Paraldehyde

132.15800

132.16

204-639-8

2585

1042

9799

1264

DTXSID9023419

COLORLESS, TRANSPARENT LIQUID

N - Nervous system

2912500090

27.69000

1.08780

Paraldehyde appears as a clear colorless liquid with a pleasant odor. Flash point 96°F. Melting point 54°F. Less dense than water. Vapors are heavier than air.

0.9923 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

12.6 °C

124.5 °C

27ºC

1.4035-1.4055

H2O: 125 g/L (25 ºC)

2-8ºC

25.89 psi ( 55 °C)

1.52 (vs air)

LD50 orally in rats: 1.65 g/kg (Figot)

LOWER LIMIT, 1.3%.

vol% in air: 1.37.0

CHARACTERISTIC AROMATIC ODOR

DISAGREEABLE TASTE

GIVES ACETALDEHYDE ON HEATING WITH DIL HCL OR ON WARMING WITH SEVERAL DROPS CONCENTRATED H2SO4|CONGEALS NOT BELOW 11 °C & DISTILS BETWEEN 120 DEG & 126 °C|vapor pressure = 11.03 mm Hg at 25 degC|Heat capacity = 1.947 J/g-degK at25 degC|Heat of formation from acetaldehyde = -113.0 kJ/mole

Highly flammable. Slightly soluble in water. Decomposed by light and air, on prolonged storage, to acetaldehyde and acetic acid.

Ethers

Highly Flammable

PARALDEHYDE is an ether derivative. This compound is decomposed by light and air, on prolonged storage, to acetaldehyde and acetic acid. Incompatible with alkalis, hydrocyanic acid iodides and oxidizers. (NTP, 1992)

460 °F (USCG, 1999)|460 °F|235 °C

-5,652 cal/g (236X10+5 J/kg) at 25 °C

LOWER LIMIT, 1.3%.

The vapour is heavier than air and may travel along the ground; distant ignition possible.

... Has solvent /like/ action upon rubber, polystyrene, & styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer

75 cal/g (latent heat of vaporization)

290 °C

III

3.2

UN 1264

1

R11

S16-S29-S33-S9

YK0525000

F

Fireproof. Separated from food and feedstuffs, bases and oxidants.

Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, mineral acids.

P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378, P403+P235, P501

H226

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.|A good candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A good candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A good candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

Paraldehyde is incompatible with many plastics|INCOMPATIBILITIES: ACIDS CONVERT PARALDEHYDE INTO ACETALDEHYDE, WHICH IS PRONE TO OXIDATION.|INCOMPATIBILITIES: ALKALIES, HYDROCYANIC ACID, IODIDES, OXIDIZERS.

Paraldehyde is subject to control under the Federal Control Substance Act of 1970 as a schedule IV (C-IV) drug.|Paraldehyde is an indirect food additive for use as a component of adhesives.|Derivatives designated as a habit forming drug.

USEPA/ECAO; Health and Environmental Effects Profile for Paraldehyde (1989) EPA/600/X-86/169. /This document contains/ both published literature and information obtained from Agency program office files were evaluated as they pertained to potential human health, aquatic life,and environmental effects of hazardous waste constituents. Existing data are insufficient to determine a reference dose or a carcinogenic potency factor for paraldehyde.|... Paraldehyde, diazepam, secobarbital and valproic acid are used when rapid effect for termination of prolonged or serial seizures is desired.[Graves NM, Kriel RL; Pediatr Neurol 3 (6): 321-6 (1987)]

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Emits toxic fumes on heating. Behavior in Fire: Can react vigorously when exposed to heat or flame. Vapor is heavier than air and may travel a considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back. (USCG, 1999)|Highly flammable. Above 24 °C explosive vapour/air mixtures may be formed.|Flammable - 3rd degree, Reactive - 1st degree

|Warning|H226: Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]|P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P280, P303+P361+P353, P370+P378, P403+P235, and P501|H226 (99.38%): Flammable liquid and vapor [Warning Flammable liquids]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 1616 companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory.|Danger|P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P260, P264, P270, P280, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P314, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P370+P378, P403+P235, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2016)

Wear rubber gloves, self-contained breathing apparatus. (USCG, 1999)|Personal protective equipment: wear rubber gloves, self-contained breathing apparatus.|Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots, and goggles.

DANGEROUS, WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT, FLAME OR OXIDIZERS.|FLAMMABLE LIQUID.

EXPLOSION HAZARD IS SLIGHT WHEN EXPOSED TO HEAT OR FLAME.|Explosive limits , vol% in air: 1.3-17.0

Use water spray, dry chemical, "alcohol resistant" foam, or carbon dioxide. Water may be ineffective. Use water spray to keep fire exposed containers cool. Approach fire from upwind to avoid hazardous vapors and toxic decomposition products.|If material is on fire or involved in a fire: Do not extinguish fire unless flow can be stopped. Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Solid streams of water may spread fire. Cool all affected containers with flooding quantities of water. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Vapors are heavier than air and may travel to a source of ignition and flash back.

If material is not on fire and not involved in a fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. Use water spray to disperse vapors and dilute standing pools of liquid.|Personnel protection: Avoid breathing vapors. Keep upwind. Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protectionequipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.|/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.|/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number on Shipping Paper first. If Shipping Paper not available or no answer, refer to appropriate telephone number listed on the inside back cover. As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.|/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (Polar/Water-Miscible/Noxious)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for PARALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Liquid is irritating to eyes & skin.

Remove all ignition sources. Personal protection: filter respirator for organic gases and vapours adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable non-plastic containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Fireproof. Separated from food and feedstuffs, bases and oxidants.

No indication can be given about the rate at which a harmful concentration of this substance in the air is reached on evaporation at 20 °C.

The substance is irritating to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system.

The substance may have effects on the nervous system. This may result in addiction. The substance may have effects on the kidneys and liver. This may result in impaired functions.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. Above 24 °C use a closed system, ventilation and explosion-proof electrical equipment.

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). These standards implement Section 111 of the Clean Air Act and are based on the Administrator's determination that emissions from the SOCMI cause, or contribute significantly to, air pollution which may reasonably be anticipated to endanger public health or welfare. The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. Paraldehyde is produced, as an intermediate or final product, by process units covered under this subpart. These standards of performance become effective upon promulgation but apply to affected facilities for which construction or modification commenced after January 5, 1981.

| 2 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause temporary incapacitation or residual injury.| 3 - Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Materials produce hazardous atmospheres with air under almost all ambient temperatures or, though unaffected by ambient temperatures, are readily ignited under almost all conditions.| 1 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable but that can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures.

U182; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1000 lb or 454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

U182; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when paraldehyde, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Identified in the effluent from a publicly owned treatment works in the USA(1). Identified in leachate samples taken from low-level radioactive waste disposal sites in Maxy Flats, KY and West Valley, NY(2).

Identified as a volatile component of hydrated collagen heated at normal roasting temperatures(1). Although this is not the same as actually roasting fresh meat, this suggests that paraldehyde may be present in cooked meat(1).

Paraldehyde overdosage can produce headache, nausea, drowsiness, unconsciousness, coma, severe hypotension, respiratory depression, pulmonary edema and hemorrhages, and right-side heart failure. Inhalation of paraldehyde can produce sore throat, headache, dizziness, nausea, drowsiness and unconsciousness but exposure via this route is rare. Chronic use is dependence forming and withdrawal proceeds similarly to ethanol withdrawal producing hallucinations and convulsions. Toxic hepatitis and nephritis have been observed during chronic use. The acute LD50 values determined for various species are as follows: Rabbit - 3.3-5 g/kg (oral) Rat - 1.5-1.65 g/kg (oral), 1.3-1.45 g/kg (i.p.) Dog - 3-4 g/kg (oral) Mouse - 2.75 (oral) Cat - 3.3 (oral)

Animal studies indicate that disulfiram slows the metabolism of paraldehyde by way of inhibition of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase resulting in an increase in blood concn of paraldehyde & acetaldehyde. Until this potential interaction is investigated in humans, paraldehyde & disulfiram should be admin together with caution.|INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PARALDEHYDE & ETHYL ALCOHOL ARE NOT WELL UNDERSTOOD ... DOSES OF 1-2 OZ IN ALCOHOLICS SOMETIMES KILL WITHIN 0.5-4 HR. IN ANIMALS ETHANOL & PARALDEHYDE ARE SYNERGISTIC BUT LESS THAN ADDITIVE IN TERMS OF LETHALITY; UNDER SOME DOSAGE SCHEDULES, HOWEVER, EXPTL DATA SUGGEST THAT THESE DRUGS ARE ANTAGONISTIC.|ADDITIVE CNS DEPRESSION MAY OCCUR WHEN PARALDEHYDE IS ADMIN CONCOMITANTLY WITH OTHER CNS DEPRESSANTS SUCH AS BARBITURATES OR ALCOHOL. SOME FATALITIES HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH CONCOMITANT USE OF ALCOHOL & PARALDEHYDE.|The increased acetate levels which may follow paraldehyde administration reportedly may increase the danger of sulfonamide crystalluria.|For more Interactions (Complete) data for PARALDEHYDE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Dog oral (acute) 3.0 to 4.0 g/kg

Paraldehyde may be released to the environment in emissions or effluents from sites of its manufacture or industrial use (paraldehyde is used as a drug, chemical intermediate, dyestuff intermediate, and solvent(1)) and from disposal of wastes containing this compound (ie hospital wastes)(2,3,SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: If released to soil, paraldehyde may volatilize rapidly from soil surfaces or it may leach into deeper soil. Potential degradation products include acetaldehyde and acetic acid. (SRC)|AQUATIC FATE: If released to water, volatilization is expected to be an important, if not the dominant, fate process (half-life in a model river: 31 hr). Paraldehyde is not expected to bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms, or adsorb to suspended solids and sediments in water. (SRC)|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: Based on a vapor pressure of 25.5 mm Hg at 20 °C(1), paraldehyde is expected to exist almost entirely in the vapor phase in the atmosphere(2,SRC). Reaction with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals is expected to be the dominant removal mechanism (half-life 45 hours). The relatively high water solubility of paraldehyde (125,000 mg/l at 25 °C(3)) suggests that this compound may also be removed from the atmosphere in precipitation(SRC).

Paraldehyde decomposes on standing(1). This compound is stable to alkalies but slowly decomposes to acetaldehyde when treated with mineral acid(1). The half-life for paraldehyde reacting with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals in natural water has been estimated to be >2 years based on a measured reaction rate constants of 6.0X10+8 and 1.0X10+9 l/mole-sec and an ambient hydroxyl radical concentration of 1X10-17 mol/l(2,3,4,SRC). The half-life for paraldehyde vapor reacting with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere has been estimated to be 45 hours based on an estimated reaction rate constant of 8.5X10-12 cu cm/molecules-sec at 25 °C and an average ambient hydroxyl concentration of 5X10+5 molecules/cu cm(5,SRC).

3.02|Based on a water solubility of 125,000 mg/l at 25 °C and a log Kow of 0.67, bioconcentration factors (BCF) of 0.8-2 were estimated for paraldehyde(1,2,3,SRC). These BCF values suggest that paraldehyde would not bioaccumulate significantly in aquatic organisms(SRC).

Soil adsorption coefficients (Koc) of 7-55 were estimated for paraldehyde using linear regression equations based on a water solubility of 125,000 mg/l at 25 °C and a log Kow of 0.67(1,2,3,SRC). These Koc values suggest that paraldehyde would be very highly mobile in soil and that adsorption to suspended solids and sediments in water would be insignificant(4,SRC).

Henry's Law Constant for paraldehyde has been estimated to be on the order of 4X10-5 atm-cu m/mole based on a water solubility of 125,000 mg/l at 25 °C and a vapor pressure of 25.5 mm Hg at 20 °C(1,2,SRC). This value of Henry's Law Constant suggests that paraldehyde would volatilize fairly rapidly from all bodies of water and from moist soil surfaces(3,SRC). Based on this value the volatilization half-life of paraldehyde from a model river 1 m deep flowing 1 m/sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/sec has been estimated to be 31 hr(3,SRC). The relatively high vapor pressure of paraldehyde suggests that this compound would volatilize rapidly from dry soil surfaces(2,SRC).

Identified as a volatile flavor component of fried bacon(1).

The general population may be exposed to paraldehyde by ingestion of cooked meat which contains this compound (eg bacon)(1,2,SRC). Small segments of the general population may be exposed to paraldehyde as a result of its intentional use as a hypnotic drug(3,SRC).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 1,728 workers are potentially exposed to paraldehyde in the USA(1).

Paraldehyde was used historically as a sedative and hypnotic. It has been used in the treatment of seizures as an anticonvulsant.

Anticonvulsants; Sedatives, Nonbarbiturate|Paraldehyde has been used chiefly for the treatment of abstinence phenomena and other psychiatric sates characterized by excitement, and for the emergency treatment of convulsive episodes. Its most persisting use has been in the treatment of delirium tremens.|PARALDEHYDE IS EFFECTIVE IN STATUS EPILEPTICUS, BUT SHOULD BE RESERVED FOR PATIENTS WHO DO NOT RESPOND TO PHENOBARBITAL. ... DRUG IS ALSO FREQUENTLY USED IN DELIRIUM TREMENS, & IN PATIENTS UNDERGOING WITHDRAWAL THERAPY FOR ALCOHOLISM.|VET: HYPNOTIC. LIMITED TO INDUCE ... /CNS DEPRESSION/ AS PREANESTHETIC IN SOME ANIMALS & RARELY AS ANESTHETIC ITSELF.|For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for PARALDEHYDE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

IN AT LEAST 8 CASES OF POISONING INVOLVING 4 FATALITIES, USE OF DETERIORATED PARALDEHYDE HAS BEEN IMPLICATED.|PREPARATIONS THAT HAVE BROWNISH COLOR OR SHARP PENETRATING ODOR OF ACETIC ACID SHOULD NOT BE USED.|ALL CONTAINERS OF PARALDEHYDE, INCLUDING THOSE DISPENSED BY THE PHARMACIST, SHOULD CARRY STATEMENT DIRECTING USER TO DISCARD THE UNUSED CONTENTS OF ANY CONTAINER WHICH HAS BEEN OPENED FOR MORE THAN 24 HR.|IN NO CASE SHOULD PARALDEHYDE BE TAKEN FROM OLD, PARTIALLY EMPTY CONTAINERS, SINCE AN APPRECIABLE PROPORTION OF THE DRUG MAY HAVE BEEN OXIDIZED TO ACETIC ACID & OTHER DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS. BECAUSE PARALDEHYDE REACTS RAPIDLY WITH CERTAIN PLASTICS, IT SHOULD BE MEASURED WITH GLASS SYRINGES.|For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for PARALDEHYDE (12 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Chronic paraldehyde intoxication results in tolerance and dependence.

Paraldehyde blocks neuromuscular transmission.

Drugs used to induce drowsiness or sleep or to reduce psychological excitement or anxiety. (See all compounds classified as Hypnotics and Sedatives.)|Drugs used to prevent SEIZURES or reduce their severity. (See all compounds classified as Anticonvulsants.)

93% of orally administered paraldehyde is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.|70-80% is metabolized to carbon dioxide and subsequently exhaled. 11-28% is exhaled as the parent compound. 0.1-2.5% is excreted in the urine as the parent compound.|Paraldehyde is rapidly absorbed from ... IM injection sites. Maximum serum concn, which may range from 34 to 150 ug/ml, are reached within 20-60 minutes following oral admin of 10 ml ... or IM admin of 0.25 ml/kg. ... Although tissue distribution ... has not been extensively studied, it is known that the concn ... in CSF is about 25 to 30% lower than that in the blood. Maximum paraldehyde concn are reached in the CSF 30-60 minutes after oral or IM admin ...|Oral paraldehyde is rapidly absorbed and widely distributed; the drug readily crosses the placental barrier. With hypnotic doses, 70 to 80% is metabolized in the liver, most of the remainder is exhaled, and a small amount is excreted in urine.|... PARALDEHYDE EQUILIBRATES RAPIDLY BETWEEN MATERNAL & FETAL BLOODS.|FETAL/MATERNAL CONCN RATIO IS 0.94. /FROM TABLE/|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for PARALDEHYDE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Paraldehyde is believed to undergo depolymerization to acetaldehyde followed by oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenase. It is thought to ultimately be metabolized to carbon dioxide and water.|It is believed that paraldehyde is depolymerized to acetaldehyde in the liver & then oxidized by aldehyde dehydrogenase to acetic acid, which is ultimately metabolized to carbon dioxide & water.

The mean half life is 7.5 hours in a range if 3.5-9.5 hours.|The biological half-life of paraldehyde /in humans/ has been reported to be 3.5 to 9.5 hours with an average of about 7.5 hours.

Paraldehyde is believed to reduce the release of acetylcholine in response to neuronal depolarization. The exact mechanism of this effect is unknown.|BELIEVED TO DEPRESS MANY LEVELS OF CNS INCLUDING ASCENDING RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM TO CAUSE IMBALANCE BETWEEN INHIBITORY & FACILITATORY MECHANISMS.

INHALATION AND INGESTION: Irritation, headache, bronchitis, pulmonary edema. Irritating to digestive tract. Hypnotic and analgesic properties. Incoordination and drowsiness, followed by sleep. Larger doses-coma-weak pulse and shallow respiration, cyanosis-death from respiratory paralysis. EYES: irritation-can cause serious injury. SKIN: Dermatitis (skin inflammation). (USCG, 1999)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Treatment is directed toward maintenance of airway, breathing, and circulation. Supportive care is the mainstay of therapy. Patients are often critically ill and must be under constant supervision.

... IT MAY PRODUCE EXCITEMENT OR DELIRIUM IN PRESENCE OF PAIN. ... IN LARGE DOSES, IT PRODUCES RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION & HYPOTENSION.|SOME DELAY IN ONSET OF RESP MOVEMENTS HAS BEEN OBSERVED IN NEONATES FOLLOWING ITS ADMIN TO MOTHER DURING LABOR.|Patients poisoned by paraldehyde commonly exhibit very rapid, labored respiratory movements. Acidosis, bleeding gastritis, muscular irritability, azotemia, oliguria, albuminuria, leukocytosis, fatty changes in the liver and kidney with toxic hepatitis and nephrosis, pulmonary hemorrhages and edema, and dilatation of the right ventricle have all been observed in cases of severe acute or chronic paraldehyde poisoning.|Chronic paraldehyde intoxication results in tolerance and dependence. The paraldehyde addict may become acquainted with the drug when it is used in the treatment of alcoholism and then, surprisingly in view of its disagreeable taste and odor, prefer it to alcohol. Paraldehyde addiction resembles alcoholism, and sudden withdrawal may result in delirium tremens and vivid hallucinations.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PARALDEHYDE (18 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Paraldehyde

Paraldehyde|Paral|2585|Schedule IV - Substances in the DEA Schedule IV have a low potential for abuse relative to substances in Schedule III.|No

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.

Burning sensation. Cough. Shortness of breath. Further see Ingestion.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

Grade: Technical, USP.|Paraldehyde: Oral & Rectal (liquid) Paral (C-IV) from Forest.|Paraldehyde: Parenteral (Sterile) Paraldehyde injection (C-IV) from CMC.|The British Pharmacopeia specifies that it contains a suitable amount of an antioxidant; the USA Pharmacopeia permits a suitable stabilizer.|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for PARALDEHYDE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1,3,5-Trioxane, 2,4,6-trimethyl-: ACTIVE|SP - indicates a substance that is identified in a proposed Significant New Use Rule.|/Paraldehyde is/ a cyclic polymer (trimer) of acetaldehyde.

PARALDEHYDE IN DRUGS IS DETERMINED BY GAS LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. AOAC METHOD 972.52.

Gas liquid chromatography is used to determine paraldehyde in serum & plasma. The GLC method measures acetaldehyde, which must be excluded as an interfering substance.|The techniques of membrane ultrafiltration and capillary column gas chromatography were examined for their applicability to the quantification of paraldehyde in blood serum. Serum samples of standards, controls, and patients were treated with an aqueous solution of internal standard and then deproteinied by passage through a disposable ultrafiltration device. The ultrafiltrates were chromatographed on a wide-bore glass capillary column mounted in a packed column gas chromatograph. The method was shown to have adequate sensitivity specificity precision accuracy and linearity for therapeutic drug monitoring and toxicological purposes.

Food additives -> Flavoring Agents|Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 3rd degree, Reactive - 1st degree|Environmental transformation -> Pesticide transformation products (metabolite, successor)

Paraldehyde is a known environmental transformation product of Metaldehyde.

Flavoring Agents