Bromochloroacetonitrile

154.391

154.39

1760

DTXSID9021500

Liquid

2926909090

23.8

0.38 (est)

Bromochloroacetonitrile is a colorless liquid. (NTP, 1992)

1.68 g/cm³ @ Temp: 25 °C

125-130 °C @ Press: 760 Torr

27.1±21.8 °C

1.507

In water, 1.87X10+4 mg/L at 25 deg C (est)

0.913 mm Hg at 25 deg C (est)

Henry's Law constant = 1.24X10-6 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

Conversion factor: mg/cu m = 6.32 X ppm|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 3.9X10-14 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

Slightly water soluble (NTP, 1992).

Halogenated Organic Compounds

BROMOCHLOROACETONITRILE may be sensitive to exposure to light. This compound reacts with steam and strong acids to produce hazardous vapors and fumes. (NTP, 1992)

III

8

UN 1760

R23/24/25;R34

S26-S36/37/39-S45

AL8010000

Xn

P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P330, P337+P313, P501

H302

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Flash point data for this chemical are not available. It is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. (NTP, 1992)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 154 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Non-Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you should spill this chemical, use absorbent paper to pick up all liquid spill material. Seal the absorbent paper, as well as any of your clothing which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash any surfaces you may have contaminated with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves. RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). Splash proof safety goggles should be worn while handling this chemical. Alternatively, a full face respirator, equipped as above, may be used to provide simultaneous eye and respiratory protection. (NTP, 1992)

Bromochloroacetonitrile was measured at 1.1, 5.8, and 4.2 ug/L at the inlet to three wetland areas and was not detected in the outlets in the Tres Rios Wetlands outside Phoenix, AZ(1).

Bromochloroacetonitrile is formed during the chlorination of water(1-2). In experiments bromochloroacetonitrile was found in water treated with chlorine(1-2), chlorine with bromide(2), chlorine with ozone(1) and chloramination with bromide(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 13(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that bromochloroacetonitrile is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of bromochloroacetonitrile from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Bromochloroacetonitrile is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.91 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Bromochloroacetonitrile has a hydrolysis rate constant of 5.3X10-6/sec at pH of 8.7(5), corresponding to a half-life of 36 hours(SRC). Bromochloroacetonitrile is a by-product of water chlorination and hydrolyzes quickly; therefore, biodegradation is not expected to be an important fate in the environment(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 13(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that bromochloroacetonitrile is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 73 and 270 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 0.38(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Bromochloroacetonitrile has a hydrolysis rate constant of 5.3X10-6/sec at pH of 8.7(8), corresponding to a half-life of 36 hours(SRC). Bromochloroacetonitrile is a by-product of water chlorination and hydrolyzes quickly; therefore, biodegradation is not expected to be an important fate in the environment(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), bromochloroacetonitrile, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 0.91 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase bromochloroacetonitrile is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 410 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.9X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of bromochloroacetonitrile with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.9X10-14 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 410 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Bromochloroacetonitrile has a hydrolysis rate constant of 5.3X10-6/sec at pH of 8.7(2), corresponding to a half-life of 36 hours(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for bromochloroacetonitrile(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 0.38(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of bromochloroacetonitrile can be estimated to be 13(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that bromochloroacetonitrile is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for bromochloroacetonitrile is estimated as 1.2X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that bromochloroacetonitrile is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 37 days(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 270 days(SRC). Bromochloroacetonitrile's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Bromochloroacetonitrile is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 0.91 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

GROUND WATER: Bromochloroacetonitrile was not detected in ground water from the Salt River alluvium in Phoenix, AZ(1).|DRINKING WATER: The concn of bromochloroacetonitrile in two water treatment plants using chlorine treatment was 1.0 and 5.5 ug/L(1). The concns of bromochloroacetonitrile in the same plants using a combination of chlorination and ozonation were 0.69 and 4.3 ug/L(1). Tap water samples taken in Phoenix, AZ contained 0.6 ug/L of bromochloroacetonitrile(2). Bromochloroacetonitrile was detected (concns not reported) in drinking water samples from the Sea of Galilee, Israel water treatment plants in May of 1999, September of 1999 and July of 2000(3). Bromochloroacetonitrile was not detected in raw water and at the granulated carbon filter stage at a water treatment plant in Barcelona, Spain, but was found in pre-chlorinated, sand filters, ozone and post-chlorinated stages at 0.4-1.9, 1.3-4.3, 1.3-4.5 and not detected to 0.7 ug/L, respectively(4). Bromochloroacetonitrile, studied in 5 locations in each of 3 treatment plants for a one year period from Jan to Dec 1994, contained concns of <0.1-0.5 ug/L in a plant with source water from the Ottawa River using chlorine/chloramine treatment, <0.1-0.5 ug/L in another plant with source water from the Ottawa River but using chlorine/chlorine treatment and <0.1-0.4 ug/L in a plant with source water from LaLievre River using ozone/chlorine treatment(5). Bromochloroacetonitrile was found in 92% of samples taken from 53 water treatment facilities throughout Canada, concns of <5 ug/L(6). Bromochloroacetonitrile was not detected when using chlorine dioxide, chlorine dioxide with bromide, ozone, ozone with bromide treatments, or chloramination, however bromochloroacetonitrile was detected when using chloramination with bromide at 0.04 ug/L, chlorine at 0.29, and chlorine with bromide at 2.79 ug/L(7).|SURFACE WATER: Bromochloroacetonitrile was not detected in the Gila River and the Salt River at the 91st Ave, 115th Ave, and Bullard Ave location in Phoenix, AZ(1).

Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to bromochloroacetonitrile via ingestion of and dermal contact with drinking water. (SRC)

Approximately 13% of a single oral dose to rats of 116 mg/kg bw of bromochloroacetonitrile was excreted in urine within 24 hr as thiocyanate, the product of released cyanide metabolized by rhodanese.

When administered orally to rats, the haloacetonitriles (HAN) were metabolized to cyanide and excreted in the urine as thiocyanate. The extent of thiocyanate excretion was chloroacetonitrile (CAN) greater than bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN) greater than dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) greater than dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) much greater than trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN).

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation of the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound may cause irritation on contact. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Remove patient from contact with the material. Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cyanide and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Administer amyl nitrite ampules as per protocol and physician order ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer cyanide antidote kit (sodium nitrite, amyl nitrite, sodium thiosulfate) as per protocol and physician order ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/|Emergency and supportive measures. Treat all cyanide exposures as potentially lethal. Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer supplemental oxygen. Treat coma, hypotension, and seizures if they occur. Start an intravenous line and monitor the patient's vital signs and ECG closely. /Cyanide/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for BROMOCHLOROACETONITRILE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GENOTOXICITY/ ... The ability of halogenated acetonitriles (HAN) to induce single-strand breaks on the DNA of HeLa S3 cells was investigated using the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, which could be a good tool with which to evaluate the genotoxicity of chlorinated water. The results were compared to those obtained in the Ames fluctuation test using the Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 strain without activation. With the Ames fluctuation test, a mutagenic effect was observed for chloroacetonitrile (MCAN), dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), and trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN). No mutagenic effect was found with bromoacetonitrile (MBAN) or dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN). In the SCGE assay, all five HANs induced DNA damage in HeLa S3 cells, increasing the mean tail moment significantly. For each compound, a dose-effect relation was observed. ... Brominated acetonitriles were more genotoxic than chlorinated acetonitriles in the SCGE assay, and the genotoxicity increased with the number of halogenated atoms of the compound. This behavior had already been found with other genotoxicity tests.|/GENOTOXICITY/The haloacetonitriles produced DNA strand breaks in cultured human lymphoblastic (CCRF-CEM) cells. trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN) was the most potent DNA strand breaker, and bromochloroacetonitrile (BCAN) greater than dibromoacetonitrile (DBAN) greater than dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) greater than chloroacetonitrile (CAN), which was only marginally active.|/GENOTOXICITY/ Chlorinated and brominated haloacetonitriles (HAN) ... produced DNA strand breaks in cultured human lymphoblastic (CCRF-CEM) cells /treated for 1 hr with up to 3.0 mM dibromoacetonitrile/. /Chlorinated & brominated haloacetonitriles/

bromochloroacetonitrile

Haloacetonitriles ... are chemical by-products of chlorine disinfection of drinking water. /Halogenated acetonitriles/

Method: EPA-OGWDW/TSC 551.1; Procedure: gas chromatography with electron capture detector; Analyte: bromochloroacetonitrile; Matrix: finished drinking water, drinking water during intermediate stages of treatment, and raw source water; Detection Limit: 0.002 ug/L.