis; cold, clammy skin and/or hypothermia or later fever, areflexia, tachycardia, hypotension, loss of peripheral vascular resistance, muscular hyperactivity (twitching to convulsive-like movements) seizures, allergic reactions, and decreased urine formation. Pupils usually are slightly constricted but may be dilated in severe poisoning. Patients with severe overdosage often experience typical shock syndrome; apnea, circulatory collapse with loss of peripheral vascular tone, cardiac arrest, respiratory arrest, and death may occur. Complications such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema, or renal failure may also prove fatal. Other complications which may occur are congestive heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, and urinary tract infections. Some patients have bullous cutaneous lesions which heal slowly. Sweat gland necrosis may also occur. /Barbiturates General Statement/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The toxic dose of barbiturates varies considerably but, in general, a severe reaction is likely to occur when the amount ingested is more than 10 times the usual oral hypnotic dose. Potentially lethal blood concentrations are those in excess of 80 ug/mL for phenobarbital, 50 ug/mL for amobarbital or butabarbital, and approximately 30 ug/mL for secobarbital or pentobarbital; however, some patients have survived much higher blood concentrations. /Barbiturates General Statement/|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Thiopental (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Bomathal

Thiopental|Pentothal|2100|Schedule III - Substances in the DEA Schedule III have a potential for abuse less than substances in Schedules I or II and abuse may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence.|No

A rapidly acting barbituate administered intravenously for general anesthesia and hypnosis. Commonly known as "truth serum". /Thiopental sodium/

Human Drugs -> FDA Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations (Orange Book) -> Active Ingredients|Animal Drugs -> FDA Approved Animal Drug Products (Green Book) -> Active Ingredients