Ethanedinitrile

52.036

52.03

207-306-5

534Q0F66RK

1390

1026

DTXSID1023992

Colorless gas; burns with purple tinged flame

2853009021

47.6

0.07

Cyanogen appears as a colorless gas with an odor of almonds. Freezes at -28°C and boils at -20.7°C. Shipped as a liquid confined under its vapor pressure. The gas is heavier than air and a flame can travel back to the source of leak very easily. Prolonged exposure to fire or intense heat may cause the containers to violently rupture and rocket. Used to make other chemicals, as a fumigant, and as a rocket propellant.

0.9537 g/cm³ @ Temp: -21.17 °C

-27.9 °C

-21.17 °C

NA (Gas)

1.378

1.1–1.3g/100g H2O; 26 g/100g alcohol; 5g/100g ether [CIC73]

Cyanogen should be stored in cool, well-ventilated locations, not near to flammable goods or open flames. Dry and pure (CN)2 can be stored in steel cylinders under pressure and at normal temperatures

(70°F): 5.1 atm

1.82

Flammable Gas

vol% in air: 6.62.6

Almond-like odor, which is acrid and pungent in lethal concentrations

Henry's Law constant = 5.4X10-3 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

CONVERSION FACTORS: 1 MG/L= 469.6 PPM & 1 PPM= 2.127 MG/CU M @ 25 °C, 760 MM HG|Heat of solution: 2520 Btu/lb|Enthalpy of fusion: 8.112 kJ/mol; Enthalpy of vaporization: 23.2341 kJ/mol|Specific gravity 1.8064 (air = 1)

Highly flammable. Soluble in water and slowly decomposed by water to oxalic acid and ammonia.

Nitriles

Highly Flammable

Colorless, flammable, highly toxic gas. It can react explosively with strong oxidants (dichlorine oxide, fluorene, oxygen, ozone). When heated to decomposition or on contact with acids, acid fumes, water or steam it will react to produce deadly hydrogen cyanide gas and oxides of nitrogen [Sax, 9th ed., 1996, p. 945].

258.3 kgcal/gmole @ 20 °C (gas)

13.57 eV

LOWER: 6.6%; UPPER: 32%|Flammable Gas

The gas is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible.

5.778 kcal/mole (liquid)

Critical temperature: 128.3 °C; critical pressure: 60.79 bar

2.3

1026

11-23-50/53

23-45-60-61

GT1925000

F;T;N

Fireproof. Cool.

P210, P261, P271, P273, P304+P340, P311, P321, P377, P381, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, P501

H220

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number D003 and P031, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.|A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.|A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.|Seal cylinder and return to supplier. Where the leak cannot be sealed, wear self-contained breathing apparatus and transport the cylinder to a fume hood. Attach a regulator to the cylinder and a piece of flexible rubber hose to the regulator. Dip the hose into a solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite. When the cylinder is empty, allow the basic solution to stand for 24 hours, then wash into the drain with at least 50 times its volume of water.

Contact /with dichlorine oxide/ causes ignition or explosion.|... Dicanogen /will/ ... ignite in fluorine at ambient temp ... .|Liquid oxygen gives an explosive mixture when combined with liquid cyanogen.|Cyanogen is decomposed by fluorine gas at ordinary temperatures with the production of a white flame.|For more Hazardous Reactivities and Incompatibilities (Complete) data for CYANOGEN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

U.S. Dept Health & Human Services/Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry; Toxicological Profile for Cyanide (July 2006) (PB2007-100674). Available from the Database Query page at: http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxpro2.html# as of November 26, 2008.|CENT CHEM HAZARD ASSESSMENT, SYRACUSE; INFORMATION PROFILES ON POTENTIAL OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS. VOLUME I. SINGLE CHEMICALS. CYANOGEN; REPORT: 11 PAGES (1979) ORDER NO PB81-147977. KNOWN & SUSPECTED HEALTH EFFECTS, EXTENTS OF WORKER EXPOSURE, & INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE OF CYANOGEN ARE GIVEN.|MATTHEWS RD; J COMBUST TOXICOL 7 (AUG): 157-72 (1980). A REVIEW WITH 51 REFERENCES FOLLOWED BY AN ESTIMATE OF THE MAX PERMISSIBLE LEVELS (MPL) OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE AND CYANOGEN CONCN IN AIR WHICH CAN BE TOLERATED BY MAN DURING LONG EXPOSURE TIMES.

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Unburned vapors are highly toxic. Behavior in Fire: Vapor is heavier than air and may travel considerable distance to a source of ignition and flash back. Containers may explode in fire, releasing the highly toxic gas. (USCG, 1999)|Highly flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Gas/air mixtures are explosive. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with strong oxidizing agents.|Flammable - 4th degree, Reactive - 2nd degree

|Danger|H220: Extremely flammable gas [Danger Flammable gases]|P210, P261, P271, P273, P304+P340, P311, P321, P377, P381, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501|P210, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P284, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P310, P312, P314, P320, P321, P337+P313, P377, P381, P403, P403+P233, P405, P410+P403, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 119 [Gases - Toxic - Flammable]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1026 datasheet. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 1600 meters (1 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 119 [Gases - Toxic - Flammable]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Fully encapsulating, vapor-protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Do not direct water at spill or source of leak. Use water spray to reduce vapors or divert vapor cloud drift. Avoid allowing water runoff to contact spilled material. FOR CHLOROSILANES, use AFFF alcohol-resistant medium-expansion foam to reduce vapors. If possible, turn leaking containers so that gas escapes rather than liquid. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Isolate area until gas has dispersed. (ERG, 2016)

Skin: Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin from becoming frozen from contact with the liquid or from contact with vessels containing the liquid. Eyes: Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact with the liquid that could result in burns or tissue damage from frostbite. Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift). Remove: Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard(i.e. for liquids with flash point Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the work shift. Provide: Quick drench facilities and/or eyewash fountains should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is any possibility of exposure to liquids that are extremely cold or rapidly evaporating. (NIOSH, 2016)|... Rubber protective clothing; rubber-soled shoes.|Cold-insulating gloves. Face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.|Where skin can be exposed ... protective clothing, including impervious hand protection, shoud be provided /Cyanides/|Compressed gasses may create low temperatures when they expand rapidly. Leaks and uses that allow rapid expansion may cause a frostbite hazard. Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent the skin from becoming frozen.|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for CYANOGEN (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|(See protection codes)

Flammable gas.

LOWER: 6%; UPPER: 32%|Explosive reaction with acids, strong oxidizers (e.g., dichlorine oxide, fluorine).|Explosive limits , vol% in air: 6.6-42.6

If material on fire or involved in fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Solid streams of water may be ineffective. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. /Cyanogen, liquefied/|Stop flow of gas before extinguishing fire. Use fine spray or fog to control fire by preventing its spread and absorbing some of its heat. Use water spray to keep fire-exposed containers cool. Fight fire from protected location or maximum possible distance. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.|Carbon dioxide fire extinguishers must not be used where cyanide salts are present. /Cyanide salts/

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back.|Closed containers may rupture violently when heated.

Releases may require isolation or evacuation. Eliminate all ignition sources. Stop or control the leak if this can be done without undue risk. Use water spray to cool and disperse vapors, protect personnel, and dilute spills to form nonflammable mixtures. Approach release from upwind. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|On frostbite: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention.|Prevent eye contact/Frostbite|SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for CYANOGEN (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Cyanogen; Cyanogen, liquefied; Cyanogen gas/|/GUIDE 119: GASES - TOXIC - FLAMMABLE/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Contact with gas or liquefied gas may cause burns, severe injury and/or frostbite. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. /Cyanogen; Cyanogen, liquefied; Cyanogen gas/|/GUIDE 119: GASES - TOXIC - FLAMMABLE/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable; may be ignited by heat, sparks or flames. May form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors from liquefied gas are initially heavier than air and spread along ground. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Some of these materials may react violently with water. Cylinders exposed to fire may vent and release toxic and flammable gas through pressure relief devices. Containers may explode when heated. Ruptured cylinders may rocket. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. /Cyanogen; Cyanogen, liquefied; Cyanogen gas/|/GUIDE 119: GASES - TOXIC - FLAMMABLE/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Many gases are heavier than air and will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Cyanogen; Cyanogen, liquefied; Cyanogen gas/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CYANOGEN (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

... Immediate eye irritation, shortly followed by nasal irritation... occurred at 16 ppm. Irritation lasted several minutes after the mild exposure.|Lower exposure can cause irritation of the eyes, nose and throat.

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time-Weighted Avg: 5 mg/cu m. Skin Designation. /Cyanides, as CN/

NIOSH has set a relative TWA exposure level of 10 ppm (20 mg/cu m).|Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 10 ppm (20 mg/cu m).

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: gas-tight chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. NEVER direct water jet on liquid.

Fireproof. Cool.

A harmful concentration of this gas in the air will be reached very quickly on loss of containment.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. Rapid evaporation of the liquid may cause frostbite. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. This may result in respiratory failure and collapse. Exposure far above the OEL could cause death.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting.

AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES CONSULT A DOCTOR!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Cold-insulating gloves.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

| 4 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can be lethal.| 4 - Materials that rapidly or completely vaporize at atmospheric pressure and normal ambient temperature or that are readily dispersed in air and burn readily.| 1 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable but that can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures.

P031; An acute hazardous waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate.|D003; A waste containing cyanogen may (or may not) be characterized a hazardous waste following testing for the reactivity characteristics as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.4 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

P031; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when cyanogen, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).|D003; A solid waste containing cyanogen may become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to testing for reactivity as stipulated in 40 CFR 261.23, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

Cyanogen is a thermal decomposition product of mercury cyanide(1,2) and silver cyanide(2). Cyanogen is a decomposition product of cyanogen iodide(2) and hexacyanoethane(3). Cyanogen was found in emissions from the combustion of gasoline containing nitrogen additives(4).

An approach to antidote therapy for cyanide poisoning by using Stroma-Free Methemoglobin Solution was investigated. Rats injected with an LD100 intravenous dose of cyanide were treated with Stroma-Free Methemoglobin Solution equal to 1.5% of their total body hemoglobin. There was a highly significant increase in the survival rate of the treated group compared to saline controls. The potential advantages of Stroma-Free Methemoglobin Solution over current antidotes include an immediate onset of action, rapid elimination of cyanide from the body and a mode of action that doesn't compromise any of the patients' oxygen carrying capacity. Stroma-Free Methemoglobin Solution shows promise as a significant adjunct in the treatment of cyanide poisoning. /Cyanide/

Cyanogen's production and use in organic syntheses, as a rocket and missile propellant(1), and as a fuel gas for welding and cutting heat-resistant metals(2), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Its former use as a fumigant(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8.3(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.07(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that cyanogen is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of cyanogen from moist soil surfaces may be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.45X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), based upon its vapor pressure, 4,300 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1.51X10+5 mg/L(5). Cyanogen will volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(4). Hydrolysis may occur in moist soils based on the hydrolysis of cyanogen in aqueous solutions(6). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2008).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 8.3(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.07(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that cyanogen is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.45X10-4 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 4,300 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 1.51X10+5 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are approximately 2 hours and 3 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 3.2(SRC), from a log Kow of 0.07(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Cyanogen slowly hydrolyzes in aqueous solution(8). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2008).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), cyanogen, which has a vapor pressure of 4,300 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) is expected to exist solely as a gas in the ambient atmosphere. Gas-phase cyanogen will be slowly degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is > 530 days, calculated from its rate constant of <0.03X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). Cyanogen does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the gas-phase reaction of cyanogen with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is < 0.03X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg(1). This corresponds to a half-life greater than 530 days at an atmospheric concentration of 0.5X10+6 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(SRC). Cyanogen slowly hydrolyzes in aqueous solution giving oxalic acid and ammonia(2). Cyanogen does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3.2 was calculated in fish for cyanogen(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.07(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC), provided the compound is not metabolized by the organism(SRC).

The Koc of cyanogen is estimated as 8.3(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.07(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that cyanogen is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for cyanogen is estimated as 5.4X10-3 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 4,300 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 1.51X10+5 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that cyanogen is expected to volatilize rapidly from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 2 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 3.4 days(SRC). Cyanogen's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Cyanogen is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

/IT/ ... MAY BE ENCOUNTERED IN SITUATIONS IN WHICH THERE IS HEATING OF NITROGEN-CONTAINING CARBON BONDS & IN BLAST-FURNACE GASES ...|Occupational exposure to cyanogen may occur through inhalation at workplaces where it is produced or used(SRC). Cyanogen may be encountered in situations in which there is heating of nitrogen-containing carbon bonds and in blast furnace gases(1). The general population may have been exposed to cyanogen via inhalation of emissions from the combustion of gasoline containing nitrogen additives(2).

Cyanide is distributed to all organs and tissues via the blood, where its concn in red cells is greater than that in plasma by a factor of two or three. /Cyanide/|In 30 days, 72% of (14)C from ip dose of (14)C-cyanide to mice was excreted in urine & feces, 25% in expired air, & 3% was retained ... Peak excretion occurred within 10 min in expired air & within 6-24 hr in urine & feces. /Cyanide/|Presumably, the accumulation of cyanide in erythrocytes is a reflection of its binding to methemoglobin. /Cyanide/

Exposure to cyanide can ... occur by inhalation of cyanogen gas, a dimer of cyanide. However, cyanogen breaks down in aqueous solution into cyanide ion (CN-1) and OCN- ions. The rate of the breakdown depends on pH and is faster in basic media (e.g., hydrogen cyanide is in equilibrium as H+ and CN- in blood with a pH of 7.38 - 7.44) than in acidic media (e.g., hydrogen cyanide is the only species in stomach contents at a pH of 3). The amount of cyanide ion formed within a body tissue or fluid as a result of exposure to cyanogen has been reported; however, the amount varies with type of body tissue and fluid. Thus, it is difficult to estimate cyanide levels in body tissues after cyanogen exposure.|The small quantity of cyanide always present in human tissues is metabolized at the approximate rate of 17 ug/kg x min, primarily by the hepatic enzyme rhodanese, which catalyzes the irreversible reaction of cyanide and a sulfane to produce thiocyanate, a relatively nontoxic compound excreted in the urine. ... The limiting factor under normal conditions is the availability of a sulfane as a substrate for rhodanese, and sulfur is administered therapeutically as sodium thiosulfate to accelerate this reaction. The lethal dose of cyanide is time dependent because of the ability of the body to detoxify small amounts of cyanide via the rhodanese-catalyzed reaction with sulfane. A given amount of cyanide absorbed slowly may cause no biological effects even though the same amount administered over a very short period of time may be lethal. /Hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride/|/One of/ the major mechanisms/ for removing cyanide from the body is its enzymatic conversion, by the mitochondrial enzyme rhodanese (Transsulfurase), to thiocyanate, which is relatively ... /less toxic/. /Cyanide/|/Cyanide/ ... reacts ... with trivalent iron of cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria to form the cytochrome oxidase-CN complex ... The cytochrome-oxidase-CN complex is dissociable; the mitochondrial enzyme sulfurtransferase ... mediates transfer of sulfur from thiosulfate to cyanide ion. Thus, thiocyanate is formed ... Kinetic studies indicate that the cleavage of the thiosulfate sulfur-sulfur bond is the rate-limiting step in this reaction. Relatively minor pathways incl combination with cystine to form 2-imino-thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, oxidation to carbon dioxide & formate, & formation of cyanocobalamin. /Cyanide/|For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for CYANOGEN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Half-life for the conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate from a non-lethal dose in man is between 20 min and 1 hr. /Cyanide/

Cyanide has a very high affinity for iron in the ferric state. When absorbed /cyanide/ ... reacts readily with trivalent iron of cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria; cellular respiration is thus inhibited & cytotoxic hypoxia results. Since utilization of oxygen is blocked, venous blood is oxygenated and is almost as bright red as arterial blood. Respiration is stimulated because chemoreceptive cells respond as they do to decreased oxygen. A transient stage of CNS stimulation with hyperpnea and headache is observed; finally there are hypoxic convulsions and death due to respiratory arrest. /Cyanide/

Vapor irritates eyes and causes giddiness, headache, fatigue, and nausea if inhaled. (USCG, 1999)

Eye: If eye tissue is frozen, seek medical attention immediately; if tissue is not frozen, immediately and thoroughly flush the eyes with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the lower and upper eyelids. If irritation, pain, swelling, lacrimation, or photophobia persist, get medical attention as soon as possible. Skin: If frostbite has occurred, seek medical attention immediately; do NOT rub the affected areas or flush them with water. In order to prevent further tissue damage, do NOT attempt to remove frozen clothing from frostbitten areas. If frostbite has NOT occurred, immediately and thoroughly wash contaminated skin with soap and water. Breathing: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. (NIOSH, 2016)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Artificial respiration may be needed. No mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Refer for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Remove patient from contact with the material. Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Cyanide and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Administer amyl nitrite ampules as per protocol and physician order ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer cyanide antidote kit as per protocol and physician order ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Cyanide and related compounds/|Cyanokit is indicated for the treatment of known or suspected cyanide poisoning. ... If clinical suspicion of cyanide poisoning is high, Cyanokit should be administered without delay.... Cyanokit (hydroxocobalamin for injection) 5 g is a cyanide antidote package which contains two colorless 250 mL glass vials, each of which contains 2.5 g dark red lyophilized hydroxocobalamin, pH adjusted with hydrochloric acid, two transfer spikes, one IV administration set, one quick use reference guide and one package insert. The action of Cyanokit in the treatment of cyanide poisoning is based on its ability to bind cyanide ions. ...Caution should be exercised when administering other cyanide antidotes simultaneously with Cyanokit, as the safety of co-administration has not been established. If a decision is made to administer another cyanide antidote with Cyanokit, these drugs should not be administered concurrently in the same IV line. /Cyanide/|In cases of respiratory compromise secure airway and respiration via endotracheal intubation. If not possible, perform cricothyroidotomy if equipped and trained to do so. Patients who are in shock or have seizures should be treated according to advanced life support (ALS) protocols. These patients or those who have arrhythmias may be seriously acidotic; consider giving, under medical supervision, each patient 1 mEq/kg intravenous sodium bicarbonate. ... When possible, treatment with cyanide antidotes should be given under medical supervision to unconscious victims who have known or strongly suspected cyanide poisoning. Cyanide antidotes - amyl nitrite perles and iv infusions of sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate - are packaged in the cyanide antidote kit. Amyl nitrite perles should be broken onto a gauze pad and held under the nose, over the Ambu-valve intake, or placed under the lip of the face mask.... . If the patient has not responded to oxygen and amyl nitrite treatment, infuse sodium nitrite iv as soon as possible. ... Monitor blood pressure ... . Next, infuse sodium thiosulfate iv. ... /Hydrogen cyanide/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Nasal irritation was reported in volunteers exposed to 16 ppm cyanogen (8 ppm cyanide) for 6 to 8 minutes. No effects were reported at 8 ppm cyanogen (4 ppm cyanide).|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Laboratory Findings. 1. An elevated blood cyanide concentration. Mild effects may be apparent at concentrations of 0.5-1.0 ug/mL, and concentrations of 2.5 ug/mL and higher are associated with coma, convulsions and death. 2. Acidosis. Metabolic acidosis with a high concentration of lactic acid (lactic acidosis) or a metabolic acidosis with an unexplained high anion gap (if the means to measure lactic acid are not available) may be present. Because oxygen cannot be utilized, anaerobic metabolism with the production of lactic acid replaces aerobic metabolism. Lactic acidosis, however, may reflect other disease states and is not specific for cyanide poisoning. 3. Oxygen content of venous blood greater than normal. This also is a result of poisoning of the intramitochondrial respiratory chain and the resulting failure of cells to extract oxygen from arterial blood. This finding is also not specific for cyanide poisoning. /Hydrogen cyanide and cyanogen chloride/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Workers acutely exposed to cyanogen, which dissociates into hydrogen cyanide and hydrocyanic acid, experienced nasal irritation.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Signs & symptoms of acute cyanide poisoning reflect cellular hypoxia & are often nonspecific. Onset of symptoms depends on dose, route, & duration of exposure. Inhalation produces ... flushing, headache, tachypnea, & dizziness ... irregular stridulous breathing, coma, seizure, & death ... /Cyanide/|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for CYANOGEN (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

carbon nitride

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.|inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

irritation eyes, nose, upper respiratory system; lacrimation (discharge of tears); cherry red lips, tachypnea, hypernea, bradycardia; headache, convulsions; dizziness, loss of appetite, weight loss; liquid: frostbite

Convulsions. Cough. Dizziness. Headache. Laboured breathing. Sore throat. Unconsciousness. Vomiting.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. Pain.

Eyes, respiratory system, central nervous system, cardiovascular system

Grades: Technical; Pure|/Grade with purity of/ 98.5% /available/

Ethanedinitrile: ACTIVE|Shipped as a liquefied compressed gas. Forms cyanide in the body.

TITRIMETRIC METHOD FOR DETERMINING HYDROCYANIC ACID IS PRESENTED. MEASURE 25 ML SAMPLE INTO SMALL FLASK AND ADD 5 ML FRESHLY PRECIPITATED MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE, CHLORIDE-FREE. TITRATE WITH 0.1 N SILVER NITRATE, USING POTASSIUM DICHROMATE AS INDICATOR. 1 ML 0.1 N SILVER NITRATE= 0.0027 G HCN.|Seven methods for the analysis of simple cyanides have been investigated including: 1) An ion-exchange procedure; 2) A continuous flow distillation; 3) An EDTA electrode method; 4) The AISI aeration method; 5) An EDTA aeration method; 6) The modified Roberts-Jackson method; and 7) The EPA method for cyanides amenable to chlorination. Of all the seven procedures studied, the modified Roberts-Jackson method is the best. It gives complete recovery for all but one of the simple cyanides without decomposing the complex cyanides. ... It has the unique ability to perform accurately in the presence of both sulfide and thiocyanate. A lower limit of 2 ppb + or - 1 ppb is possible with a precision of + or - 10% above 10 ppb. ... The ligand-exchange procedure appears to be the most advantageous method of analysis of total cyanides. /Total Cyanide/|EPA Method 9010 Total and Amenable Cyanide (Colorimetric, Manual) Method 9010 is used to determine the concentration of inorganic cyanide in an aqueous waste or leachate. The method detects inorganic cyanides that are present as either simple soluble salts or complex radicals. It is used to determine values for both total cyanide and cyanide amenable to chlorination; it is not intended to determine if a waste is hazardous by the characteristic of reactivity. The cyanide, as hydrocyanic acid, is released by refluxing the sample with strong acid and distillation of the HCN into an absorber-scrubber containing sodium hydroxide solution. The cyanide ion in the absorbing solution is then manually determined colorimetrically by converting the cyanide to cyanogen chloride by reaction with chloramine-T at a pH less than 8 without hydrolyzing the cyanate. ... Color is formed on addition of the pyridine-barbituric acid reagent. In a single laboratory, using mixed domestic and industrial waste samples at concentrations of 0.06, 0.13, 0.28, and 0.62 mg CN/l, the standard deviations were + or - 0.005, + or - 0.007, + or - 0.031, and + or - 0.094, respectively. In a single laboratory, using mixed industrial and domestic waste samples at concentrations of 0.28 and 0.62 mg CN/l, recoveries were 85% and 102%, respectively. /Total and Amenable Cyanide/|Cyanogen may be determined in the presence of hydrogen cyanide by first scrubbing out the cyanide with silver nitrate solution and then estimating the cyanogen by the ferrocyanide or thiocyanate methods.|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for CYANOGEN (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A FLUOROMETRIC MICRODIFFUSION METHOD IS DESCRIBED FOR DETERMINING CYANIDE IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS. THIS DETECTION IS BASED ON THE PRODUCTION OF FLUORESCENCE BY THE TREATMENT OF CN WITH P-BENZOQUINONE. /TOTAL CYANIDE/|Method: spectrophotometry; Preparation Method: separation in a microdiffusion cell; treatment of absorber solution with chloramine T-phosphate and pyridine-pyrazolone reagent; Analyte: cyanide; Matrix: blood; Detection Limit: 0.1 ppm. /Total cyanide/|Method: spectrofluorometry; Preparation Method: separation in a microdiffusion cell; treatment of absorber solution with p-benzoquinone; Analyte: cyanide; Matrix: blood; Detection Limit: 0.025 ppm. /Total cyanide/|Method: high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection; Preparation Method: separation of cells by centrifugation; extraction; derivitization; Analyte: cyanide; Matrix: blood cells; Detection Limit: 2 nanogram/mL. /Cyanide/|For more Clinical Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for CYANOGEN (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 4th degree, Reactive - 2nd degree