CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE- cyclophosphamide_capsule

The mechanism of action is thought to involve cross-linking of tumor cell DNA. Cyclophosphamide is biotransformed principally in the liver to active alkylating metabolites by a mixed function microsomal oxidase system. These metabolites interfere with the growth of susceptible rapidly proliferating malignant cells. Following IV administration, elimination half-life (t ½ 2 Absorption After oral administration, peak concentrations of cyclophosphamide occurred at one hour. Area under the curve ratio for the drug after oral and IV administration (AUC po iv Distribution Approximately 20% of cyclophosphamide is protein bound, with no dose dependent changes. Some metabolites are protein bound to an extent greater than 60%. Volume of distribution approximates total body water (30 to 50 L). Metabolism The liver is the major site of cyclophosphamide activation. Approximately 75% of the administered dose of cyclophosphamide is activated by hepatic microsomal cytochrome P450s including CYP2A6, 2B6, 3A4, 3A5, 2C9, 2C18 and 2C19, with 2B6 displaying the highest 4-hydroxylase activity. Cyclophosphamide is activated to form 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide, which is in equilibrium with its ring-open tautomer aldophosphamide. 4 hydroxycyclophosphamide and aldophosphamide can undergo oxidation by aldehyde dehydrogenases to form the inactive metabolites 4 ketocyclophosphamide and carboxyphosphamide, respectively. Aldophosphamide can undergo beta-elimination to form active metabolites phosphoramide mustard and acrolein. This spontaneous conversion can be catalyzed by albumin and other proteins. Less than 5% of cyclophosphamide may be directly detoxified by side chain oxidation, leading to the formation of inactive metabolites 2-dechloroethylcyclophosphamide. At high doses, the fraction of parent compound cleared by 4-hydroxylation is reduced resulting in non-linear elimination of cyclophosphamide in patients. Cyclophosphamide appears to induce its own metabolism. Auto-induction results in an increase in the total clearance, increased formation of 4-hydroxyl metabolites and shortened t ½ Elimination Cyclophosphamide is primarily excreted as metabolites. 10 to 20% is excreted unchanged in the urine and 4% is excreted in the bile following IV administration. Special Populations Renal Impairment The pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide were determined following one-hour intravenous infusion to renally impaired patients. The results demonstrated that the systemic exposure to cyclophosphamide increased as the renal function decreased. Mean dose-corrected AUC increased by 38% in the moderate renal group, (Creatinine clearance CrCl of 25 to 50 mL/min), by 64% in the severe renal group (CrCl of 10 to 24 mL/min) and by 23% in the hemodialysis group (CrCl of 0. 05); thus, patients with severe renal impairment should be closely monitored for toxicity [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS ( 8. 6 The dialyzability of cyclophosphamide was investigated in four patients on long-term hemodialysis. Dialysis clearance calculated by arterial-venous difference and actual drug recovery in dialysate averaged 104 mL/min, which is in the range of the metabolic clearance of 95 mL/min for the drug. A mean of 37% of the administered dose of cyclophosphamide was removed during hemodialysis. The elimination half-life (t½) was 3. 3 hours in patients during hemodialysis, a 49% reduction of the 6. 5 hours to t½ reported in uremic patients. Reduction in t½, larger dialysis clearance than metabolic clearance, high extraction efficiency, and significant drug removal during dialysis, suggest that cyclophosphamide is dialyzable. Hepatic Impairment Total body clearance (CL) of cyclophosphamide is decreased by 40% in patients with severe hepatic impairment and elimination half-life (t ½ ½ [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS ( 8.

Cyclophosphamide is an alkylating drug indicated for treatment of: Malignant Diseases 1. 1 Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome in Pediatric Patients 1. 2 Limitations of Use: Cyclophosphamide Capsules are indicated for the treatment of: malignant lymphomas (Stages III and IV of the Ann Arbor staging system), Hodgkin’s disease, lymphocytic lymphoma (nodular or diffuse), mixed-cell type lymphoma, histiocytic lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma multiple myeloma leukemias: chronic lymphocytic leukemia, chronic granulocytic leukemia (it is usually ineffective in acute blastic crisis), acute myelogenous and monocytic leukemia, acute lymphoblastic (stem-cell) leukemia (cyclophosphamide given during remission is effective in prolonging its duration) mycosis fungoides (advanced disease) neuroblastoma (disseminated disease) adenocarcinoma of the ovary retinoblastoma carcinoma of the breast Cyclophosphamide Capsules, although effective alone in susceptible malignancies, is more frequently used concurrently or sequentially with other antineoplastic drugs. Cyclophosphamide Capsules are indicated for the treatment of biopsy proven minimal change nephrotic syndrome in pediatric patients who failed to adequately respond to or are unable to tolerate adrenocorticosteroid therapy. Limitations of Use:.

During or immediately after the administration, administer adequate amounts of fluid to reduce the risk of urinary tract toxicity ( 2. 1 Malignant Diseases: Adult and Pediatric Patients 2. 2 Oral: Usually 1 mg per kg per day to 5 mg per kg orally once daily for both initial and maintenance dosing. Minimal Change Nephrotic Syndrome in Pediatric Patients 2. 3 Recommended oral dose: 2 mg per kg once daily for 8 to 12 weeks (maximum cumulative dose 168 mg per kg). Treatment beyond 90 days increases the probability of sterility in males. During or immediately after the administration of Cyclophosphamide Capsules, adequate amounts of fluid should be ingested or infused to force diuresis in order to reduce the risk of urinary tract toxicity. Therefore, Cyclophosphamide Capsules should be taken in the morning. Cyclophosphamide Capsules should be swallowed whole. The capsules should not be opened, chewed, or crushed. Cyclophosphamide Capsules is a cytotoxic drug. Follow applicable special handling and disposal procedures. 1 Adults and Pediatric Patients The recommended dosage of Cyclophosphamide Capsules is in the range of 1 mg per kg to 5 mg per kg orally once daily for both initial and maintenance dosing. Other regimens of intravenous and oral cyclophosphamide have been reported. Dosages should be adjusted based on evidence of antitumor activity, myelosuppression, or other severe adverse reactions [ see WARNINGS and PRECAUTIONS ( 5 When cyclophosphamide is included in combined cytotoxic regimens, it may be necessary to reduce the dose of cyclophosphamide, as well as that of the other drugs. The recommended dosage of Cyclophosphamide Capsules is 2 mg per kg orally once daily for 8 to 12 weeks (maximum cumulative dose 168 mg per kg). Treatment beyond 90 days increases the probability of sterility in males [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS ( 8.

The following adverse reactions are discussed in more detail in other sections of the labeling. Hypersensitivity [see Contraindications ( 4 Myelosuppression, Immunosuppression, Bone Marrow Failure, and Infections [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5. 1 Urinary Tract and Renal Toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5. 2 Cardiotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5. 3 Pulmonary Toxicity [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5. 4 Secondary Malignancies [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5. 5 Veno-occlusive Liver Disease [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5. 6 Infertility [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5. 4 Impaired Wound Healing [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5. 9 Hyponatremia [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5. 10 Adverse reactions reported most often include neutropenia, febrile neutropenia, fever, alopecia, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. 1 To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact NextSource Pharma at 1-855-672-2468 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www. gov/medwatch. Hematopoietic system Neutropenia occurs in patients treated with cyclophosphamide. The degree of neutropenia is particularly important because it correlates with a reduction in resistance to infections. Fever without documented infection has been reported in neutropenic patients. Gastrointestinal system Nausea and vomiting occur with cyclophosphamide therapy. Anorexia and, less frequently, abdominal discomfort or pain and diarrhea may occur. There are isolated reports of hemorrhagic colitis, oral mucosal ulceration and jaundice occurring during therapy. Skin and its structures Alopecia occurs in patients treated with cyclophosphamide. Skin rash occurs occasionally in patients receiving the drug. Pigmentation of the skin and changes in nails can occur. The following adverse reactions have been identified from clinical trials or post-marketing surveillance. Because they are reported from a population from unknown size, precise estimates of frequency cannot be made. Cardiac: Congenital, Familial and Genetic: Ear and Labyrinth: Endocrine: Eye: Gastrointestinal: General Disorders and Administrative Site Conditions: Hematologic: Hepatic: Immune: Infections: Pneumocystis jiroveci Strongyloides Investigations: Metabolism and Nutrition: Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue: Neoplasms: Nervous System: Pregnancy: Psychiatric: Renal and Urinary: Reproductive System: Respiratory: Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue: Tumor Lysis Syndrome: Vascular:.

Cyclophosphamide Capsules are contraindicated in patients with: A history of severe hypersensitivity reactions to cyclophosphamide, any of its metabolites, or to other components of the product. Anaphylactic reactions including death have been reported with cyclophosphamide. Cross-sensitivity with other alkylating agents can occur. In patients with urinary outflow obstruction [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ( 5. 2 Hypersensitivity to cyclophosphamide ( 4 Urinary outflow obstruction ( 4.

Lactation: Advise not to breastfeed. 2 Females and Males of Reproductive Potential: Verify pregnancy status prior to initiation of Cyclophosphamide Capsules. May impair fertility. 3 Renal Impairment: Monitor for toxicity in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment. 3 Risk Summary Based on its mechanism of action and published reports of effects in pregnant patients or animals, Cyclophosphamide Capsules can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant woman [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ( 12. 1 [see Data] The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects is 2%-4% and of miscarriage is 15%-20% of clinically recognized pregnancies. Data Human Data Malformations of the skeleton, palate, limbs and eyes as well as miscarriage have been reported after exposure to cyclophosphamide in the first trimester. Fetal growth retardation and toxic effects manifesting in the newborn, including leukopenia, anemia, pancytopenia, severe bone marrow hypoplasia, and gastroenteritis have been reported after exposure to cyclophosphamide. Animal Data Administration of cyclophosphamide to pregnant mice, rats, rabbits and monkeys during the period of organogenesis at doses at or below the dose in patients based on body surface area resulted in various malformations, which included neural tube defects, limb and digit defects and other skeletal anomalies, cleft lip and palate, and reduced skeletal ossification. Risk Summary Cyclophosphamide is present in breast milk. Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, low hemoglobin, and diarrhea have been reported in infants breast fed by women treated with cyclophosphamide. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in a breastfed child from Cyclophosphamide Capsules, advise lactating women not to breastfeed during the treatment and for 1 week after the last dose. Pregnancy Testing Verify the pregnancy status of females of reproductive potential prior to the initiation of Cyclophosphamide Capsules [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS ( 8. 1 Contraception Females Cyclophosphamide Capsules can cause fetal harm. Advise females of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with Cyclophosphamide Capsules for up to 1 year after completion of therapy [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS ( 8. 1 Males Based on findings in genetic toxicity and animal reproduction studies, advise male patients with female partners of reproductive potential to use effective contraception during treatment with Cyclophosphamide Capsules and for 4 months after completion of therapy [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS ( 8. 1 Infertility Females Amenorrhea, transient or permanent, associated with decreased estrogen and increased gonadotropin secretion develops in a proportion of women treated with cyclophosphamide. Affected patients generally resume regular menses within a few months after cessation of therapy. The risk of premature menopause with cyclophosphamide increases with age. Oligomenorrhea has also been reported in association with cyclophosphamide treatment. Animal data suggest an increased risk of failed pregnancy and malformations may persist after discontinuation of cyclophosphamide as long as oocytes/follicles exist that were exposed to cyclophosphamide during any of their maturation phases. The exact duration of follicular development in humans is not known, but may be longer than 12 months [see NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY ( 13. 1 Males Men treated with cyclophosphamide may develop oligospermia or azoospermia which are normally associated with increased gonadotropin but normal testosterone secretion. Pre-pubescent girls treated with cyclophosphamide generally develop secondary sexual characteristics normally and have regular menses. Ovarian fibrosis with apparently complete loss of germ cells after prolonged cyclophosphamide treatment in late pre-pubescence has been reported. Girls treated with cyclophosphamide who have retained ovarian function after completing treatment are at increased risk of developing premature menopause. Pre-pubescent boys treated with cyclophosphamide develop secondary sexual characteristics normally, but may have oligospermia or azoospermia and increased gonadotropin secretion. Some degree of testicular atrophy may occur. Cyclophosphamide-induced azoospermia is reversible in some patients, though the reversibility may not occur for several years after cessation of therapy. There is insufficient data from clinical studies of cyclophosphamide available for patients 65 years of age and older to determine whether they respond differently than younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac functioning, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. In patients with severe renal impairment, decreased renal excretion may result in increased plasma levels of cyclophosphamide and its metabolites. This may result in increased toxicity [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ( 12. 3 Monitor patients with severe renal impairment (CrCl =10 mL/min to 24 mL/min) for signs and symptoms of toxicity. Cyclophosphamide and its metabolites are dialyzable although there are probably quantitative differences depending upon the dialysis system being used. In patients requiring dialysis, use of a consistent interval between cyclophosphamide administration and dialysis should be considered. Patients with severe hepatic impairment have reduced conversion of cyclophosphamide to the active 4-hydroxyl metabolite, potentially reducing efficacy [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ( 12.

Cyclophosphamide is a pro-drug that is activated by cytochrome P450s [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY ( 12.3 An increase of the concentration of cytotoxic metabolites may occur with: Protease inhibitors: Concomitant use of protease inhibitors may increase the concentration of cytotoxic metabolites. Use of protease inhibitor-based regimens was found to be associated with a higher incidence of infections and neutropenia in patients receiving cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and etoposide (CDE) than use of a Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor-based regimen. Combined or sequential use of cyclophosphamide and other agents with similar toxicities can potentiate toxicities. Increased hematotoxicity and/or immunosuppression may result from a combined effect of cyclophosphamide and, for example: ACE inhibitors: ACE inhibitors can cause leukopenia. Natalizumab Paclitaxel: Increased hematotoxicity has been reported when cyclophosphamide was administered after paclitaxel infusion. Thiazide diuretics Zidovudine Increased cardiotoxicity may result from a combined effect of cyclophosphamide and, for example: Anthracyclines Cytarabine Pentostatin Radiation therapy of the cardiac region Trastuzumab Increased pulmonary toxicity may result from a combined effect of cyclophosphamide and, for example: Amiodarone G-CSF, GM-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor): Reports suggest an increased risk of pulmonary toxicity in patients treated with cytotoxic chemotherapy that includes cyclophosphamide and G-CSF or GMCSF. Increased nephrotoxicity may result from a combined effect of cyclophosphamide and, for example: Amphotericin B Indomethacin: Acute water intoxication has been reported with concomitant use of indomethacin Increase in other toxicities: Azathioprine: Increased risk of hepatotoxicity (liver necrosis) Busulfan: Increased incidence of hepatic veno-occlusive disease and mucositis has been reported. Protease inhibitors: Increased incidence of mucositis Increased risk of hemorrhagic cystitis may result from a combined effect of cyclophosphamide and past or concomitant radiation treatment. Etanercept: In patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis, the addition of etanercept to standard treatment, including cyclophosphamide, was associated with a higher incidence of non-cutaneous malignant solid tumors. Metronidazole: Acute encephalopathy has been reported in a patient receiving cyclophosphamide and metronidazole. Causal association is unclear. In an animal study, the combination of cyclophosphamide with metronidazole was associated with increased cyclophosphamide toxicity. Tamoxifen: Concomitant use of tamoxifen and chemotherapy may increase the risk of thromboembolic complications. Coumarins: Both increased and decreased warfarin effect have been reported in patients receiving warfarin and cyclophosphamide. Cyclosporine: Lower serum concentrations of cyclosporine have been observed in patients receiving a combination of cyclophosphamide and cyclosporine than in patients receiving only cyclosporine. This interaction may result in an increased incidence of graft-versus-host disease. Depolarizing muscle relaxants: Cyclophosphamide treatment causes a marked and persistent inhibition of cholinesterase activity. Prolonged apnea may occur with concurrent depolarizing muscle relaxants (e.g., succinylcholine). If a patient has been treated with cyclophosphamide within 10 days of general anesthesia, alert the anesthesiologist.

OVERDOSAGE
No specific antidote for cyclophosphamide is known. Overdosage should be managed with supportive measures, including appropriate treatment for any concurrent infection, myelosuppression, or cardiac toxicity should it occur. Serious consequences of overdosage include manifestations of dose dependent toxicities such as myelosuppression, urotoxicity, cardiotoxicity (including cardiac failure), veno-occlusive hepatic disease, and stomatitis [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ( 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.6 Patients who received an overdose should be closely monitored for the development of toxicities, and hematologic toxicity in particular. Cyclophosphamide and its metabolites are dialyzable. Therefore, rapid hemodialysis is indicated when treating any suicidal or accidental overdose or intoxication. Cystitis prophylaxis with mesna may be helpful in preventing or limiting urotoxic effects with cyclophosphamide overdose.
NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
Cyclophosphamide administered by different routes, including intravenous, subcutaneous or intraperitoneal injection, or in drinking water, caused tumors in both mice and rats. In addition to leukemia and lymphoma, benign and malignant tumors were found at various tissue sites, including urinary bladder, mammary gland, lung, liver, and injection site [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ( 5. 5 Cyclophosphamide was mutagenic and clastogenic in multiple in vitro in vivo Cyclophosphamide is genotoxic in male and female germ cells. Animal data indicate that exposure of oocytes to cyclophosphamide during follicular development may result in a decreased rate of implantations and viable pregnancies, and in an increased risk of malformations. Male mice and rats treated with cyclophosphamide show alterations in male reproductive organs (e. , decreased weights, atrophy, changes in spermatogenesis), and decreases in reproductive potential (e. , decreased implantations and increased post-implantation loss) and increases in fetal malformations when mated with untreated females [see USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS ( 8.
REFERENCES
OSHA Hazardous Drugs. OSHA. http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/hazardousdrugs/index.html.

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