Carbadox

262.22

262.22

229-879-0

1510

758942

DTXSID6043913

Minute yellow crystals

29339900

103

0.13

Solid

1.447g/cm3

239.5-240 °C

405.47°C (rough estimate)

18°(64°F)

1.648

soluble in 1N NaOH (50 mg/ml), and water (partly).

2-8°C

Vapour pressure, Pa at 25°C:

Henry's Law constant = 4.50X10-23 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

160.18 Ų [M-H]-

4.1

UN13254.1/PG2

3

45-11-22

53-45

FE2779000

F,T

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed.

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

P201-P210-P308 + P313

H228-H302-H350

SRP: Expired or waste pharmaceuticals shall carefully take into consideration applicable DEA, EPA, and FDA regulations. It is not appropriate to dispose by flushing the pharmaceutical down the toilet or discarding to trash. If possible return the pharmaceutical to the manufacturer for proper disposal being careful to properly label and securely package the material. Alternatively, the waste pharmaceutical shall be labeled, securely packaged and transported by a state licensed medical waste contractor to dispose by burial in a licensed hazardous or toxic waste landfill or incinerator.|Product: Burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber but exert extra care in igniting as this material is highly flammable. Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Carbadox. A tolerance of 30 ppb is established for residues of quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (marker residue) in liver (target tissue) of swine.|Carbadox. New animal drugs for use in animal feeds. Conditions of use in swine.|The Generic Animal Drug and Patent Restoration act requires that each sponsor of an approved animal drug must submit to the FDA certain information regarding patents held for the animal drug or its method of use. The Act requires that this information, as well as a list of all animal drug products approved for safety and effectiveness, be made available to the public. Carbadox is included on this list.

Flammable.

|Danger|H228: Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]|P201, P202, P210, P240, P241, P264, P270, P280, P281, P301+P312, P308+P313, P330, P370+P378, P405, and P501|H228 (100%): Flammable solid [Danger Flammable solids]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 41 companies from 4 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Warning|P210, P240, P241, P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P330, P370+P378, and P501|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P281, P301+P312, P308+P313, P314, P330, P405, and P501

Skin protection: Handle with gloves.|Eye/face protection Face shield and safety glasses: Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a full-face particle respirator type N100 (US) or type P3 (EN 143) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|Body Protection: Complete suit protecting against chemicals. The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.

Use water spray to cool unopened containers.|Advice for firefighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.|Suitable extinguishing media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

Conditions to avoid: Heat, flames and sparks. Extremes of temperature and direct sunlight.

Accidental Release Measures. Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Use personal protective equipment. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Ensure adequate ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition. Evacuate personnel to safe areas. Avoid breathing dust. Environmental precautions: Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:Sweep up and shovel. Contain spillage, and then collect with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wetbrushing and place in container for disposal according to local regulations. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal. Contain spillage, pick up with an electrically protected vacuum cleaner or by wet-brushing and transfer to a container for disposal ... .

Appropriate engineering controls: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.|Precautions for safe handling: Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Avoid formation of dust and aerosols. Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking.Take measures to prevent the build up of electrostatic charge.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.

Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Wash away remainder with plenty of water. Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus.

Separated from food and feedstuffs. Well closed.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly when dispersed.

May cause photosensitization. This substance is possibly carcinogenic to humans.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking.

AVOID ALL CONTACT!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective clothing.

Wear safety spectacles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection if powder.

Effluent samples from South Shore Water Reclamation Facility and Jones Island Water Reclamation Facility located in Milwaukee, Wisconsin had carbadox mean and maximum concentrations of 7.2 and 20, and 6.1 and 22 ng/L, respectively(1). Carbadox was not detected (detection limit 0.1 ug/L) in influent and effluent samples collected from seven wastewater treatment plants at locations in Wisconsin; samples were collected Oct 22, 2001 to May 9, 2002(2). Carbadox was not detected (detection limit 0.005 ug/L) in final effluent samples from eight wastewater treatment plants located in five Canadian cities; samples were collected April 24 to October 21, 2002(3).

SEDIMENT: Carbadox was detected in sediment samples at one of five locations in Lake Michigan collected on two dates May 15, 2009 and April 9, 2010 at a concentration of 14 ng/g(1). Carbadox was not detected in 40 sediment samples collected April to June 2010 from Puget Sound, Washington(2).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Carbadox is an antimicrobial antibiotic used for the control of swine dysentery (vibrionic dysentery, bloody scours or hemorrhagic dysentery); control of bacterial swine enteritis (salmonellosis or necrotic enteritis caused by salmonella choleraesuis); increased rate of weight gain and improved feed efficiency in swine. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: Carbadox tested positive in a chromosomal damage test of in vitro human lymphocytes at 0 - 250 ug/mL. Carbadox was also found to be reactive towards human serum albumin. ANIMAL STUDIES: The short-term toxicity of carbadox was studied by dosing dogs 6 days/week for three weeks. Dogs were initially dosed with 25 or 50 mg/kg bw/day carbadox via oral capsule. These doses were later reduced to 10 and then 15 mg/kg bw/day due to emesis. The dogs lost weight and had elevated SGPT's. Weanling rats were dosed for 30 days at 50 mg/kg bw/day and 100 mg/kg bw/day. Carbadox was administered in the diet. A dose-dependent decrease in weight gain and food- consumption were noted. Male rats and female rats of the same strain received 2.5, 1.0, or 0 mg/kg bw/day of carbadox in the diet. All parameters evaluated, including histopathologic examination, were within normal limits at 54 weeks. Survival at 2 years was as follows: control - 38%, 1.0 mg/kg bw/day - 45%, 2.5 mg/kg bw/day - 43%. At the 2.5 mg/kg bw/day level 7/27 rats displayed hepatic benign nodular hyperplasia and 7/27 showed peliosis hepatis. At the 1.0 mg/kg bw/day level 1/29 rats was found to have hepatic benign nodular hyperplasia and 3/29 displayed peliosis hepatis. In the control group 3/29 rats had benign nodular hyperplasia and 2/29 had peliosis hepatis. Additionally, an increase in total mammary tumors was reported in the 2.5 mg/kg bw/day dose group, while 2/18 rats receiving carbadox showed evidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. A study was performed to assess the long-term toxicity of carbadox in primates. Twenty-eight monkeys were dosed with carbadox in gelatin capsules 5 days/week. The doses were 20 (5 mg/kg QID), 10 (5 mg/kg BID) or 5 mg/kg bw/day and controls. The diet contained 0.2% isoniazid as prophylaxis for tuberculosis. Elevated transaminase levels were detected at the 3 and 6 month evaluations in both treated and control animals. Carbadox was administered by gavage once daily to pregnant rats at doses of 0 (control), 10, 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg on days 8 through 15 of pregnancy. A significant dose-related decrease in maternal body weight gains during treatment (days 8 through 15 of pregnancy) occurred at doses of 10 mg/kg and above. There was a dose-related decrease in fetal body weight at 25 mg/kg and above. This compound showed not only embryolethal but teratogenic effect. Resorption rates were 81.8% at 100 mg/kg, occurring complete resorptions in five dams, compared with 3.4% resorption rate in the control. In fetal examinations, a significant increase in the incidence of external, skeletal and internal malformations occurred at 100 mg/kg, where the surviving fetuses born to dams with 40-93% resorptions had any malformations, short tail; kinky tail; brachygnathia or ectrodactyly. A weaner ration containing carbadox at concentrations of 331 to 363 mg/kg was accidentally fed to suckling and weaned pigs in an 84 sow herd. Discarded ration was fed to 36 sows. One hundred and sixty five weaner pigs died in a 10 week period with clinical signs including refusal to eat, ill thrift, the passing of hard pelleted feces, posterior paresis and death in seven to nine days. The surviving weaners did not thrive and some males showed poor testicular development. Sows and suckling pigs that consumed the ration also failed to thrive as did the progeny of affected sows. The main pathological finding was obliteration of the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. Increased potassium and decreased sodium concentrations in serum were the most notable and consistent biochemical findings. Carbadox was examined for mutagenicity in the repair tests with Bacillus subtilis (rec assay) and Salmonella typhimurium (uvr assay) and in the reverse mutation test (TA100 and TA98 of S. typhimurium). Carbadox was positive in the rec and uvr assays, and was highly mutagenic for strains TA100 and TA98. The cytogenetic activity of carbadox was examined by the micronucleus test. Over the entire dose range tested, carbadox induced a statistically significant increase in the number of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes in the rat bone marrow. Carbadox tested positive for DNA-modifying effects by the repair test named "rec-assay" with Bacillus subtillis H17 (rec+) and M45 (rec-), and for mutagenicity with Escherichia coli WP2 hcr and 5 Salmonella typhimurium tester strains.

The effect of the addition of various drugs to the feed on the performance of recent weaned piglets was studied. The following procedures were examined: no additive, 50 ppm of carbadox, 50 ppm of carbadox plus 400 ppm of furazolidone, 50 ppm of carbadox plus 22 ppm of lincomycin plus 22 ppm of spectinomycin, 400 ppm of furazolidone and 22 ppm of lincomycin plus 22 ppm of spectinomycin. Each treatment was carried out in ten groups of eight piglets. The trials were continued from the fifth to the eighth week of life. Addition of lincomycin and spectinomycin improved both growth and feed conversion. Combined administration of lincomycin and spectinomycin with carbadox resulted in the best performance. Supplementation of carbadox alone did not produce any beneficial effects. Addition of 400 ppm of furazolidone resulted in a significant depression of growth. Combined administration of 400 ppm furazolidone and 50 ppm of carbadox resulted in the poorest performance. The growth depressing effect of this combined treatment was observed as early as the first two weeks of the experiment. The animals undergoing this treatment showed a greyish-white color of the skin and very hard stools.|A 2 X 2 factorial arrangement with 2 levels (0, 660 ppm) of vitamin C & 2 levels (0, 55 ppm) of carbadox supplementation was used in 2 experiments with 112 crossbred pigs weaned between 4 & 5 wk of age. An 18% protein corn-soybean meal-oats-dried whey starter diet was used as the basal diet. Each diet was fed ad libitum for a 4-wk period to 3 replicates of 4 pigs in Exp. 1 & to 4 replicates of 4 pigs in Exp. 2. Vitamin C supplementation produced a significantly higher plasma vitamin C concn in weanling pigs, but, contrary to results of our previous study, failed to improve average daily gain of the pigs. Daily gain was, however, improved significantly by carbadox supplementation. Carbadox also produced a significantly higher plasma vitamin C concn in pigs after a 7-d lag period. Plasma Fe concn of pigs was not affected by supplemental vitamin C, but was significantly higher in those fed carbadox-supplemented diets. Plasma ceruloplasmin concn increased significantly in all treatment groups from the initial sampling period (d 0) to subsequent periods. No interactions between supplemental vitamin C & carbadox were observed in daily gain, feed efficiency & the measured plasma constituents.|A study was performed to assess the long-term toxicity of carbadox in primates. Twenty-eight monkeys were divided into 4 groups of 7 animals (3 or 4/sex) and were dosed with carbadox in gelatin capsules 5 days/week. The doses were 20 (5 mg/kg QID), 10 (5 mg/kg BID) or 5 mg/kg bw/day and controls. A variety of parameters were evaluated at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 months including hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC's, WBC's, clotting time, prothrombin time, complete urinalysis, blood glucose, BUN, alkaline phosphatase, SGOT and SGPT. Ophthalmoscopic examinations were performed at the same intervals. At 3 months and 2 years animals were sacrificed and necropsied. The diet contained 0.2% isoniazid as prophylaxis for tuberculosis. Elevated transaminase levels were detected at the 3 and 6 month evaluations in both treated and control animals. The authors concluded that monkeys tolerated 20 mg/kg/day for two years with no adverse effect.

LD50 Rat oral 850 mg/kg|LD50 Mouse oral 2810 mg/kg

Carbadox's production and use as an antibiotic in swine(1) and poultry feed(2), may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an average log Koc value of 3.96(2), indicates that carbadox is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of carbadox from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.5X10-23 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(3). Carbadox is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2015).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an average log Koc of 3.92(2), indicates that carbadox is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 4.5X10-23 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Carbadox is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from a log Kow of 0.13(2) and a regression-derived equation(4), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2015).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), carbadox, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-10 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase carbadox may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Carbadox absorbs UV light at wavelengths >290nm(3) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Carbadox is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(1). Carbadox absorbs UV at wavelengths 292, 266 and 373 nm(2) and, therefore, may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for carbadox(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.13(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The average log Koc of carbadox was reported as 3.96 tested in five soils(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that carbadox is expected to be immobile in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for carbadox is estimated as 4.5X10-23 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that carbadox is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water and moist soil surfaces(2). Carbadox is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 6.2X10-10 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(1).

GROUNDWATER: Carbadox is one of the drugs earmarked by the US Geological Survey for inclusion in a survey of 80 groundwater sources(1). The compound was not detected (detection limit 0.1 ug/L) in five ground water wells located near Norman Landfill, OK and sampled in 2000(2). Carbadox was not detected (detection limit 0.05 ug/L) in monitoring well samples collected near two wastewater treatment plants at locations in Wisconsin; samples were collected Dec 6, 2001 to May 9, 2002(3).|SURFACE WATER: In a survey conducted by the United States geological Survey, carbadox was not detected (0.10 ug/L reporting level) in 104 submitted water samples from a network of 139 US stream sampling sites across 30 states during 1999-2000(1). Carbadox was not detected (detection limit 0.01 ng/L) in 143 surface water samples collected from 1994 to 2000 from US streams in the Great Lakes basin(2). Carbadox was not detected (detection limit 0.05 ug/L) at 23 stream locations in 10 cities in Iowa(3). Carbadox was not detected (detection limit 0.05 ug/L) in samples upstream and down stream from 10 waste water treatment plants located around the US(4). Carbadox was not detected (detection limit 50 ng/L) at two sampling locations in the Assunpink Creek watershed area in New Jersey; sampling dates were not reported(5). Carbadox was not detected (detection limit 0.5 ug/L) in surface water samples collected in two low flow streams that serve as drinking water sources; samples were collected Nov to Dec 2001(6). Carbadox concentrations in Lake Michigan water samples taken from five locations on six dates between May 16, 2009 and June 16, 2010 were <3.4-49 ng/L(7). Carbadox was detected in 28% of surface water samples collected from 50 randomly selected lakes across Minnesota collected in 2012; a maximum concentration of 121 parts per trillion was reported(8). Carbadox was not detected (detection limit 35 ng/L) in 125 surface water samples collected April to November 2003 and March to April 2004 from the Grand River Watershed in southern Ontario, Canada(9).

Occupational exposure to carbadox may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where carbadox is produced or used. (SRC)

Anti-Infective Agents; Anti-Infective Agents, Local|MEDICATION (VET): Control of swine dysentery (vibrionic dysentery, bloody scours or hemorrhagic dysentery); control of bacterial swine enteritis (salmonellosis or necrotic enteritis caused by Salmonella choleraesuis); increased rate of weight gain and improved feed efficiency in swine. /Included in US product label/

Not for use in pregnant swine or swine intended for breeding purposes.

Substances that prevent infectious agents or organisms from spreading or kill infectious agents in order to prevent the spread of infection. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Infective Agents.)|Substances used on humans and other animals that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit their activity. They are distinguished from DISINFECTANTS, which are used on inanimate objects. (See all compounds classified as Anti-Infective Agents, Local.)|Substances that increase the risk of NEOPLASMS in humans or animals. Both genotoxic chemicals, which affect DNA directly, and nongenotoxic chemicals, which induce neoplasms by other mechanism, are included. (See all compounds classified as Carcinogens.)|Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. (See all compounds classified as Mutagens.)

The concn of quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (QCA) determined by HPLC after alkaline hydrolysis of liver & muscle of swine, ranged from < 3 ng/g to 45.3 ng/g in liver, & from < 3 ng/g to 10.8 ng/g in muscle samples. After the 77th day of therapy QCA was found in samples of liver (9.7 ng/g). Recoveries obtained for both liver & muscle were 70% at 5 ng/g, 77% & 75% respectively at 10 ng/g, & 90% for both liver & muscle at 30 ng/g. This experiment was performed within the frame of the National Monitoring Programme of Residues in Animal Tissues in the Republic of Croatia.|Concns of carbadox & a first metabolite, desoxycarbadox, were measured in contents of the porcine GI tract after in-feed admin of carbadox in therapeutic dosages (100-150 ppm). The levels of carbadox in the relevant parts of the GI tract were found to be lower than the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC)-values reported for enteropathogenic microorganisms at their sites of action. The presented observations do not provide a pharmacological rationale for the therapeutic use of carbadox in the treatment of dysentery & diarrhea in swine. The carbadox levels encountered in the proximal part of the gut (stomach, duodenum) however, seem to indicate that in-feed admin of 50 ppm carbadox can provide an effective prophylaxis against Treponema hyodysenteriae, a causative agent in swine dysentery. The timecourse of the blood levels of carbadox & desoxycarbadox after in-feed admin of carbadox (50 ppm) & the concn profiles in the GI tract are discussed with regard to the disposition of this drug in pigs.|The elimination of carbadox was studied in rats, swine and monkeys. Pigs received 3.5 mg/kg of (14)C-carbadox after several of weeks of receiving feed containing 50 g/ton of unlabelled carbadox, while rats and monkeys received a single dose of 5 mg/kg (14)C-carbadox. Urine and feces were collected and assayed for radioactivity. The urinary metabolites were evaluated qualitatively using TLC. Nearly all (13/15) of the metabolites present in swine urine are found in rat and monkey urine. One of the other two was a glycine conjugate of quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid. All species excreted more than 50% of the dose in urine (swine: 74%, monkey: 61%, rat: 54%) during the 72 hour collection period. The following activities were reported for feces during the 72 hour period: swine, 17%, monkey, 8-10%, and rat, 29%. Total excretion appeared to be in the 70-90% range over the 72 hour period. The author concluded that the distribution of radioactivity was similar in the three species.

Seven-week-old pigs received unlabelled carbadox in feed at the rate of 50 g/ton for several weeks followed by a single oral dose of (14)C-carbadox labelled in the carbonyl position via stomach tube. The following evaluations were made: expired air was evaluated for (14)CO2, labelled material in liver and urine was evaluated to determine if it was methyl carbazate-related, and plasma and urine were evaluated for free hydrazine. Maximum plasma concentrations of radiolabelled material occurred at approximately 3 hours. While early plasma concentrations were similar to those found for ring-labelled carbadox, concentrations at 24 hours remained somewhat higher. Approximately 50% of the radiolabelled material in the plasma at 3 hours was identified as carbadox, while methyl carbazate was estimated to be 30%. The major route of radiolabel excretion was urinary. However, less than half the total amount recovered with ring-labelled carbadox was recovered from carbonyl- labelled carbadox (37% vs 88%). The reason for this is the apparently high conversion of the radiolabel to CO2 (verified in the rat as up to 36%). Radiolabelled material equivalent to 0.1 - 0.34 ppm carbadox was present in liver at 5 days. The authors concluded that some of this material was incorporated CO2 (potentially 25%). The pig receiving 7 mg/kg was found to have eliminated 7% of the dose as free hydrazine in the urine at 24 hours, while pigs receiving lesser doses were not found to have any identifiable hydrazine in their urine.|Seven-week-old swine received feed containing 50 g/ton of unlabelled carbadox for several weeks, then received a single oral dose of either 3.5 mg/kg or 0.8 mg/kg of (14)C-carbadox labelled in the phenyl ring. Peak radioactivity was observed in plasma approximately 3 hours after dosing. The following were identified in plasma at 5-8 hours post dose: carbadox (13%), desoxycarbadox (9-19%), carbadoxaldehyde (13%), and quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid (19%) (all expressed in terms of total plasma radioactivity). The presence of carbadoxaldehyde in stomach contents was confirmed. Carbadox was rapidly eliminated. Approximately 2/3 of the dose was eliminated in the urine and the remainder in the feces (total of approximately 90%) within 48-72 hours. Radioactivity equivalent to approximately 0.1 ppm carbadox was found to be retained in the liver at 14 days post dose. Attempts to identify this residual radioactivity were not successful. The only metabolite identified in liver after 24 hours was the major urine-eliminated metabolite, quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid.

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W TKO /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/|Emergency and supportive measures. 1. Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. 2. Treat coma, seizures, hypotension, anaphylaxis, and hemolysis if they occur. 3. replace fluid losses resulting from gastroenteritis with IV crystalloids. 4. Maintain steady urine flow with fluids to alleviate crystalluria from overdoses of sulfonamides, ampicillin, or amoxicillin. /Antibacterial agents/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for CARBADOX (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GENOTOXICITY/ Test system: Chromosomal damage; Test object: In vitro human lymphocytes; Concentration: 0 - 250 ug/mL; Results: Positive /From table/|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Quindoxin (quinoxaline-1,4-dioxide), a former 'growth promoter' used in animal husbandry, has been taken from the market because of its photoallergic properties. Nowadays its derivatives olaquindox, carbadox and cyadox are frequently applied for the same purpose. Recent reports show that olaquindox too, can induce photoallergic skin reactions in stockmen. From the present investigation it appeared that all compounds mentioned, form a reactive oxaziridine upon exposure to light, just like many other imino-N-oxides. Photoreactivity with protein, which is considered as an important condition for a compound to be a potential photoallergen, was also studied. Quindoxin and olaquindox proved to meet this condition, as was expected. But carbadox and cyadox also react and were shown to be even more reactive towards human serum albumin.

Carbadox

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Cough.

Redness.

Oral (feed): Mecadox 10; Active Drug Ingredient: Carbadox 2.2% (10 g/lb).

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