Bromoacetic acid

138.95

138.95

506167

201-175-8

2B3HS32431

141

1938|3425

TSCA listed

DTXSID7021495

White to yellow

29159000

37.30000

0.46590

White to yellow Crystalline Mass or Crystalline Powder, Flakes, Crystals and/or Chunks

1

46-49 °C

208 °C(lit.)

113ºC (closedºCup)

1.4804 (estimate)

miscible

0-6ºC

1 mm Hg @ 550C

Non flammable

2.69(at 25℃)

1.5×103mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, Burkholder et al. (2019)

2.89 (at 20 °C)|pKa = 2.89 at 20 °C

Hygroscopic|When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 7.16X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C (est)

Water soluble.

Acids, Carboxylic

Carboxylic acids, such as BROMOACETIC ACID, donate hydrogen ions if a base is present to accept them. They react in this way with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic. Their reactions with bases, called "neutralizations", are accompanied by the evolution of substantial amounts of heat. Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt. Carboxylic acids with six or fewer carbon atoms are freely or moderately soluble in water; those with more than six carbons are slightly soluble in water. Soluble carboxylic acid dissociate to an extent in water to yield hydrogen ions. The pH of solutions of carboxylic acids is therefore less than 7.0. Many insoluble carboxylic acids react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt. Carboxylic acids in aqueous solution and liquid or molten carboxylic acids can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Such reactions occur in principle for solid carboxylic acids as well, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry. Even "insoluble" carboxylic acids may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in Bromoacetic acid to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. Carboxylic acids, like other acids, react with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. The reaction is slower for dry, solid carboxylic acids. Insoluble carboxylic acids react with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat are generated by the reaction of carboxylic acids with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. Carboxylic acids, especially in aqueous solution, also react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Their reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat. Like other organic compounds, carboxylic acids can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. These reactions generate heat. A wide variety of products is possible. Like other acids, carboxylic acids may initiate polymerization reactions; like other acids, they often catalyze (increase the rate of) chemical reactions.

Strong irritant to skin and tissues

Store below +30°C.

II

8

UN 1938/3425

2

T,C,N,Xi,F

26-36/37/39-45-61-36-16

AF5950000

C

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

P210-P403 + P235

Strong irritant to skin and tissue.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material. Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents, strong bases.

DHHS/NTP; Report on Carcinogens Monograph on Haloacetic Acids Found as Water Disinfection By-Products. 200 pp (March 2018). ---- This RoC monograph on HAAs Found as Water Disinfection By-Products evaluates the available, relevant scientific information and assesses its quality, for each individual HAA or for potential evaluation of the HAAs as a chemical class or subclass, applies the RoC listing criteria to the scientific information, and recommends an RoC listing status (see Figure 1). The monograph also contains draft profiles containing the NTP's preliminary listing recommendation, a summary of the scientific evidence considered key to reaching that recommendation, and data on properties, use, production, exposure, and Federal regulations and guidelines to reduce exposure to haloacetic acids in the public water supply and from other potential exposures.[Available from, as of November 30, 2018: http://ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov/]

UN 1938 8/PG II/III (BROMOACETIC ACID SOLUTION)

Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water.

|Danger|H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P311, P312, P321, P322, P330, P333+P313, P361, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 129 companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H300: Fatal if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P261, P262, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P285, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P302+P350, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P304+P341, P305+P351+P338, P310, P311, P321, P322, P330, P342+P311, P361, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P310, P301+P330+P331, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P309+P311, P310, P321, P330, P363, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium-expansion foam to reduce vapors. DO NOT GET WATER on spilled substance or inside containers. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. SMALL SPILL: Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. (ERG, 2016)|Eye/face protection: Face shield and safety glasses. Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166 (EU).|Handle with gloves.|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots and goggles. ... Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus when fighting fires involving this material. /Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution or bromoacetic acid/

Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.|If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Bromoacetic acid, solid/|If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.). Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. /Bromoacetic acid, solution or bromoacetic acid/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.|Environmental considerations: Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with a plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. Dike surface flow using soil, sand bags, foamed polyurethane, or foamed concrete Absorb bulk liquid with fly ash, cement powder, or commercial sorbents. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ /Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution or bromoacetic acid/|Environmental considerations: Water spill: Use natural barriers or oil spill control booms to limit spill travel. Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. /Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution or bromoacetic acid/|Environmental considerations: Air spill: Apply water spray or mist to knock down vapors. /Bromoacetic acid, solid; Bromoacetic acid, solution or bromoacetic acid/

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES: Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Discharge into the environment must be avoided.|Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Further processing of solid materials may result in the formation of combustible dusts. The potential for combustible dust formation should be taken into consideration before additional processing occurs. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed.|Appropriate engineering controls: Avoid contact with skin, eyes and clothing. Wash hands before breaks and immediately after handling the product.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for Bromoacetic acid (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 156 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. Substance will react with water (some violently) releasing flammable, toxic or corrosive gases and runoff. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated or if contaminated with water. /Bromoacetic acid; Bromoacetic acid, solution; Bromoacetic acid, solid/|/GUIDE 156 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Bromoacetic acid; Bromoacetic acid, solution; Bromoacetic acid, solid/|/GUIDE 156 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind, uphill and/or upstream. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Bromoacetic acid; Bromoacetic acid, solution; Bromoacetic acid, solid/|/GUIDE 156 SUBSTANCES - TOXIC and/or CORROSIVE (Combustible/Water-Sensitive)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Bromoacetic acid; Bromoacetic acid, solution; Bromoacetic acid, solid/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Bromoacetic acid (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials. Bromoacetic acid, solution and bromoacetic acid, solid are included on the dangerous goods list. /Bromoacetic acid, solution; Bromoacetic acid, solid/|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article. Bromoacetic acid, solution and bromoacetic acid, solid are included on the dangerous goods list. /Bromoacetic acid, solution; Bromoacetic acid, solid/

Strong irritant to skin and tissue.

Bromoacetic acid was detected in the Tres Rios Wetlands, which receive tertiary-treated sewage effluent from the 91st Ave Wastewater Treatment Plant southwest of Phoenix, AZ, at concentrations of not detected to 12.0 ug/L(1).

SOURCE DOMINATED: Bromoacetic acid was qualitatively identified as a component of smokestack emissions from a municipal incinerator in Boras, Sweden(1).

Bromoacetic acid mean concentrations in northern and southern hemisphere environments(1).[Table#7328]

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Bromoacetic acid is a solid. It is used in organic synthesis, abscission of citrus fruit in harvesting. HUMAN STUDIES: All monohaloacetic acids were genotoxic in primary human lymphocytes. Bromoacetic acid exposure of human cells in vitro altered transcript profiles of genes involved in DNA repair, especially the repair of double strand DNA breaks, and in cell cycle regulation. ANIMAL STUDIES: It exhibited high acute oral toxicity in rodents and rabbits, and high acute dermal toxicity in rats. Eye damage occurred when sodium bromoacetate was given intravenously to rabbits. Single exposures to the acid or its sodium salt induced nervous system toxicity in dogs treated orally or by injection. Damage to the liver, heart, kidney, lung and skeletal muscle was found in pigs which died following repeated oral doses of the acid and movement disorders occurred in those that survived. Repeated oral administration of bromoacetic acid to pregnant rats caused fetal malformations and decreased fetal growth at maternally toxic doses. Limited oral studies in pigs did not reveal any convincing effect of the acid on fertility, but sterility has been reported in rats treated by repeated subcutaneous injection. DNA damage was induced in mouse cells treated with bromoacetic acid. ECOTOXICITY STUDIES: Bromoacetic acid is formed when effluent containing chlorine residuals react with humics in natural waters containing bromide. Bromoacetic acid additions caused an alteration of phytoplankton community structure with implications for higher trophic levels.

LD50 Mouse oral 100 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse ip 66 mg/kg|LD50 Rat ip 50 mg/kg|LD50 Rat oral 177 mg/kg

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Using seawater for toilet flushing may introduce high levels of bromide and iodide into a city's sewage treatment works, and result in the formation of brominated and iodinated disinfection byproducts (DBPs) during chlorination to disinfect sewage effluents. In a previous study, the authors' group has detected the presence of many brominated DBPs and identified five new aromatic brominated DBPs in chlorinated saline sewage effluents. The presence of brominated DBPs in chlorinated saline effluents may pose adverse implications for marine ecology. In this study, besides the detection and identification of another seven new aromatic halogenated DBPs in a chlorinated saline sewage effluent, their developmental toxicity was evaluated using the marine polychaete Platynereis dumerilii. For comparison, the developmental toxicity of some commonly known halogenated DBPs was also examined. The rank order of the developmental toxicity of 20 halogenated DBPs was 2,5-dibromohydroquinone > 2,6-diiodo-4-nitrophenol >/= 2,4,6-triiodophenol > 4-bromo-2-chlorophenol >/= 4-bromophenol > 2,4-dibromophenol >/= 2,6-dibromo-4-nitrophenol > 2-bromo-4-chlorophenol > 2,6-dichloro-4-nitrophenol > 2,4-dichlorophenol > 2,4,6-tribromophenol > 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde > bromoform >/= 2,4,6-trichlorophenol > 2,6-dibromophenol > 2,6-dichlorophenol > iodoacetic acid >/= tribromoacetic acid > bromoacetic acid > chloroacetic acid. On the basis of developmental toxicity data, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) was established. The QSAR involved two physical-chemical property descriptors (log P and pKa) and two electronic descriptors (the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy and the highest occupied molecular orbital energy) to indicate the transport, biouptake, and biointeraction of these DBPs. It can well predict the developmental toxicity of most of the DBPs tested.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Bromoacetic acid is formed when effluent containing chlorine residuals react with humics in natural waters containing bromide. The objective of this research was to quantify the effects of bromoacetic acid on estuarine phytoplankton as a proxy for ecosystem productivity. Bioassays were used to measure the EC50 for growth in cultured species and natural marine communities. Growth inhibition was estimated by changes in chlorophyll a concentrations measured by fluorometry and HPLC. The EC50s for cultured Thalassiosira pseudonana were 194 mg/L, 240 mg/L for Dunaliella tertiolecta and 209 mg/L for Rhodomonas salina. Natural phytoplankton communities were more sensitive to contamination with an EC50 of 80 mg/L. Discriminant analysis suggested that bromoacetic acid additions cause an alteration of phytoplankton community structure with implications for higher trophic levels. A two-fold EC50 decrease in mixed natural phytoplankton populations affirms the importance of field confirmation for establishing water quality criteria.

Bromoacetic acid's formation as a chemical by-product of bromination of drinking water(1,2) and in chemical synthesis(3,4) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use in abscission of citrus fruit in harvesting(4) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.4(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.41(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that bromoacetic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of bromoacetic acid is 2.89(4), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as an anion and anions do not volatilize. Bromoacetic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.119 mm Hg at 25 °C(6). Using the OECD Closed Bottle Test and unacclimated activated sludge, bromoacetic acid was not biodegraded(7). However, bromoacetic acid, present at 2 mg/L, reached 82% of its theoretical BOD using a preacclimatized inoculum derived from a Zahn-Wellens test and the OECD Closed Bottle Test(7), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil unless under specific conditions(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.4(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.41(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that bromoacetic acid is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 2.89(4) indicates bromoacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Bromoacetic acid exposed to moisture is readily hydrolyzed to glycolic acid(6). Using the OECD Closed Bottle Test and unacclimated activated sludge, bromoacetic acid was not biodegraded(7). However, bromoacetic acid, present at 2 mg/L, reached 82% of its theoretical BOD using a preacclimatized inoculum derived from a Zahn-Wellens test and the OECD Closed Bottle Test(7), suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water unless under specific conditions(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bromoacetic acid, which has a vapor pressure of 0.119 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase bromoacetic acid is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 7.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Bromoacetic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of bromoacetic acid with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 7.2X10-13 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 22 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Bromoacetic acid exposed to moisture is readily hydrolyzed to glycolic acid(2). Bromoacetic acid does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for bromoacetic acid(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.41(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of bromoacetic acid is estimated as 2.4(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.41(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that bromoacetic acid is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of bromoacetic acid is 2.89(4), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

A pKa of 2.89(1) indicates bromoacetic acid will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and, therefore, volatilization from water or moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC). Bromoacetic acid is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.119 mm Hg(2).

DRINKING WATER: Bromoacetic acid was qualitatively detected in water from two Israeli drinking water treatment plants using the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinereth) as a source(1). The compound was observed when either chlorine or a combination of chlorine dioxide and monochloramine was used to disinfect the water, and was still identifiable after 12 hours(1). Water collected from fifty-three Canadian drinking water treatment facilities in winter of 1993 contained bromoacetic acid(2). When bromide concentrations were very low (<0.01 mg/L) or low (0.06 mg/L), the water contained 0.1 ug/L bromoacetic acid; when bromide was moderate (0.5 mg/L), the water contained <0.01 ug/L bromoacetic acid(2). The production of bromoacetic acid as a disinfection by-product was reduced when using riverbank filtration treatment for the purification of water to drinking water standards. Induced infiltration at 11 well fields on the Ohio River was studied; total estimated travel time was 3-60 days. The average bromoacetic acid concentration at a plant located in Jeffersonville, IN was <8 ug/L(3).|DRINKING WATER: A mean concentration of 0.06 ug/L bromoacetic acid was measured in post-treatment drinking water from disinfection utilities in Belgium, France, Germany, Spain, The Netherlands, and Italy(1). Bromoacetic acid was measured in water samples taken from Barcelona's water treatment plant between November 1997 and March 1998; the compound was detected in prechlorinated water (mean = 1.3 ug/L), sand-filtered water (mean = 0.3 ug/L), and ozonated water (mean = 1.0 ug/L), while neither granulated activated carbon-filtered nor postchlorinated water contained bromoacetic acid(2). In a simulated drinking water treatment process, the compound was detected in each sample following chlorination at 1 min, 1 hour, 3 hours, 9 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, 3 days and 4 days(3).|DRINKING WATER: At an American drinking water utility with high bromide levels, clearwell effluent contained bromoacetic acid concentrations of 1.2 ug/L in summer and fall of 1988 and 1.4 ug/L in winter of 1989; at a utility with seasonally-varying bromide levels, bromoacetic acid was measured to be 1.0 ug/L in summer of 1988, 1.6 ug/L in fall of 1988, and 1.3 ug/L in winter of 1989(1). Bromoacetic acid was detected at 3 of 35 Finnish waterworks between January and October 1994 with concentrations between 0.42 and 1.1 ug/L; levels at all other facilities were below quantitation limits(2). Bromoacetic acid has also been detected in drinking water from The Netherlands (<0.01-0.5 ug/L)(3) and Canada (140-487 ng/L)(4).|DRINKING WATER: Bromoacetic acid occurrence in 2 US drinking water production plants located within the Pacific Southwest region; method detection limit = 1 ug/L(1).[Table#7330]|For more Environmental Water Concentrations (Complete) data for Bromoacetic acid (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 4,874 workers (249 of these were female) were potentially exposed to bromoacetic acid in the US(1). Occupational exposure to bromoacetic acid may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to bromoacetic acid via ingestion or inhalation of chlorinated or chloraminated drinking water, particularly when source waters contain high concentrations of bromide(SRC).

... The metabolism of bromoacetaldehyde and bromoacetic acid has been investigated; N-acetyl-S-(carboxymethyl)cysteine had been shown to be a common urinary metabolite. An oxidative metabolic pathway is proposed for 2-bromoethanol, via bromoacetaldehyde and bromoacetic acid, to N-acetyl-S-(carboxymethyl)cysteine.

TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors, dusts or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Reaction with water or moist air will release toxic, corrosive or flammable gases. Reaction with water may generate much heat that will increase the concentration of fumes in the air. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 156 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible / Water-Sensitive)]: Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim calm and warm. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. (ERG, 2016)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Bromine, methyl bromide, and related compounds/

/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ /Researchers/ investigated the risk of kidney cancers from ingested nitrate and other disinfection by-products in the Iowa Women's Health Study (IWHS), a cohort of 41,836 post-menopausal women followed for up to 24 years, from 1986 to 2010. This study categorized women's drinking water exposure by source: public water, private well, and other sources. Exposure then to water disinfection products was split into time at that source (>/= 10 years or > 10 years), and the cancer analysis was done on women exposed to public water sources for greater than 10 years (N = 15,577). Exposure to haloacetic acids, including a mixture of five regulated haloacetic acids (monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid) and individual haloacetic acids (dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, and bromochloroacetic acid, which is unregulated) and trihalomethanes (total as well as individual) were estimated via an expert assessment that used available measures (data from plants, water source, quality, treatment, and disinfection type). A total of 266 incident kidney cancers were observed among all women in the study, with 125 occurring among women with greater than 10 years exposure to a public water source. No associations were seen between kidney cancer risk and either individual or combined haloacetic acid or trihalomethane measures.|/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Chlorination of drinking water generates disinfection by-products (DBPs) , which have been shown to disrupt spermatogenesis in rodents at high doses, suggesting that DBPs could pose a reproductive risk to men. ...This study ...assessed DBP exposure and testicular toxicity, as evidenced by altered semen quality. ... A cohort study /was conducted/ to evaluate semen quality in men with well-characterized exposures to DBPs. Participants were 228 presumed fertile men with different DBP profiles. They completed a telephone interview about demographics, health history, water consumption, and other exposures and provided a semen sample. Semen outcomes included sperm concentration and morphology, as well as DNA integrity and chromatin maturity. Exposures to DBPs were evaluated by incorporating data on water consumption and bathing and showering with concentrations measured in tap water. ... Multivariable linear regression /was used/ to assess the relationship between exposure to DBPs and adverse sperm outcomes. ... The mean (median) sperm concentration and sperm count were 114.2 (90.5) million/mL and 362 (265) million, respectively. The mean (median) of the four trihalomethane species (THM4) exposure was 45.7 (65.3) ug/L, and the mean (median) of the nine haloacetic acid species (HAA9) exposure was 30.7 (44.2) ug/L. These sperm parameters were not associated with exposure to these classes of DBPs. For other sperm outcomes, we found no consistent pattern of increased abnormal semen quality with elevated exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs) or haloacetic acids (HAAs) . The use of alternate methods for assessing exposure to DBPs and site-specific analyses did not change these results. ... Overall, the results of the present study do not support an association between exposure to DBPs at levels approaching regulatory limits and adverse sperm outcomes, although /there was/ an association between total organohalides and sperm concentration that was in line with /the/ hypothesis.... The lone association of total organohalide exposure with sperm concentration may lend support to findings that have suggested that total organohalide is a stronger risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes than any of the regulated DBP groups or species and that the toxicity of total organohalides is greater than that of the individual or subclasses of DBPs. ... Previous studies have suggested that exposures to THMs via bathing and showering may be more strongly associated with adverse reproductive outcomes than other exposure indicators. Our results did not support these findings.|/GENOTOXICITY/ The haloacetic acids (HAAs) are the second-most prevalent class of drinking water disinfection by-products formed by chemical disinfectants. Previous studies have determined DNA damage and repair of HAA-induced lesions in mammalian and human cell lines; however, little is known of the genomic DNA and chromosome damage induced by these compounds in primary human cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxic and clastogenic effects of the monoHAA disinfection by-products in primary human lymphocytes. All monoHAAs were genotoxic in primary human lymphocytes, the rank order of genotoxicity and cytotoxicity was IAA > BAA >> CAA. After 6 hr of repair time, only 50% of the DNA damage (maximum decrease in DNA damage) was repaired compared to the control. This demonstrates that primary human lymphocytes are less efficient in repairing the induced damage by monoHAAs than previous studies with mammalian cell lines. In addition, the monoHAAs induced an increase in the chromosome aberration frequency as a measurement of the clastogenic effect of these compounds. These results coupled with genomic technologies in primary human cells and other mammalian non-cancerous cell lines may lead to the identification of biomarkers that may be employed in feedback loops to aid water chemists and engineers in the overall goal of producing safer drinking water.|/GENOTOXICITY/ Chemical disinfection of water generates ... chemical compounds, known as disinfection by-products (DBPs). One class of DBPs is constituted by haloacetic acids (HAAs), the second major group in prevalence (after trihalomethanes) detected in finished drinking water. In this article, we report the results obtained in the evaluation of the chromosome damage induced by three monohaloacetic acids, namely iodoacetic acid (IAA), bromoacetic acid (BAA) and chloroacetic acid (CAA). To evaluate the induction of chromosome damage, we used the cytokinesis-block micronucleus test that measures the ability of genotoxic agents to induce both clastogenic and/or aneugenic effects. ... We tested five doses of each HAA, in addition to the negative and positive controls. The highest dose tested for each HAA was that immediately lower than the dose producing total cytotoxicity. Our results show that none of the three HAAs tested was able to increase significantly the frequency of micronucleus in binucleated TK6 cells, the rank order in decreasing cytotoxicity was IAA > BAA >> CAA.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for Bromoacetic acid (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

bromoacetate

Acetic acid, 2-bromo-: ACTIVE|Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5) mean the sum of the concentrations in milligrams per liter of the haloacetic acid compounds (monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid), rounded to two significant figures after addition. /Haloacetic Acids (five) (HAA5)/|Haloacetic acids ... are chemical byproducts of chlorination and chloramination of drinking water. /Haloacetates/

Method: EPA-NERL 552.1; Procedure: ion-exchange liquid-solid extraction and gas chromatography with an electron capture detector; Analyte: bromoacetic acid; Matrix: drinking water, ground water, raw source water, and water at any intermediate treatment stage; Detection Limit: 0.24 ug/L.|Method: EPA-OGWDW/TSC 552.2; Procedure: liquid-liquid extraction, derivitization and gas chromatography with electron capture detection; Analyte: bromoacetic acid; Matrix: drinking water, ground water, raw source water, and water at any intermediate treatment stage; Detection Limit: 0.204 ug/L.|Method: EPA-OGWDW/TSC 552.3rev1.0; Procedure: liquid-liquid microextraction, derivitization, and gas chromatography with electron capture detection; Analyte: bromoacetic acid; Matrix: drinking water; Detection Limit: 0.13 ug/L.|Method: Standard Methods 6251B; Procedure: micro liquid-liquid extraction gas chromatography with electron capture detector; Analyte: bromoacetic acid; Matrix: water; Detection Limit: 0.08 ug/L.

Fatty Acyls [FA] -> Fatty Acids and Conjugates [FA01] -> Halogenated fatty acids [FA0109]|Health Hazards -> Corrosives