Benzylamine

107.15

107.15

741984

202-854-1

A1O31ROR09

1338

8046

2735

DTXSID5021839

Colorless liquid|Light amber liquid

2921499090

26

1.09

Clear colorless to slightly yellow Liquid

0.983 g/cm³ @ Temp: 19 °C

10 °C

185 °C

140 °F

n 20/D 1.543(lit.)

H2O: soluble ;alcohol: miscible

room temp

Vapour pressure, Pa at 25°C: 87

Peritoneal-mouse LD50: 600 mg/kg; oral-wild bird LD50: 700 mg/kg

Open flame is flammable; burning produces toxic nitrogen oxide fumes; itself irritates the skin, eyes and mucous membranes

0.7-8.2%(V)

Ammonia-like odor

pH = 11.6 in water at a concentration of 100 g/L

9.33(at 25 °C)

Henry's Law constant = 6.12X10-7 atm-cu m/mole at 25 °C (est)

9.33 (at 25 °C)|pKa = 9.33

BP = 90 °C at 12 mm Hg|Strongly alkaline reaction|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 3.35X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

Water soluble.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

In presence of moisture, BENZYLAMINE may weakly corrode some metals. Liquid will attack some plastics (USCG, 1999). Neutralize acids to form salts plus water in exothermic reactions. May be incompatible with isocyanates, halogenated organics, peroxides, phenols (acidic), epoxides, anhydrides, and acid halides. Flammable gaseous hydrogen is generated in combination with strong reducing agents, such as hydrides.

405 °C (761 °F)

4058.7 kJ/mol at 101.3 kPa and 20 °C

Strongly alkaline ... skin irritant

49 kJ/mol

II

8

UN 2735 8/PG 2

1

21/22-34

26-36/37/39-45

DP1488500

C

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored separately from oxidants and acids

Reacts violently with N-chlorosuccinimide and even explodes

Stability Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong acids.

P301 + P312 + P330-P303 + P361 + P353-P304 + P340 + P310-P305 + P351 + P338

H302 + H312-H314

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D002, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.|The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for benzylamine: concentration process: biological treatment.|This combustible material may be burned in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Observe all federal, state, and local environmental regulations. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.

Violent or explosive reaction with N-chlorosuccinimide

UN 2735

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic nitrogen oxides may form in a fire. (USCG, 1999)|Flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Above 60 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed.

|Danger|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P301+P330+P331, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P321, P322, P330, P363, P405, and P501|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 641 companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Warning|H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]|P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Flush with water. (USCG, 1999)

Self-contained breathing apparatus; goggles or face shield; rubber gloves (USCG, 1999)|Protective gloves. Protective clothing. Face shield.

Flammable

Lower explosive limit 0.7% (v); upper explosive limit 8.2% (v)|Above 60 °C explosive vapor/air mixtures may be formed.

Powder, alcohol-resistant foam, water spray, carbon dioxide. In case of fire: keep drums, etc., cool by spraying with water.|Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.|Collect leaking liquid in sealable containers. Cautiously neutralize remainder. Then wash away with plenty of water. Extra personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants. Ensure that the local ventilation moves the contaminant away from the worker.|Ventilation, local exhaust, or breathing protection.

Highly irritating to skin, mucous membranes.|The vapor irritates the eyes and the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. The solution irritates and corrodes the skin.|An irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.

Personal protection: complete protective clothing including self-contained breathing apparatus. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Cautiously neutralize remainder. Then wash away with plenty of water.

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants, strong acids and food and feedstuffs.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is corrosive to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. Inhalation of the vapour may cause lung oedema. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Above 60 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment.

AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear face shield.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Benzylamine is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

| 3 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause serious or permanent injury.| 2 - Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials would not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating could release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air.| 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

D002; A waste containing benzylamine may (or may not) be characterized a hazardous waste following testing for corrosivity characteristics as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations.

D002; A solid waste containing benzylamine may become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to testing for corrosivity as stipulated in 40 CFR 261.21, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

moderately toxic

Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is highly expressed in adipose cells, and substrates of SSAO, such as benzylamine, in combination with low concentrations of vanadate strongly stimulate glucose transport and GLUT4 recruitment in 3T3-L1 and rat adipocytes. ... Acute intravenous administration of these drugs enhanced glucose tolerance in nondiabetic rats and in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. This occurred in the absence of changes in plasma insulin concentrations. However, the administration of benzylamine or vanadate alone did not improve glucose tolerance. The improvement caused by benzylamine plus vanadate was abolished when rats were pretreated with the SSAO-inhibitor semicarbazide. Chronic administration of benzylamine and vanadate exerted potent antidiabetic effects in STZ-induced diabetic rats. Although daily administration of vanadate alone (50 and 25 umol/kg/day i.p.) for 2 weeks had little or no effect on glycemia, vanadate plus benzylamine reduced hyperglycemia in diabetic rats, enhanced basal and insulin-stimulated glucose transport, and upregulated GLUT4 expression in isolated adipocytes...|Benzylamine, a substrate of semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO), stimulates glucose transport in rat adipocytes and improves glucose disposal in diabetic rats only in the presence of vanadate. These effects have been described to result from a synergism between the hydrogen peroxide formed during amine oxidation and vanadate, via the generation of pervanadate, a powerful insulin mimicker. However, it has also been reported that benzylamine alone can stimulate glucose uptake and inhibit lipolysis in human fat cells. ...This work ... investigated whether benzylamine on its own was able to induce both in vivo and in vitro insulin-like responses in animal models other than rat. In rabbits, the i.v. infusion of 7 umol/kg benzylamine before a glucose tolerance test resulted in a net reduction of the hyperglycemic response without a change in insulin secretion. Benzylamine also improved glucose tolerance and reduced lipid mobilization in hyperglycemic/obese mice. In vitro, 0.1 mM benzylamine stimulated glucose transport and inhibited lipolysis in mouse and rabbit adipocytes. These effects were blocked by previous treatments with semicarbazide, a SSAO inhibitor. Levels of benzylamine oxidation were more elevated in mouse than in rabbit adipose tissues, whereas the reverse was observed for skeletal muscles. Finally, benzylamine was unable to stimulate insulin secretion by isolated pancreatic islets from both species and SSAO activity was hardly detectable in pancreas. Together, /these/ results bring evidence that benzylamine on its own can improve glucose tolerance in rabbit and mouse, likely by stimulating glucose uptake via amine oxidase activation in insulin-sensitive tissues.|In mice deprived of food for 12 h, the i.c.v. or i.p. administration of benzylamine, a substrate common to both monoamine oxidase B and semicarbazide-sensitive benzylamine oxidases, dose-dependently inhibited feeding. This effect was significantly potentiated by selective monoamine oxidase A and B inhibition, suggesting that central monoamines, known to be substrates of these enzymes may be released. The i.p. administration of semicarbazide-sensitive benzylamine oxidase inhibitors, B24 (3,5-ethoxy-4-aminomethylpyridine) and MDL 72274 ((E)-2-phenyl-3-chloroallylamine) strongly potentiated the effect of i.p. but not i.c.v.-administered benzylamine. The hypophagic effect of benzylamine was evaluated following i.c.v. administration, in comparison with the effect of the sympathomimetic compound amphetamine or the K(+) channel blocker tetraethylammonium, as reference compounds. Our results make it possible to define benzylamine as a centrally acting hypophagic compound devoid of amphetamine-like motor stimulatory effects and point to a role of B24 and MDL 72274 as specific peripheral enhancers of the pharmacological effects of benzylamine.|Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats were treated with benzylamine (BZA) +/- vanadate (V) or insulin. In contrast to insulin, BZA + V treatment did not reduce HbA(1C) levels. However, it reduced the elevated serum semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase/vascular adhesion protein-1 (SSAO) activity, decreased the accumulation of advanced-glycation end products and increased the bioavailability of nitric oxide in diabetic animals, similarly to insulin. BZA alone did not affect any of these parameters.|For more Interactions (Complete) data for Benzylamine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Mouse ip 600 mg/kg

Benzylamine has been detected in a wide variety of fresh vegetables and fruits such as spinach, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, beets, carrots, radishes, celery, maize, apples and rhubarb(1).

Benzylamine's production and use in organic synthesis(1), chemical intermediates for dyes, pharmaceuticals, and polymers(2), as a raw material for the production biotin (Vitamin H) and certain photographic materials(3), in synthetic textiles, in paints, as a corrosion inhibitor, and an intermediate in the production of compounds for plant and material protection(4) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 270(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.09(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzylamine is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of benzylamine is 9.33(4), indicating that this compound will entirely exist in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5). Volatilization of benzylamine from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given the predominance of the cationic state at pH values of 5 to 9(7). Benzylamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.662 mm Hg at 25 °C(8). Multiple biodegradation screening studies reported that benzylamine degraded 53-101% after 4-30 days(9,10)suggesting that biodegradation is expected to be an important fate process in terrestrial environments(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 270(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 1.09(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that benzylamine is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 9.33(6) indicates benzylamine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(7). According to a classification scheme(8), an estimated BCF of 2.4(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Benzylamine degraded 96.1-98.9% after 6 days in lake water(10), indicating benzylamine will biodegrade in aquatic environments(SRC). However, biodegradation may be attenuated by adsorption to suspended sediments(11,12).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), benzylamine, which has a vapor pressure of 0.662 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase benzylamine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 11 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.3X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Benzylamine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of benzylamine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 3.4X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1) using a structure estimation method(2). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 11 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). Benzylamine is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Benzylamine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 2.4 was calculated for benzylamine(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.09(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of benzylamine is estimated as 270(SRC), using a log Kow of 1.09(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that benzylamine is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of benzylamine is 9.33(4), indicating that this compound will almost entirely exist in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

A pKa of 9.33(1) indicates benzylamine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces and moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(2). Benzylamine is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 0.662 mm Hg(3).

SURFACE WATER: A benzylamine concn of 1 ug/kg was detected in the River Alster in Germany (sampling date not reported)(1). A benzylamine concn of 0.3 ug/kg was detected in the River Au near Hetlingen in Germany (sampling date not reported)(1).

The following concentrations of benzylamine (in mg/kg) were detected in samples of fresh vegetables: spinach, 6.1; red cabbage, 3.3; cabbage, 2.8; cauliflower, 1.4; kale, 3.8; white beet, 5.3; carrots, 2.8; red beet, 0.1; large radish, 1.8; red radish, 4.8; celery, 3.4. Benzylamine concentrations (in mg/kg) were detected in the following foods: maize, grains, 3.4; green salad, 11.5; rhubard, 2.9; apple flesh, 0.3; apple peel, 0.6(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Report, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of benzylamine is 1 to 99; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 5,721 workers (300 of these were female) were potentially exposed to benzylamine in the US(1). Occupational exposure to benzylamine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where benzylamine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to benzylamine via ingestion of food and dermal contact with this compound or other products containing benzylamine(SRC).

A total of 224 expired air samples were collected from 28 healthy, non-smoking volunteers in Chicago(1); approximately 18% of the samples contained benzylamine at a geometric mean concentration of about 0.1 ng/L(1). In another study, a total of 387 expired air samples were collected from 54 healthy volunteers in Chicago(1); approximately 12% of the samples contained benzylamine at a geometric mean concentration of about 0.007 ng/L(2).

Benzylamine is found in Moringa oleifera, a plant used to treat diabetes in traditional medicine.|/Experimental Therapy/ Benzylamine/vanadate administration generates peroxovanadium locally in pancreatic islets, which stimulates insulin secretion, and also produces peroxovanadium in adipose tissue, thereby activating glucose metabolism in adipocytes and in neighboring muscle. This opens up the possibility of using the semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO)/vascular adhesion protein-1 (VAP-1) activity as a local generator of protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors in anti-diabetic therapy...|/Experimental Therapy/ ... Benzylamine on its own can improve glucose tolerance in rabbit and mouse, likely by stimulating glucose uptake via amine oxidase activation in insulin-sensitive tissues.|/Experimental Therapy/ The combination of vanadate plus benzylamine has been reported to stimulate glucose transport in rodent adipocytes and to mimic other insulin actions in diverse studies. However, benzylamine alone activates glucose uptake in human fat cells and increases glucose tolerance in rabbits. The aim of this work was to unravel the benzylamine antihyperglycemic action and to test whether its chronic oral administration could restore the defective glucose handling of mice rendered slightly obese and diabetic by very high-fat diet (VHFD). When VHFD mice were i.p. injected with benzylamine at 0.7 to 700 umol/kg before glucose tolerance test, they exhibited reduced hyperglycemic response without alteration of insulin secretion. Whole body glucose turnover, as assessed by the glucose isotopic dilution technique, was unchanged in mice perfused with benzylamine (total dose of 75 umol/kg). However, their in vivo glycogen synthesis rate was increased. Benzylamine appeared therefore to directly facilitate glucose utilisation in peripheral tissues. When given chronically at 2000 or 4000 micromol/kg/d in drinking water, benzylamine elicited a slight reduction of water consumption but did not change body weight or adiposity and did not modify oxidative stress markers. Benzylamine treatment improved glucose tolerance but failed to normalize the elevated glucose fasting plasma levels of VHFD mice. There was no influence of benzylamine ingestion on lipolytic activity, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, and on inflammatory adipokine expression in adipocytes. The improvement of glucose tolerance and the lack of adverse effects on adipocyte metabolism, reported here in VHFD mice allow to consider orally given benzylamine as a potential antidiabetic strategy which deserves to be further studied in other diabetic models.

The in vivo and in vitro disposition of benzylamine was investigated in rats. Benzylamine was metabolized to only a small extent by rat liver subcellular fractions. In contrast, it was extensively metabolized in vivo in rats. In vivo studies performed with stable isotope-labeled benzylamine enabled rapid mass spectrometric identification of metabolites present in rat bile and urine. The major metabolite of benzylamine was the hippuric acid formed by glycine conjugation of benzoic acid. LC/MS analysis of bile and urine obtained from rats dosed with 1:1 equimolar mixture of either d(0):d(7)- or d(0):d(2)-benzylamine showed the presence of several glutathione adducts in addition to the hippuric acid metabolite. The presence of various glutathione adducts indicated that benzylamine was metabolized to a number of reactive intermediates. Various metabolic pathways, including those independent of P450, were found to produce these intermediates. A previously undocumented pathway included the formation of a new carbon-nitrogen bond that led to a potentially reactive intermediate, Ar-CH(2)-NH(CO)-X, capable of interacting with various nucleophiles. The origin of this reactive intermediate is postulated to occur via the formation of either a formamide or carbamic acid metabolites. Metabolites which were produced by the reaction of this intermediate, Ar-CH(2)-NH(CO)-X with nucleophiles included S-[benzylcarbamoyl] glutathione, N-acetyl-S-[benzylcarbamoyl]cysteine, S-[benzylcarbamoyl] cysteinylglycine, S-[benzylcarbamoyl] cysteinylglutamate, N-[benzylcarbamoyl] glutamate, and an oxidized glutathione adduct. Bioactivation of amines via this pathway has not been previously described. The oxidative deamination of benzylamine yielding the benzaldehyde was demonstrated to be a precursor to the hippuric acid metabolite and S-benzyl-L-glutathione. The formation of the S-benzyl-L-glutathione conjugate showed that a net displacement of amine from benzylamine had taken place with a subsequent addition of glutathione at the benzylic position. In addition to these novel pathways, a number of other glutathione-derived adducts formed as a result of epoxide formation was characterized. It was demonstrated that benzylamine was converted by rat P450 2A1 and 2E1 to benzamide that was rapidly metabolized to an epoxide. Mechanisms are proposed for the formation of various GSH adducts of benzylamine.|In mammals, benzylamine is metabolized by semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) to benzaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. This latter product has insulin-mimicking action, and is involved in the effects of benzylamine on human adipocytes: stimulation of glucose transport and inhibition of lipolysis.|Hippuric acid was excreted after ingestion of benzylamine by humans.|The activity of monoamine oxidase was studied in the mitochondria fraction of the brain stem of active sleeping, or hibernating ground squirrels. During hibernation, deamination of serotonin and conversion of monoamine oxide serotonin complex decr more than benzylamine deamination and monoamine oxide benzylamine complex conversion.|For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for Benzylamine (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Glucose, 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), and methylglyoxal (MG) oxidatively deaminated benzylamine to benzaldehyde in the presence of Cu(2+) at a physiological pH and temperature but not glyoxal. 3-DG and MG were more effective oxidants than glucose. We have determined the effects of metal ions, pH, oxygen, and radical scavengers on the oxidative deamination. The formation of benzaldehyde was greatest with Cu(2+), and was accelerated at a higher pH and in the presence of oxygen. EDTA, catalase, and dimethyl sulfoxide significantly inhibited the oxidation, suggesting the participation of reactive oxygen species. From these results, we propose a mechanism for the oxidative deamination by the Strecker-type reaction and the reactive oxygen species-mediated oxidation during glycoxidation.|Human semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) is a target for novel anti-inflammatory drugs that inhibit enzymatic activity. However, progress in developing such drugs has been hampered by an incomplete understanding of mechanisms involved in substrate turnover. We report here results of a comparative study of human and bovine SSAO enzymes that reveal binding of substrates and other ligands to at least two (human) and up to four (bovine) distinct sites on enzyme monomers. Anaerobic spectroscopy reveals binding of substrates (spermidine and benzylamine) and of an imidazoline site ligand (clonidine) to the reduced active site of bovine SSAO, whereas interactions with oxidized enzyme are evident in kinetic assays and crystallization studies. Radioligand binding experiments with [(3)H]tetraphenylphosphonium, an inhibitor of bovine SSAO that binds to an anionic cavity outside the active site, reveal competition with spermidine, benzylamine, and clonidine, indicating that these ligands also bind to this second anionic region. Kinetic models of bovine SSAO are consistent with one spermidine molecule straddling the active and secondary sites on both oxidized and reduced enzyme, whereas these sites are occupied by two individual molecules of smaller substrates such as benzylamine. Clonidine and other imidazoline site ligands enhance or inhibit activity as a result of differing affinities for both sites on oxidized and reduced enzyme. In contrast, although analyses of kinetic data obtained with human SSAO are also consistent with ligands binding to oxidized and reduced enzyme, ... no apparent requirement for substrate or modulator binding to any secondary site to model enzyme behavior /was observed/.

Inhalation of vapor causes irritation of the mucous membranes of the nose and throat, and lung irritation with respiratory distress and cough. Headache, nausea, faintness, and anxiety can occur. Exposure to vapor produces eye irritation with lachrymation, conjunctivitis, and corneal edema resulting in halos around lights. Direct local contact with liquid is known to produce severe and sometimes permanent eye damage and skin burns. Vapors may also produce primary skin irritation and dermatitis. (USCG, 1999)

INHALATION: remove victim from exposure; if breathing is difficult, administer oxygen; if breathing has stopped, begin artificial respiration. EYES or SKIN: wash with copious amounts of water for 15 min. (USCG, 1999)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse skin with plenty of water or shower. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patent can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. If patient is unresponsive to these measures, vasopressors may be helpful. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Organic bases/Amines and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Corrosive to the eyes, the skin and the respiratory tract. Inhalation of vapor may cause lung edema ... The symptoms of lung edema often do not become manifest until a few hours have passed, and they are aggravated by physical effort. Rest and medical observation is therefore essential. Immediate administration of an appropriate spray, by a doctor or a person authorized by him/her, should be considered.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation: Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Labored breathing. Symptoms may be delayed. Skin: Pain. Redness. Skin burns. Blisters. Eyes: Pain. Redness. Severe deep burns. Ingestion: Burning sensation. Abdominal pain. Shock or collapse.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Highly irritating to skin, mucous membranes.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Benzylamine is an irritating, corrosive liquid. The vapor irritates the eyes and the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract. The solution irritates and corrodes the skin. Long-term exposure can cause eczema.|/CASE REPORTS/ The case of a 48 year old chemist who developed a work related dermatitis after handling epichlorohydrin, benzylamine, and benzyl-1-amino-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropane was described. The patient presented with a dermatitis of the hands and face which subsided after a few days away from work. He used the compounds as chemical intermediates in the potential synthesis of agricultural chemicals, and his dermatitis developed shortly after he had contact with the materials. The clinical history included hay fever, and positive inhalation responses to house dust, grass pollen, and animal dander were obtained. A weak reaction to formaldehyde was found in patch tests with the ICDRG standard series. Patch tests to epichlorohydrin were negative. Patch tests to benzylamine and benzyl-1-amino-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropane were positive. These compounds were tested at 0.1 and 1% in 70% ethanol. Ten comparisons had negative patch tests to these compounds. It was concluded that the positive reactions in the patient are allergic reactions which probably demonstrate cross sensitivity.

benzylamine

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

Sore throat. Cough. Burning sensation. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing. Symptoms may be delayed.

Pain. Redness. Skin burns. Blisters.

Pain. Redness. Severe deep burns.

Paint and coating manufacturing|Benzenemethanamine: ACTIVE

Benzylamine can be analyzed by gas chromatography on commercial columns such as Chrompack CP-SIL 8 for amines or Chrompack WACHS 51 for amines.|DETERMINATION OF PRIMARY AMINES BY FLUOROMETRY USING POLYALDEHYDE AND HOMOPHTHALALDEHYDE.|BENZYLAMINE WAS ONE OF 28 AROMATIC AND ALIPHATIC AMINES SEPARATED BY THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY.|THE RETENTION OF ORG CMPD ON SILICA IN HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS WITH AQ MOBILE PHASES WAS INVESTIGATED.|WHEN HEPATOCYTES WERE INCUBATED WITH BENZYLAMINE AND PROTEIN-FREE CULTURE SOLN SUBJECTED TO HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQ CHROMATOGRAPHY, BENZYLAMINE AND ITS METABOLITES WERE SEPARATED FROM THE CRUDE SUPERNATANT IN EASILY QUANTIFIABLE FRACTIONS.