Sodium saccharin

205.16600

204.98100

201-321-0

FST467XS7D

757878|5349

3077

DTXSID5021251|DTXSID5021253

Monoclinic crystals|Needles from acetone; prisms from alcohol; leaflets from water|White, crystalline powder|White crystals

2925110000

77.94000

1.08240

Saccharin, sodium salt appears as odorless white crystals or crystalline powder. Aqueous solution is neutral or alkaline to litmus, but not alkaline to phenolphthalein. Effloresces in dry air. Intensely sweet taste. (NTP, 1992)

0.828 g/cu cm at 25 °C

120 °C

438.9ºC at 760 mmHg

219.3ºC

H2O: >=10 g/100 mL at 20 ºC

0-6ºC

1.77E-08mmHg at 25°C

ODORLESS OR HAS FAINT AROMATIC ODOR.

In dilute aqueous solution it is 500 times as sweet as sugar; sweet taste detectable in 1:100,000 dilution.

pH of 0.35% aqueous solution: 2.0

Henry's Law constant = 1.23X10-9 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

pKa = 1.31 at 25 °C for the conjugate acid

Sugar equivalence value relative to sucrose = 300|Twinning on (001). Perfect 100 cleavage; acicular crystals by vacuum sublimation.|SOL: 30.5 G/100 G 92.5% ETHANOL-WATER MIXT @ 25 °C; 35.1 G/100 G PROPYLENE @ 25 °C; 36.3 G/100 ML GLYCOL @ 25 °C; 13.3 G/100 ML GLYCERIN @ 25 °C. /CALCIUM SALT/|SOL: 2.6 G/100 G 92.5% ETHANOL-WATER @ 25 °C; 44.7 G/100 G PROPYLENE @ 25 °C; 46.2 G/100 ML GLYCOL @ 25 °C; 55.8 G/100 G GLYCERIN @ 25 °C. /SODIUM SALT/|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for SACCHARIN (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Water soluble.

Amines, Phosphines, and Pyridines

This compound may react with oxidizing agents. (NTP, 1992). Very weak base in aqueous solution.

At constant volume: 4753.1 cal/g

2

S24/25

DE4550000

Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U202, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.|A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.

The food additives saccharin, ammonium saccharin, calcium saccharin, and sodium saccharin may be safely used as sweetening agents in food in accordance with the following conditions /in part 180, section 37/, if the substitution for nutritive sweeteners is for a valid special dietary purpose and is in accord with current special dietary food regulations and policies or if the use or intended use is for an authorized technological purpose other than calorie reduction.|Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. A number of active ingredients have been present in OTC drug products for various uses, as described below. However, based on evidence currently available, there are inadequate data to establish general recognition of the safety and effectiveness of these ingredients for the specified uses: Saccharin is included in weight control drugs.

Toxicity of Food Additives (Excluding Antioxidants), January 1978-July 1989. Govt Reports Announcements & Index (GRA&I) Issue 6 (1990). This bibliography contains citations concerning the toxicity of food additives, incl saccharin, and their effects on the liver, kidneys, bladder, and other organs.|Arnold DL, Boyes BG; The Toxicological Effects Of Saccharin in Short-Term Genotoxicity Assays. Mutat Res 221 (2): 69-132 (1989).|National Toxicology Program. Eleventh Report on Carcinogens (2005). The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific and public health document that identifies and discusses substances (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a carcinogenic hazard to human health. Saccharin (81-07-2) is delisted as reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen.[Available from, as of July 31, 2009: http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/eleventh/profiles/append/appb.pdf]

Flash point data are not available for this chemical, but it is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)

Not Classified

Fires involving this compound should be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, you should dampen the solid spill material with water, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with water to pick up any remaining material. Seal your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical at ambient temperatures and keep it away from oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)

SRP: In bulk storage or manufacturing situations where combustible dusts can collect in sufficient concentrations to give rise to an explosion/deflagration, reasonable precautions shall be taken to reduce or eliminate the hazard. Efforts shall be made to control or eliminate the five elements necessary to initiate a dust explosion. These include combustible dust (fuel), ignition source (heat), oxygen in air (oxidizer), and dispersion of dust particles in sufficient quantity and concentration as well as confinement of the dust cloud. General guidance in these efforts can be found in OSHA's "Combustible Dust in Industry; Preventing and Mitigating the Effects of Fire and Explosions", which list measures to control dusts, eliminate ignition sources, and limit the effects of explosions.

Saccharin concentrations in untreated and treated wastewater from the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland, collected in 2008(1). [Table#1947]

IT IS NOW WELL ESTABLISHED THAT THE INTERACTION OF MULTIPLE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS MAY INCR THE INCIDENCE OF SOME HUMAN CANCERS MORE THAN EXPOSURE TO A SINGLE CARCINOGEN. WITH AN IN VIVO EXPERIMENTAL RAT MODEL, SYNERGISTIC EFFECT IN BLADDER CARCINOGENESIS BETWEEN A SUBCARCINOGENIC DOSE OF THE STRONG BLADDER CARCINOGEN, N-METHYL-N-NITROSOUREA & SACCHARIN WAS DEMONSTRATED.|Since both sodium L-ascorbate and sodium saccharin promote two-stage bladder carcinogenesis in rats, synergism of the two chemicals was investigated with special reference to the role of urinary pH and sodium+ concentration. Male F344 rats were given 0.05% N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine in the drinking water for 4 wk and then treated with basal diet containing 5% sodium saccharin, 5% sodium L-ascorbate, 5% sodium saccharin plus 5% sodium L-ascorbate, 5% L-ascorbic acid, 5% sodium saccharin plus 5% L-ascorbic acid, or no added chemical for 32 wk. Treatment with sodium saccharin or sodium L-ascorbate alone significantly increased the induction of neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions of the bladder. Sodium saccharin plus sodium L-ascorbate also induced these bladder lesions significantly when compared with the controls, and the number of lesions was greater than the sum of the lesions in the group treated with sodium saccharin alone or sodium L-ascorbate alone. In contrast, the induction of carcinomas and papillomas in rats treated with sodium saccharin plus sodium L-ascorbate produced an elevation of urinary pH and sodium+ concentrations, although the increases were not different from those in rats fed sodium saccharin or sodium L-ascorbate alone. Sodium saccharin plus L-ascorbic acid, however, did not cause elevation of urinary pH, although it increased urinary sodium+ concentration. Thus, the bladder carcinogenesis promotion by sodium saccharin was synergized by sodium L-ascorbate and inhibited by L-ascorbic acid. This modulation was associated with changes of urinary pH and Na+ concentration. /Sodium saccharin/|CHRONIC RAT FEEDING STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED ON A 10:1 CYCLAMATE/SACCHARIN MIXT. THE TEST MIXT WAS FED AT DIETARY LEVELS DESIGNED TO FURNISH 500, 1120, & 2500 MG/KG TO GROUPS OF 35 MALE & 45 FEMALE RATS. THE ONLY POS FINDING WHICH PROVED TO HAVE CRUCIAL SIGNIFICANCE WAS THE OCCURRENCE OF PAPILLARY CARCINOMAS IN THE BLADDERS OF 12 OF THE 70 RATS FED THE MAX DIETARY LEVEL OF THE MIXT (EQUIV TO ABOUT 2500 MG/KG) FOR PERIODS RANGING FROM 78 TO 105 WK.|N-METHYL-N-NITROSOUREA WAS USED AS INITIATING CARCINOGEN AND GREATLY INCR YIELD OF BLADDER CANCERS IN SACCHARIN TREATED RATS. SACCHARIN IS A WEAK INITIATOR BUT A POWERFUL PROMOTER OF CARCINOGENESIS IN THE RAT BLADDER.|For more Interactions (Complete) data for SACCHARIN (15 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Rat ip 7100 mg/kg /Sodium saccharin/|LD50 Rat oral 14,200 mg/kg /Sodium saccharin/|LD50 Mouse oral 17,500 mg/kg /Sodium saccharin/

Sodium saccharin (NaSac) ... was tested for potential effects on reproduction & fertility in Swiss CD-1 mice using the RACB protocol. Data on food & water consumptions, body weights, & clinical signs from the dose-range-finding study (Task 1) were used to set exposure concns for the continuous cohabitation phase (Task 2) at 1.25, 2.5, & 5% weight/volume in the drinking water. While water consumption was decreased at the high dose by nearly equal to 10-20%, it was increased at the low & middle dose levels by nearly =40% & 20%, respectively. Consequently, the high dose animals gained slightly less weight during Task 2. Measures of body weights & water consumption allowed the calculation of daily exposure estimates: 3.5, 5.9, & 8.1 g/kg/day. In Task 2, 3, 0, 1, & 8 mice died in the control, low, middle, & high dose groups, respectively. The increased mortality at 5% NaSac was attributed to complications of dehydration. For the surviving pairs, there was no reduction in the mean number of litters/pair, although at the high dose, the number of live pups/litter decreased by 16% & the pup weight adjusted for litter size was decreased by 6%. There was no decr in the viability of the offspring. These effects were considered secondary to the decreased water intake seen at the high dose, & since the middle dose level had a relative incr in intake & showed no reproductive toxicity, Task 2 was judged to be essentially negative for reproductive toxicity, & the evaluation of the second generation was performed with only the controls & the middle dose level. Thus, the last litter from the control & middle dose groups was nursed, weaned, & reared to mating at nearly equal to 70-80 days of age. There was no effect of exposure to NaSac on viability or growth to weaning, or on body weights at the start of the cohabitation wk. Water consumption was increased by nearly =30 in the 2.5% NaSac group, although this did not translate to a change in body weight. In the mating trial, there were no differences due to NaSac consumption in the percent of F1 pairs mating or delivering a litter, or in the number, weight, or viability of pups in that litter. After the F2 pups were evaluated & discarded, the F1 controls & 2.5% NaSac-exposed mice were killed & necropsied. There were no differences between the groups in terminal body weights or organ weights. The concn, % motile, or % morphologically abnormal sperm in the epididymis were unchanged by NaSac exposure, as was the length or characteristics of the estrous cycle. In summary, NaSac reduced fertility only at a concn that also significantly reduced water consumption & increased mortality. At concns that increased water consumption, there were no measurable effects on reproductive performance or necropsy endpoints. /Sodium saccharin/

Saccharin, sodium and calcium saccharin and o-toluenesulphonamide do not occur as natural products.

Saccharin's production and use as an artificial, non-nutritive sweetener, pharmaceutic aid (flavor), and in formulations for electroplating-bath brighteners(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 23(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.91(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that saccharin is expected to have very mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of saccharin from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). The pKa of saccharin is 1.31(5), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(6). Saccharin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(7). Incubation experiments with activated sludge resulted in a first order half-life of 90 minutes with 78% removal efficiency after 3 hours(8) suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 23(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 0.91(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that saccharin is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(4) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of three(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).Incubation experiments with activated sludge resulted in a first order half-life of 90 minutes with 78% removal efficiency after 3 hours(7) suggesting that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), saccharin, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0X10-7 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase saccharin is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 22 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase saccharin may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC). Saccharin contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of saccharin with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 5.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 22 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). The respective acid and alkaline hydrolysis products of saccharin are o-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and ammonium o-sulfobenzoic acid(2). Rate data for the hydrolysis of saccharin in aqueous solutions were not located in the available literature(SRC). However, saccharin is stable in aqueous solution for most normal food applications, especially beverages. Therefore, saccharin is not expected to hydrolyze rapidly in environmental media(SRC). Saccharin contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3), and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of three was calculated in fish for saccharin(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.91(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Bioconcentration of the substance was tested as a breakdown product of 3-(allyloxy)-1,1-dioxo-1lambda(6),2-benzothiazole; results indicated low bioconcentration potential(4).

The Koc of saccharin is estimated as 20(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.91(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that saccharin is expected to have very high mobility in soil. The pKa of saccharin is 1.31(4), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(5).

The Henry's Law constant for saccharin is estimated as 1.2X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that saccharin is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Saccharin is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0X10-7 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

GROUNDWATER: Saccharin was not detected in groundwater sampled in Zurich Switzerland, sampled between August and November 2008(1).|SURFACE WATER: Eight lakes were sampled in February and March 2008, resulting in saccharin concentrations ranging from below the detection limit in a remote mountain lake to 0.18 ug/L in the Greifensee, which is within a densely populated catchment area(1).

According to the 2006 TSCA Inventory Update Reporting data, the number of persons reasonably likely to be exposed in the industrial manufacturing, processing, and use of saccharin is 100 to 999; the data may be greatly underestimated(1).|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 225,094 workers (97,727 of these were female) were potentially exposed to saccharin in the US(1). Occupational exposure to saccharin may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where saccharin is produced or used. Monitoring and use data indicate that the general population may be exposed to saccharin via ingestion and contaminated drinking water, and consumer products containing saccharin(SRC).

Substances that sweeten food, beverages, medications, etc., such as sugar, saccharine or other low-calorie synthetic products. (From Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed) (See all compounds classified as Sweetening Agents.)

TRANSPLACENTAL TRANSFER OF ... (14)C-SACCHARIN ADMIN BY IV INFUSION TO RHESUS MONKEYS IN LATE PREGNANCY, WAS RAPID, BUT SLIGHT. (14)C WAS CLEARED MORE SLOWLY FROM FETAL THAN FROM MATERNAL BLOOD, & WAS DISTRIBUTED IN ALL FETAL TISSUES EXAMINED ... WAS ONLY BIOTRANSFORMED TO LIMITED EXTENT & WAS RAPIDLY EXCRETED ... .|Three groups of five men were given sodium saccharin in single oral doses of 50, 150 or 333 mg/60 kg bw. Peak plasma concentrations occurred between 30 and 60 min after dosing, and 60 and 76% was excreted unchanged in urine at 6 and 24 h, respectively. /Sodium saccharin/|IN 3 VOLUNTEERS, 85-92% OF DOSES OF 1 G 3(14)C-SACCHARIN ADMIN ORALLY FOR 21 DAYS WAS EXCRETED UNCHANGED IN THE URINE WITHIN 24 HR; NO METABOLITES WERE FOUND. WITHIN 48 HR, 92.3% OF A DOSE OF 500 MG (14)C-SACCHARIN WAS EXCRETED IN THE URINE & 5.8% IN THE FECES.|After administration of 1-g doses of soluble (sodium) saccharin [form not specified] to three men, saccharin was excreted in the urine quantitatively unchanged by two of the subjects within 48 hr. In a subsequent experiment involving six subjects, none excreted the dose quantitatively within 72 hr, but no metabolism of saccharin was detected. /Sodium saccharin/|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for SACCHARIN (13 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... 3-(14)C-SACCHARIN WAS EXCRETED UNCHANGED, MAINLY IN THE URINE (85-92% IN 24 HR) BY ADULT HUMAN SUBJECTS, BOTH BEFORE & AFTER TAKING 1 G OF SACCHARIN DAILY FOR 21 DAYS; NO METABOLITE OF SACCHARIN WAS FOUND. THESE RESULTS WERE AMPLY CONFIRMED IN ANIMAL EXPERIMENTS, IN WHICH ORALLY ADMIN (14)C-SACCHARIN WAS EXCRETED ENTIRELY UNCHANGED BY RATS ON A NORMAL DIET & BY RATS ON A DIET CONTAINING 1% & 5% OF SACCHARIN FOR UP TO 12 MO. 80-90% OF THE DOSE WAS EXCRETED IN THE URINE, 10-20% IN THE FECES; NO (14)CO2 WAS FOUND IN THE EXHALED AIR, & NO (14)CO3(2-) OR 2-SULFAMOYLBENZOIC ACID IN THE URINE.|YIELDS IN MONKEYS SULFAMOYLBENZOIC ACID & O-SULFOBENZOIC ACID. /FROM TABLE/|EXPOSURE OF MALE CHARLES RIVER CDI RATS TO 5% SACCHARIN DIET IN UTERO & THROUGHOUT WEANING, DID NOT INDUCE DETECTABLE METABOLISM. NO METABOLITES WERE DETECTED IN URINE OF NORMAL RATS GIVEN TRACER DOSE. PRETREATMENT WITH 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE DID NOT INDUCE SACCHARIN METABOLISM.|One female and two male volunteers excreted 85-92% of a dose of 1g (3-14)C- saccharin unchanged in the urine within 24 hr, before or after taking 1 g saccharin daily for 21 days; no metabolites were found.|Within 48 h, 92% of a dose of 500 mg [14C]saccharin taken by six male volunteers was excreted in the urine and 5.8% in the faeces. Analysis of urine and feces by highperformance liquid chromatography and thin-layer chromatography revealed only unmetabolized saccharin.

In three adult men given an intravenous bolus of 10 mg/kg bw sodium saccharin, the plasma concentration-time curve fitted a two-compartment open model with a terminal half-life of 70 min. /Sodium saccharin/|Six women with an average oral daily intake of 100-300 mg saccharin (form not specified) had maximum plasma concentrations after 0.5-1 hr and an elimination half-life of 7.5 hr.

...it has been shown that the activation of particular T2R bitter taste receptors is partially involved with the bitter aftertaste sensation of saccharin and acesulfame-K. ... /This study/ addressed the question of whether /they/ could stimulate transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 (TRPV1) receptors, as these receptors are activated by a large range of structurally different chemicals. Moreover, TRPV1 receptors and/or their variants are found in taste receptor cells and in nerve terminals throughout the oral cavity. Hence, TRPV1 activation could be involved in the ... aftertaste or even contribute to the poorly understood metallic taste sensation. Using Ca(2+) imaging on TRPV1 receptors heterologously expressed in the human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells and on dissociated primary sensory neurons,... /it was found/ that in both systems, .../sweeteners/ activate TRPV1 receptors, and, moreover, they sensitize these channels to acid and heat. ... /it was/also found that TRPV1 receptors were activated by CuSO(4), ZnSO(4), and FeSO(4), three salts known to produce a metallic taste sensation. In summary, .../the/ results identify a novel group of compounds that activate TRPV1 and, consequently, provide a molecular mechanism that may account for off tastes of sweeteners and metallic tasting salts.

o- & p-Toluenesulfonamide; 1,2-benzisothiazol-1,1-dioxide; 1,2-benzisothiazoline-1,1-dioxide; 3-aminobenzisothazol-1,1-dioxide; 5- & 6-chlorosaccharin; ammonium saccharin; methyl saccharin; diphenyl sulfone; ditolylsulphone isomers; o- & p-sulfamoylbenzoic acid; o-chlorobenzoic acid; o-sulfobenzoic acid (& ammonium salt); n-tetracosane; bis(4-carboxyphenyl)sulfone; toluene-2,4-disulfonamide; saccharin-o-toluenesulfonamide; saccharin-6-sulfonamide; N-methyl-o-toluene-sulfonamide; methyl-o-chlorobenzoate; 4,4'-dibenzoylsulfone; 2- or 3-carboxy thiaxanthone-5-dioxide; o-sulfobenzamide; methyl-o-sulfamoylbenzoate; methyl-N-methylsulfamoylbenzoate; saccharin-o-toluenesulfoxylimide; & other /Reported impurities in saccharin & sodium saccharin/

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of ingestion of this compound include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. It may also cause anorexia. Inhalation may result in coughing and sneezing. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: There is sufficient evidence that this compound is an animal carcinogen. When heated to decomposition this compound emits very toxic fumes of SOx and NOx. It may also emit toxic fumes of carbon and COx. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled N-of-1 trial with a cross-over design /was conducted in order/ to determine whether there was a connection between the complaint of restless legs and the ingestion of artificial sweeteners in a patient with these symptoms after drinking certain 'light' beverages. During a period of 48 days, the patient took 4 capsules per day containing either 150 mg of cyclamate, 22.5 mg of saccharine, both sweeteners, or placebo on two successive days. Between each of these 2-day periods there was a 2-day rest period during which no capsules were taken. The hospital pharmacist had prepared the capsules and determined the sequence of the 2-day periods on a random basis. The patient did not know which capsules he was taking. Every day on arising, starting 3 weeks before the trial period, the patient noted the intensity and duration of the symptoms in the late evening and previous night. For this notation he used an 11-point scale, from 0 (= no restless legs) to 10 (= almost total inability to sleep because of restless legs). A score of 1-3 corresponded to mild symptoms that had no effect on the patient's sleep; at a score of 4-6 his sleep was disturbed and at a score of 7-10 the patient hardly slept at all. The patient had symptoms more often while using saccharine or the combination of saccharine and cyclamate than when taking the placebo (4 and 4 versus 2 of the 6 nights); moreover, the average score was then statistically significantly higher (5.2 and 5.8 versus 3.3). There was a connection between the patient's complaints of restless legs and the use of saccharine, but not the use of cyclamate.|/CASE REPORTS/ Idiosyncratic effects of saccharin on the liver were reported in a 70-year-old woman. Increased activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase were found after oral administration of three pharmaceutical drugs of which saccharin was the only common constituent. The drugs were lorazepam, dihydroergocristine and chlordemethyldiazepam. Exposure to saccharin alone reproduced the effects.|/CASE REPORTS/ ...reported 5 patients in whom oral administration of 0.1 g saccharin caused pruritis and edematous papules on the trunk and limbs.|/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ A SURVEY OF BLADDER CANCER PATIENTS & CONTROLS WITHOUT BLADDER CANCER SHOWED THAT IN GENERAL BLADDER CANCER RISK WAS NOT INCREASED BY NONNUTRITIVE SWEETENER SACCHARIN & CYCLAMATE USE. ADJUSTING FOR SMOKING HABITS, OCCUPATION, AGE, RACE, SEX, DIABETES MELLITUS, ETC DID NOT LEAD TO SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE SWEETENER USE & BLADDER CANCER.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for SACCHARIN (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Calcium, Saccharin

Global consumption (1000 tons): 37|The USA consumption pattern for saccharin (all forms) in 1976 has been estimated as follows: 77% in food uses: 45% in soft drinks, 18% in 'tabletop' sweetener, and 14% in other foods such as fruits, premixes, juices, sweets, chewing gum and jellies; and 23% in nonfood items: 10% in cosmetics such as toothpaste, mouthwash and lipstick, 7% in pharmaceuticals such as coatings on pills, 2% in smokeless tobacco products such as chewing tobacco and snuff, 2% in electroplating, 1% in cattle feed and 1% in miscellaneous uses. /Saccharin (all forms)/

Grades: Commercial; CP /Chemically pure: A grade designation signifying a minimum of impurities, but not 100% pure/; USP /United States Pharmacopeia/; FCC /Food Chemicals Codex/.|Sodium saccharin FCC (Food Chemicals Codex) is available in the USA in four grades: spray-dried, containing 3.0% moisture; powder, containing 5.0-5.8% moisture; pelletized, containing 10.5-11.5% moisture; and granular, containing 14.0-15.0% moisture. Each of these grades meets or exceeds the following Food Chemicals Codex specifications: 98-101% active ingredient on an anhydrous basis, 3-15% water, 100 mg/kg toluenesulphonamides, 30 mg/kg selenium, 10 mg/kg heavy metals (as lead) and 3 mg/kg arsenic. /Sodium saccharin/|Trade Names: Assugrin vollsuss (also contains sodium cyclamate); Garantose; Glucid; Gluside; Hermesetas; Kandiset; Natreen (also contains sodium cyclamate); Sacarina; 550 Saccharin; Saccharina; Saccharinol; Saccharinose; Saccharol; Saxin; Sucre Edulcor; Sucrette; Sykose; Zaharina.|Available in the USA as saccharin insoluble powder FCC (Food Chemicals Codex): 98-101% active ingredient on an anhydrous basis, a maximum of 100 mg/kg toluenesulphonamides, 30 mg/kg selenium, 10 mg/kg heavy metals (as lead) & 3 mg/kg arsenic ... Available in the USA as a USP grade containing 98-101% active ingredient on an anhydrous basis.

Adhesive manufacturing|1,2-Benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one, 1,1-dioxide: ACTIVE|In 1977, the FDA proposed a ban on saccharin because of the discovery of bladder tumors in some male rats fed with high doses of saccharin. Because no other nonnutritive sweetener was available at that time, the proposed ban faced strong opposition. Legislation to stay the ban has been passed in the U.S. Congress periodically. In December, 1991, the FDA withdrew its proposed ban. All saccharin-containing packaged products were required to carry a warning label indicating that saccharin has been determined to cause cancer in laboratory animals. In 2001, the warning label requirement was lifted by the Congress. In 2003, saccharin was delisted from California Proposition 65 (the so-called carcinogen list).|Industrial grade sodium saccharin is reportedly used as a brightener in nickel-plating baths, as an antistatic agent in plastics and textiles, as a polymer modifier and accelerator in photosensitive dispersions, and as a light fastness aid in nylon dyes. /Sodium saccharin/|Compared with dilute sucrose solutions, the sweetness intensity of saccharin is about 550, whereas the values for its salts are about 450. At medium or elevated use levels, saccharin sweetness is accompanied by a metallic or bitter aftertaste. Several masking agents for this side-taste have been suggested, and sweetener blends, especially a blend of 1 part sodium saccharin to 9 - 10 parts sodium cyclamate, are often used.

Method: AOAC 969.27; Procedure: qualitative thin-layer chromatography; Analyte: saccharin; Matrix: nonalcoholic beverages; Detection Limit: not provided.|Method: AOAC 941.10; Procedure: qualitative test (organoleptic test, phenol-sulfuric acid test); Analyte: saccharin; Matrix: foods; Detection Limit: not provided.|Method: AOAC 973.29; Procedure: gravimetric method; Analyte: saccharin; Matrix: food; Detection Limit: not provided.|Method: AOAC 980.18; Procedure: differential pulse polarographic method; Analyte: saccharin; Matrix: food; Detection Limit: not provided.|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for SACCHARIN (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Gas chromatography/Electron Capture detection (GC/ECD) is used for determination of saccharin in blood. Limit of detection is 10 ug/l.

Food Additives -> SWEETENER; -> JECFA Functional Classes|Cosmetics -> Masking; Oral care|Environmental transformation -> Pesticide transformation products (metabolite, successor)

1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one,1,1-dioxide is a known environmental transformation product of metsulfuron, metsulfuron-methyl, oxasulfuron, propoxycarbazone, and tribenuron-methyl.|1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one,1,1-dioxide is a known environmental transformation product of Oxasulfuron.

Food Additives -> SWEETENER;