ATP disodium salt for Energy Supply Skin Revitalization Dullness Improvement and Barrier Strengthening

1. Description

ATP Disodium Salt is the disodium salt form of adenosine 5'-triphosphate. It belongs to the class of nucleotide derivatives and serves as a central substance for energy storage and metabolism in living organisms. It appears as colorless crystals or a white crystalline powder, is highly soluble in water (solubility approximately 50–100 mg/mL), and its aqueous solution is weakly acidic (pH approximately 3.5). It can be stored for one year at -20°C under neutral conditions. Its molecular weight is 551.14, and its molecular formula is C₁₀H₁₄N₅Na₂O₁₃P₃. It must be stored at -20°C in a sealed container away from light; the powder can be stored for 3 years, and the solution can be stored at -80°C for 6 months. This compound is the most important high-energy phosphate compound in the body; it releases energy through the hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate bonds to drive various biological processes, and it is also an endogenous agonist of P2 purine receptors. This product is for research use only and must not be used in humans.

2. Application

(1) Energy metabolism research: As a phosphate group donor and energy carrier, it is used to study the activity of energy metabolism-related enzymes such as ATP synthase and kinases, as well as mitochondrial function and the regulatory mechanisms of cellular energy metabolism.

(2) Cell Signaling Research: As an endogenous agonist of P2X and P2Y purinergic receptors, it is used to study signaling pathways such as calcium signaling, inflammatory responses, and neurotransmitter release.

(3) Molecular Biology Applications: As a substrate for DNA ligases, kinases, and polymerases, it is used in molecular biology experiments such as DNA/RNA synthesis, in vitro transcription, and cDNA synthesis.

(4) Inflammation and Immunity Research: As an activator of the NLRP3 inflammasome, it is used to study the release mechanisms of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18, as well as the regulation of inflammatory responses.

(5) Apoptosis and Pyroptosis Research: Used to induce pyroptosis models and to study caspase-1-dependent cell death mechanisms.

3. Main Efficacy

(1) Energy currency function: By hydrolyzing terminal phosphodiester bonds, it releases free energy (ΔG°' ≈ −30.5 kJ/mol), providing direct energy for vital processes such as ion transport across cell membranes (sodium-potassium pump, calcium pump, etc.), muscle contraction, substance synthesis (nucleic acids, proteins), and nerve conduction.

(2) P2 Receptor Agonist Activity: As an endogenous ligand for P2X ion channel receptors and P2Y metabolic receptors, its activation leads to an increase in intracellular calcium ion concentration, participating in physiological processes such as neural signal transmission, platelet aggregation, and smooth muscle contraction.

(3) Phosphate Donor Function: As a phosphate donor in kinase reactions, it participates in protein phosphorylation modifications, regulating the activation and deactivation of signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis.

(4) Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome: As a danger signal molecule, it synergizes with LPS to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, promoting caspase-1 activation and the maturation and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18.

(5) Extracellular signaling molecule function: Upon release from damaged cells or activated immune cells, it acts as an extracellular signaling molecule involved in inflammatory chemotaxis, neutrophil migration, and pain transmission.

(6) Neurotransmitter regulatory function: In the nervous system, it acts as a fast excitatory neurotransmitter at P2X receptors, participating in synaptic transmission and sensory signal processing.