Fluorescein

332.31

332.31

94324

219-031-8

TPY09G7XIR

759114|667256

TSCA listed

DTXSID0038887

C61766

Red to orange

S01JA01|S - Sensory organs

32042000

493.5nm, 496nm, 460nm, 515nm

87.74000

The fluorescence of this molecule is very intense; peak excitation occurs at 494 nm and peak emission at 521 nm.Fluorescein has a pKa of 6.4, and its ionization equilibrium leads to pH-dependent absorption and emission over the range of 5 to 9. Also, the fluorescence lifetimes of the protonated and deprotonated forms of fluorescein are approximately 3 and 4 ns, which allows for pH determination from non intensity based measurements. The lifetimes can be recovered using time-correlated single photon counting or phase-modulation fluorimetry.

3.4

Red to orange Powder

1.2739 (rough estimate)

320 °C(lit.)

429.44°C (rough estimate)

232.6±25.0 °C

1.5000 (estimate)

insoluble

−20°C

4.1X10-14 mm Hg at 25 deg C (est)

2.2, 4.4, 6.7(at 25℃)

1.1×1011mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃, HSDB (2015)

172.3 Ų [M+H]+ [CCS Type: TW, Method: calibrated with polyalanine and drug standards]

Fluorescein is a fluorescent indicator. From pH 4 to pH 4.5, it changes from colorless to green fluorescent.|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 2.0X10-10 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

Insoluble in water.

Acids, Carboxylic

Fluorescein is incompatible with strong oxidizers. Also incompatible with acids, acid salts and salts of heavy metals. .

room temp

I; II; III

NONH for all modes of transport

3

Xi

22-24/25-37/39-26-36/37/39-27

LM5075000

Xi

Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

P305 + P351 + P338

43-36-36/37/38

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

All batches of this color additive when used as a color additive for externally applied drugs shall meet the specifications, uses and restrictions, and labeling regulations contained in 21 CFR Part 74 and be certified in accordance with regulations in 21 CFR Part 80.|All batches of this color additive when used as a color additive in externally applied cosmetics shall meet the specifications, uses and restrictions, and labeling regulations contained in 21 CFR Part 74 and be certified in accordance with regulations in 21 CFR Part 80.|A batch of this straight color may be certified, in accordance with 21 CFR Part 82, for use in externally applied drugs and cosmetics, if such batch conforms to the requirements of 21 CFR 82.5 and to the specifications in 21 CFR Part 82.

Flash point data for Fluorescein is not available, but Fluorescein is probably combustible.

|Warning|H302 (14.96%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P330, P337+P313, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 354 companies from 5 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: You should dampen the solid spill material with acetone, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with acetone to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the adsorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with acetone followed by washing with a strong soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminate area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)|Wear approved respiratory protection, chemically compatible gloves and protective clothing.

This material is assumed to be combustible.|Slight.

Water spray, dry chemical, carbon dioxide or foam as appropriate for surrounding fire and materials. This material is assumed to be combustible. As with all dry powders it is advisable to ground mechanical equipment in contact with dry material to dissipate the potential buildup of static electricity. As with all fires, evacuate personnel to a safe area. Firefighters should use self-contained breathing equipment and protective clothing.

Wipe up spillage or collect spillage using a high efficiency vacuum cleaner. Avoid breathing dust. Place spillage in appropriately-labelled container for disposal. Wash spill site.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Eye, skin, ... and/or respiratory tract irritation.

LD50 Mouse approx 4738 mg/kg /Sodium fluorescein/|LD50 Rat approx 6721 mg/kg /Sodium fluorescein/

85%

Fluorescein's production and use as a silk and wool dye, indicator and reagent for bromine(1) and in eye surgery(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its use for surface water for spotting purposes and as a tracer to locate impurities in wells(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.6X10+5(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that fluorescein is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of fluorescein from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.9X10-17 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Fluorescein is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.0X10-14 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(4). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2011).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 2.6X10+5(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that fluorescein is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.9X10-17 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 75(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 3.35(6) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2011).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), fluorescein, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 4.0X10-14 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase. Particulate-phase fluorescein may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). fluorescein contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Fluorescein is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). Fluorescein contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 75 was calculated in fish for fluorescein(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 3.35(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of fluorescein can be estimated to be 2.6X10+5(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that fluorescein is expected to be immobile mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for fluorescein is estimated as 8.9X10-17 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that fluorescein is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Fluorescein is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 4.0X10-14 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

Fluorescein sodium has been demonstrated to be excreted in human milk.

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 88,495 workers (21,558 of these were female) were potentially exposed to fluorescein in the US(1). Occupational exposure to fluorescein may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where fluorescein is produced or used. Use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to fluorescein via dermal contact with consumer products containing fluorescein. Exposure to fluorescein among the general population may also occur when administered the dye during ocular procedures(SRC).

For diagnostic imaging. Primarily indicated in diagnostic fluorescein angiography or angioscopy of the fundus and of the iris vasculature.

Contrast Medium|VET: Deep corneal ulcers, descemetocele, and iris prolapse are seen with some frequency in dogs, cats, and horses. ... Important diagnostic aids are the Schirmer tear test to measure aqueous tear production and topical fluorescein to examine the corneal ulcer. ...|Fluorescein is now sometimes used for determination of circulation time, adequacy of blood supply, and viability of tissue.|In determination of circulation time, ... by rapid iv ... appearance of fluorescence in lips, eyes, or intact skin or in wheals (histamine or scratch) ... is taken as end point.|Measurement of arm-to-retina circulation time is employed for diagnosis of carotid artery occlusion.

Adverse effects following topical administration to the eye may include irritation and rash. Fluorescein may cause yellow discoloration of skin or eyes. urine may attain a bright yellow color. Adverse effects following intravenous administration include nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, fainting, and low blood pressure.

Substances used to allow enhanced visualization of tissues. (See all compounds classified as Contrast Media.)|Chemicals that emit light after excitation by light. The wave length of the emitted light is usually longer than that of the incident light. Fluorochromes are substances that cause fluorescence in other substances, i.e., dyes used to mark or label other compounds with fluorescent tags. (See all compounds classified as Fluorescent Dyes.)

Rapidly distributed|Fluorescein and its metabolites are mainly eliminated via renal excretion.|0.5 L/kg|renal cl=1.75 mL/min/kg [After IV administration]|Fluorescence of skin persists for several hr, and dye appears in urine for as long as 30 hr.|Within 7 to 14 seconds after IV administration into antecubital vein, fluorescein usually appears in the central artery of the eye. Within a few minutes of IV administration of fluorescein sodium, a yellowish discoloration of the skin occurs, which begins to fade after 6 to 12 hours of dosing. Various estimates of volume of distribution indicate that fluorescein distributes well into interstitial space (0.5 L/ kg).|Fluorescein and its metabolites are mainly eliminated via renal excretion. After IV administration, the urine remains slightly fluorescent for 24 to 36 hours. A renal clearance of 1.75 mL/min/kg and a hepatic clearance (due to conjugation) of 1.50 mL/min/kg have been estimated. The systemic clearance of fluorescein was essentially complete by 48 to 72 hours after administration of 500 mg fluorescein.|Fluorescein sodium has been demonstrated to be excreted in human milk.|The permeability of the blood-retinal and blood-aqueous barriers to fluorescein and the rate of aqueous flow can be estimated by measurements of fluorescein in the vitreous, aqueous, and plasma after systemic administration. Fluorescein is commonly measured by fluorescence, but fluorescein glucuronide, a metabolite of fluorescein, also fluoresces. To assess the influence of fluorescein glucuronide on the quantitation of fluorescein by fluorescence, we studied the pharmacokinetics of fluorescein and fluorescein glucuronide for 38 hr in the plasma of five normal subjects given 14 mg/kg of sodium fluorescein intravenously. The plasma and the plasma ultrafiltrate were measured by fluorescence and by high performance liquid chromatography. In our fluorophotometer, fluorescein glucuronide was 0.124 times as fluorescent as fluorescein. Fluorescein was rapidly converted to fluorescein glucuronide, and within 10 min the concentration of unbound fluorescein glucuronide exceeded that of unbound fluorescein. The terminal half-lives of fluorescein and fluorescein glucuronide in the plasma ultrafiltrate were 23.5 and 264 min, respectively, so that fluorescein glucuronide contributed almost all of the plasma fluorescence after 4-5 hr. Because fluorescein glucuronide was less bound in the plasma than fluorescein, the ratio of the fluorescence of the plasma ultrafiltrate to that of the plasma increased with time. The greatest proportion of the total fluorescein available to penetrate into the ocular compartments occurred shortly after injection. ...

The permeability of the blood-retinal and blood-aqueous barriers to fluorescein and the rate of aqueous flow can be estimated by measurements of fluorescein in the vitreous, aqueous, and plasma after systemic administration. Fluorescein is commonly measured by fluorescence, but fluorescein glucuronide, a metabolite of fluorescein, also fluoresces. To assess the influence of fluorescein glucuronide on the quantitation of fluorescein by fluorescence, we studied the pharmacokinetics of fluorescein and fluorescein glucuronide for 38 hr in the plasma of five normal subjects given 14 mg/kg of sodium fluorescein intravenously. The plasma and the plasma ultrafiltrate were measured by fluorescence and by high performance liquid chromatography. In our fluorophotometer, fluorescein glucuronide was 0.124 times as fluorescent as fluorescein. Fluorescein was rapidly converted to fluorescein glucuronide, and within 10 min the concentration of unbound fluorescein glucuronide exceeded that of unbound fluorescein. The terminal half-lives of fluorescein and fluorescein glucuronide in the plasma ultrafiltrate were 23.5 and 264 min, respectively, so that fluorescein glucuronide contributed almost all of the plasma fluorescence after 4-5 hr. Because fluorescein glucuronide was less bound in the plasma than fluorescein, the ratio of the fluorescence of the plasma ultrafiltrate to that of the plasma increased with time. The greatest proportion of the total fluorescein available to penetrate into the ocular compartments occurred shortly after injection. ...|Fluorescein undergoes rapid metabolism to fluorescein monoglucuronide. After IV administration of fluorescein sodium (14 mg/kg) to 7 healthy subjects, approximately 80% of fluorescein in plasma was converted to glucuronide conjugate after a period of 1 hour post dose, indicating relatively rapid conjugation.|Fluorescein is a known human metabolite of zinc15020070.

... The pharmacokinetics of fluorescein and fluorescein glucuronide /were studied/ for 38 hr in the plasma of five normal subjects given 14 mg/kg of sodium fluorescein intravenously. ... The terminal half-lives of fluorescein and fluorescein glucuronide in the plasma ultrafiltrate were 23.5 and 264 min, respectively, ... .

Fluorescein sodium is used extensively as a diagnostic tool in the field of ophthalmology. Fluorescein is a fluorescent compound or fluorophore having a maximum absorbance of 494 m and an emission maximum of 521 nm. The yellowish-green fluorescence of the compound can be used to demarcate the vascular area under observation, distinguishing it from adjacent areas. It is applied topically in the form of a drop or it can be injected intravenously to produce a fluorescein angiogram. Topical fluorescein is a useful tool in the diagnosis of corneal abrasions, corneal ulcers, herpetic corneal infections, and dry eye. Fluorescein angiography is used to diagnose and categorize macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, inflammatory intraocular conditions, and intraocular tumors.|Fluorescein sodium responds to electromagnetic radiation and light between the wavelengths of 465-490 nm and fluoresces, i.e., emits light at wavelengths of 520-530 nm. Thus, the hydrocarbon is excited by blue light and emits light that appears yellowish-green. Following intravenous injection of fluorescein sodium in an aqueous solution, the unbound fraction of the fluorescein can be excited with a blue light flash from a fundus camera as it circulates through the ocular vasculature, and the yellowish green fluorescence of the dye is captured by the camera. In the fundus, the fluorescence of the dye demarcates the retinal and/or choroidal vasculature under observation, distinguishing it from adjacent areas/structures. /Fluorescein sodium/

2-(2-4,dihydroxybenzoyl)benzoic acid|Phthalic acid|Resorcinol

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Remove from exposure. Remove contaminated clothing. Persons developing serious hypersensitivity (anaphylactic) reactions must receive immediate medical attention. If person is not breathing give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult give oxygen. Obtain medical attention.|Epinephrine 1:1000 and antihistamines should be available for use in event of emergency. /Fluorescein sodium/|/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Possible allergic reaction to material if inhaled, ingested or in contact with skin.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Males react adversely more frequently than females to iv fluorescein angiography. In 547 pt, 12.8% of males & 7.3% of females had adverse responses. Nausea was most common, vomiting infrequent, and urticaria rare.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Fluorescein admin iv has been very widely used in pt without evident toxicity to eye.

C.I. 45350

Spiro[isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-[9H]xanthen]-3-one, 3',6'-dihydroxy-: ACTIVE|Its diagnostic usefulness rests upon its fluorescence ... Appears readily in extracellular fluid and gains access only to viable cells ... Ulcerated areas ... stained green, foreign bodies ... surrounded by green ring, and loss of substance in conjunctiva ... indicated by yellow stain.|Color additives were initially regulated in the United States under the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) Bureau of Chemistry. In 1906, the Food and Drugs Act was passed by Congress, which prohibited the use of poisonous or deleterious colors in confectionery and the coloring or staining of food to conceal damage or inferiority. In 1927, responsibility of the Food and Drugs Act was transferred to FDA. Increasing government oversight, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) was passed in 1938 and established the three following categories for colors: FD&C: colors used in foods, drugs and cosmetics; D&C: colors used in drugs and cosmetics when in contact with mucous membranes or ingested; and Ext. D&C: colors used in products applied externally.

Analyte: fluorescein; matrix: chemical identification; procedure: infrared absorption spectrophotometry with comparison to standards|Analyte: fluorescein; matrix: pharmaceutical preparation (injection solution); procedure: drop placed on filter paper and exposed to bromine vapor; ammonia vapor becomes deep pink in color (chemical identification)|Analyte: fluorescein; matrix: pharmaceutical preparation (injection solution); procedure: fluorescent solution loses fluorescence when solution is made acid, reappearing when solution is made alkaline again (chemical identification)|Analyte: fluorescein; matrix: pharmaceutical preparation (injection solution); procedure: fluorescence determination at 485 nm (excitation) and 515 nm (emission) and comparison to standards (chemical purity)|Analyte: fluorescein; matrix: chemical purity; procedure: fluorescence determination at 485 nm (excitation) and 515 nm (emission) with comparison to standards