Pindone

230.26

230.26

201-462-8

2KFI1XBH7G

1515

31211|6281

2810|2588

DTXSID1025930

Yellow crystals|Bright yellow crystals from ethanol|Bright yellow powder|Yellow-brown cystalline solid

29143990

51.2

2.29700

Pindone appears as yellow solid or powder. (NTP, 1992)

1.06 g/cm³

108.5-110.5 °C

180 °C @ Press: 1 Torr

18 ppm at 25 °C (Gunther et al., 1968)

APPROX 20°C

Vapour pressure at 25°C: negligible

Oral-rat LD50: 280 mg/kg

Almost no odor.

TASTELESS

Bright yellow crystals; sol in water; mp: 205-210 °C /Sodium salt/

Insoluble in water.

Ketones

Ketones, such as PINDONE, are reactive with many acids and bases liberating heat and flammable gases (e.g., H2). The amount of heat may be sufficient to start a fire in the unreacted portion of the ketone. Ketones react with reducing agents such as hydrides, alkali metals, and nitrides to produce flammable gas (H2) and heat. Ketones are incompatible with isocyanates, aldehydes, cyanides, peroxides, and anhydrides. They react violently with aldehydes, HNO3, HNO3 + H2O2, and HClO4.

III

6.1(b)

3027

3

25-48/25-50/53

37-45-60-61

NK6300000

T,N

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from food materials

Very stable. Compatible with other rodenticides.

P273-P301 + P310-P314-P501

H301-H372-H410

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.|1. BY MAKING PACKAGES OF PIVAL IN PAPER OR OTHER FLAMMABLE MATERIAL & BURNING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AN APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE. 2. BY DISSOLVING PIVAL IN FLAMMABLE SOLVENT (SUCH AS ALCOHOL) & ATOMIZING IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH AN APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE.|Incineration: Dissolve it in a flammable solvent and spray into the fire chamber.

USEPA; Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document - Rodenticide Cluster. Washington, DC: USEPA, Off Pest Prog. USEPA 738-R-98-007 July 1998. Available from the Database Query page at http://www.epa.gov/REDs/ as of March 17, 2003. The Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) contains the Agency's evaluation of the data base of this chemical, its conclusions of the potential human health and environmental risks of the current product uses, and its decisions and conditions under which these uses and products will be eligible for reregistration.

Flash point data for this chemical are not available, but it is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)|Combustible.

|Danger|H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P264, P270, P273, P301+P310, P314, P321, P330, P391, P405, and P501|H301 (100%): Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 38 companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H372: Causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure [Danger Specific target organ toxicity, repeated exposure]|P260, P264, P270, P314, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this material in a refrigerator. (NTP, 1992)

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body. Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection. Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift). Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated. Change: Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premise. (NIOSH, 2016)|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 0.5 mg/cu m: (Assigned protection factor = 5) Any dust and mist respirator.|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 1 mg/cu m: (Assigned protection factor = 10) Any dust and mist respirator except single-use and quarter-mask respirators/(Assigned protection factor = 10) Any supplied-air respirator.|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 2.5 mg/cu m: (Assigned protection factor = 25) Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous-flow mode/(Assigned protection factor = 25) Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a dust and mist filter.|Respirator Recommendations: Up to 5 mg/cu m: (Assigned protection factor = 50) Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter/(Assigned protection factor = 50) Any supplied-air respirator that has a tight-fitting facepiece and is operated in a continuous-flow mode/(Assigned protection factor = 50) Any powered, air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and a high-efficiency particulate filter/(Assigned protection factor = 50) Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece/(Assigned protection factor = 50) Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for PINDONE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|(See protection codes)

If material on fire or involved in fire: Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. (Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty.) Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources.

1. VENTILATE AREA OF SPILL. 2. FOR SMALL QUANTITES, SWEEP ONTO PAPER OR OTHER SUITABLE MATERIAL, PLACE IN APPROPRIATE CONTAINER & BURN IN SAFE PLACE (SUCH AS FUME HOOD). 2. LARGE QUANTITIES MAY BE RECLAIMED; HOWEVER, IF THIS IS NOT PRACTICAL, DISSOLVE IN FLAMMABLE SOLVENT (SUCH AS ALC) & ATOMIZE IN SUITABLE COMBUSTION CHAMBER EQUIPPED WITH APPROPRIATE EFFLUENT GAS CLEANING DEVICE.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|IN EMERGENCIES DURING MFR OR USE WHEN THERE MAY BE DANGER OF HEAVY EXPOSURE, SUITABLE RESP PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE WORN TO PREVENT DUST FROM ENTERING MOUTH. PERSONAL HYGIENE ... PRACTICED TO ENSURE THAT FOOD EATEN BY PEOPLE ... DOES NOT BECOME CONTAMINATED. /COUMARIN & INDANDIONE DERIV/|If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers.|Personnel protection: Avoid breathing dusts, and fumes from burning material. Keep upwind. ... Avoid bodily contact with the material. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment.|Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.1 mg/cu m.

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 0.1 mg/cu m.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting.

Separated from food and feedstuffs.

Evaporation at 20 °C is negligible; a harmful concentration of airborne particles can, however, be reached quickly , especially if powdered.

The substance may cause effects on the blood. This may result in haemorrhage. The effects may be delayed. Medical observation is indicated.

NO open flames.

STRICT HYGIENE!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety spectacles.

most toxic

FACTORS THAT MAY ENHANCE TOXICITY OF ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES INCL...PRESENCE OF DRUGS (PHENYLBUTAZONE, OXYPHENBUTAZONE, DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN, SALICYLATES) THAT DISPLACE ANTICOAGULANT FROM PLASMA ALBUMIN...ADMIN OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH), STEROIDS, OR THYROXIN, WHICH MAY INCR RECEPTOR SITE AFFINITY FOR ANTICOAGULANT... /ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES/|IS SYNERGISTIC WITH ALLETHRIN & PYRETHRIN.|The following drugs ... may increase ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (acute intoxication), allopurinol, aminosalicylic acid, amiodarone, anabolic steroids, chloral hydrate, chloramphenicol, cimetidine, clofibrate, co-trimoxazole, danazol, dextrothyroxine sodium, diazoxide, diflunisal, disulfiram, erythromycin, ethacrynic acid, fenoprofen calcium, glucagon, ibuprofen, indomethacin, influenza virus vaccine, isoniazid, meclofenamate, mefenamic acid, methylthiouracil, metronidazole, miconazole, nalidixic acid, neomycin (oral), pentoxifylline, phenylbutazone, propoxyphene, propylthiouracil, quinidine, quinine, salicylates, streptokinase, sulfinpyrazone, sulfonamides, sulindac, tetracyclines, thiazides, thyroid drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, urokinase, vitamin E. /Coumarin & indandione derivatives/|The following drugs ... may ... decrease ... response to coumarin or indandione derivatives: alcohol (chronic alcoholism), barbiturates, carbamazepine, corticosteroids, corticotropin, ethchlorvynol, glutethimide, griseofulvin, mercaptopurine, methaqualone, oral contraceptives containing estrogen, rifampin, spironolactone, vitamin K. /Coumarin & indandione derivatives/

LD50 Rat oral 10.3 mg/kg|LD50 Dog oral is 75 mg/kg|LD50 Rat (Norway, Sprague-Dawley; male) oral 1.21 mg/kg bw/day/5 days (95% confidence limit 0.70-2.11) /from table/|LD50 Rat (Norway, Sprague-Dawley; female) oral 1.60 mg/kg bw/day/5 days (95% confidence limit 0.83-3.08) /from table/|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for PINDONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ The sensitivity of a number of avian species to the rabbit poison pindone was investigated using increase of prothrombin time (PT) as an index of poisoning. Daily dose levels of pindone were 0.25 mg kg-1 for eagles, 4.0 mg kg-1 for magpies and 5.0 mg kg-1 for pigeons, parrots and ducks. Considerable species variation in response was observed, and within each species there was considerable individual variation in response to pindone. The PTs of magpies and ducks increased to approximately twice baseline levels. Significant elevations (4- to 7-fold) occurred in parrots, pigeons and eagles. Clinical symptoms were observed in only one species, the wedge-tailed eagle. Results of our dosing trials indicate that all species tested are theoretically at risk of pindone poisoning, although the risk to some species is minimized by factors such as population size, food availability and bait placement.|/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ ... It is important to note that rodenticides and other vertebrate pesticides, such as ... pindone, are widely used in Australia to control introduced mammalian pests. Unintentional exposure of native marsupial fauna to these compounds may result in detrimental effects and pose a threat to some species and populations. ...Possum /are/ less susceptible than eutherians /to/ pindone. /from table/

SRP: Persons with bleeding disorders or who are taking anticoagulants should be protected from exposure.

Pindone's former production and use first as an insecticide and rodenticide(1) may have resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). The USEPA has ruled that all uses of pindone and its sodium salts are ineligible for reregistration as the manufacturer did not submit required data to continue this product's registration(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 900(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 18 mg/l(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that pindone is expected to have low mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of pindone from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.3X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Pindone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 8.4X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 900(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 18 mg/l(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that pindone is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 9.3X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 120(SRC), from its water solubility(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), pindone, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 8.4X10-6 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase pindone is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 2.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase pindone may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of pindone with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 2.9X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1).

An estimated BCF of 120 was calculated for pindone(SRC), using a water solubility of 18 mg/l(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC).

The Koc of pindone is estimated as 900(SRC), using a water solubility of 18 mg/l(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that pindone is expected to have low mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for Pindone is estimated as 9.3X10-12 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that pindone is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Pindone is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 8.4X10-6 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 6,855 workers (1,432 of these were female) may have been potentially exposed to pindone in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since pindone is no longer produced or used(SRC).

4. 4= Very toxic: Probable oral lethal dose (Human) 50-500 mg/kg, between 1 teaspoon and 1 oz for 70 kg person (150 lb).

... THEY ARE NOT ABSORBED BY LUNGS & THEY DO NOT PENETRATE THE SKIN. /1,3-INDANDIONE DERIV/|ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES ARE ABSORBED SLOWLY BUT FAIRLY COMPLETELY FROM INTESTINAL TRACT. IN BLOODSTREAM, THESE COMPD ARE BOUND TO LARGE EXTENT TO PLASMA ALBUMIN. BOUND POISON IS NOT ACTIVE, BUT EXTENT OF BINDING CAN BE DECR BY OTHER DRUGS & POSSIBLY BY SUBSTANCES ... RELEASED DURING STRESS. /ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES/|AFTER SINGLE DOSE WAS ADMIN TO DOGS, 67% PIVAL WAS ABSORBED & EXCRETION WAS EXTREMELY SLOW WITH T/2 OF NEARLY 5 DAYS, DUE TO STRONG BINDING TO CANINE PLASMA PROTEIN, HIGH LIPOPHILITY & LACK OF TRANSFORMATION TO POLAR METABOLITES. DOGS WERE ADMIN A SINGLE DOSE OF 3 OR 5 MG/KG BY CAPSULE OR IV. PLASMA CONCN INCR RAPIDLY FROM ABOUT 4 MUG/ML 30 MIN AFTER ORAL ADMIN TO MAX OF OVER 10 MUG/ML AFTER 13 HR. IT DECLINED IN A LOGARITHMIC LINEAR MANNER AFTER ORAL & IV ADMIN. HIGHEST CONCN WAS 11.3 MUG/ML IN THE BLOOD OF A DOG THAT DIED 132 HR AFTER ORAL ADMIN OF 5 MG/KG. LOWEST CONCN FOUND IN THIS DOG WAS 0.7 MUG/ML IN THE BRAIN.|ANALYSIS SHOWED THAT PINDONE PASSED THROUGH THE PLACENTAL BARRIER OF A PREGNANT DOG & THE CONCENTRATION WAS HIGHER IN THE PUPPIES THAN IN THE MOTHER SUGGESTING AN INABILITY OF THE PUPPIES TO METABOLIZE OR ELIMINATE THE PINDONE.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for PINDONE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The half time for absorption after oral administration was about 2.3 hours. The average half time for elimination was 110.8 hours for oral and 90.9 hours for iv dosing.

Pindone is a vitamin K antagonist, with delayed inhibition of prothrombin formation, and repeated doses have a cumulative effect on blood coagulation. Death in animals from chronic exposure is due to multiple internal hemorrhage.|These compounds depress the hepatic synthesis of vitamin K1-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X) by inhibiting the vitamin K1 2,3-reductase enzyme in the vitamin K1-epoxide cycle. /Anticoagulant rodenticides/|Both 4-hydroxycoumarin derivatives and indandiones (also known as oral anticoagulants) are antagonists of vitamin K. Their use as rodenticides is based on the inhibition of the vitamin K-dependent step in the synthesis of a number of blood coagulation factors. The vitamin K-dependent proteins ...in the coagulation cascade... are the procoagulant factors II (prothrombin), VII (proconvertin), IX (Christmas factor) and X (Stuart-Prower factor), and the coagulation-inhibiting proteins C and S. All these proteins are synthesized in the liver. Before they are released into the circulation the various precursor proteins undergo substantial (intracellular) post-translational modification. Vitamin K functions as a co-enzyme in one of these modifications, namely the carboxylation at well-defined positions of 10-12 glutamate residues into gamma-carboxyglutamate (Gla). The presence of these Gla residues is essential for the procoagulant activity of the various coagulations factors. Vitamin K hydroquinone (KH2) is the active co-enzyme, and its oxidation to vitamin K 2,3-epoxide (KO) provides the energy required for the carboxylation reaction. The epoxide is than recycled in two reduction steps mediated by the enzyme KO reductase... . The latter enzyme is the target enzyme for coumarin anticoagulants. Their blocking of the KO reductase leads to a rapid exhaustion of the supply of KH2, and thus to an effective prevention of the formation of Gla residues. This leads to an accumulation of non-carboxylated coagulation factor precursors in the liver. In some cases these precursors are processed further without being carboxylated, and (depending on the species) may appear in the circulation. At that stage the under-carboxylated proteins are designated as descarboxy coagulation factors. Normal coagulation factors circulate in the form of zymogens, which can only participate in the coagulation cascade after being activated by limited proteolytic degradation. Descarboxy coagulation factors have no procoagulant activity (i.e. they cannot be activated) and neither they can be converted into the active zymogens by vitamin K action. Whereas in anticoagulated humans high levels of circulating descarboxy coagulation factors are detectable, these levels are negligible in warfarin-treated rats and mice. /Anticoagulant rodenticides/

Exposure Routes: inhalation, ingestion Symptoms: Epistaxis (nosebleed), excess bleeding from minor cuts, bruises; smoky urine, black tarry stools; abdominal, back pain Target Organs: Blood prothrombin (NIOSH, 2016)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Generally, the induction of vomiting is NOT recommended outside of a physician's care due to the risk of aspirating the chemical into the victim's lungs. However, if the victim is conscious and not convulsing and if medical help is not readily available, consider the risk of inducing vomiting because of the high toxicity of the chemical ingested. Ipecac syrup or salt water may be used in such an emergency. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Hypoprothrombinemia may be treated with vitamin K1 or parenteral injections of aquamephyton or similar products 20-40 mg, repeatable every four hours until the prothrombin time returns to normal.|Vitamin K1. ... For suicidal ingestions with large amounts taken, if there is uncertainty about the amount of bait ingested or the general health of the patient, phytonadione (vitamin K1) given orally protects against the anticoagulant effect of these rodenticides, with essentially no risk to the patient. In accidental ingestions with healthy children involving only a taste or single swallow, no medical treatment is required, but children should be observed for bleeding and bruising. If a larger amount may have been ingested, prothrombin time (PT) should be monitored at 24 and 48 hours, with phytonadione therapy initiated for elevated PT or clinical signs of bleeding. CAUTION: Phytonadione, specificaly, is required. Neither vitamin K3 (menadione, Hykinone) nor vitamin K4 (menadiol) is an antidote for these anticoagulants. /Coumarins and Indandiones/|Gastrointestinal decontamination. If large amounts of anticoagulant have been ingested within several hours prior to treatment, consider gastric decontamination procedures ... . /Coumarins and Indandiones/|Determine prothrombin time. If anticoagulant has been ingested any time in the preceding 15 days, determination of the prothrombin time (PT) provides a basis for judging the severity of poisoning. Patients who ingest large amounts, particularly of the superwarfarin compounds, will likely have a very prolonged period of decreased prothrombin activity. Patients may need to be treated for as long as 3 or 4 months. If the PT is significantly lengthened, give Aquamephyton intramuscularly. ... /Coumarins and Indandiones/|Caution: Adverse reactions, some fatal, have occurred from intravenous phytonadione injections, even when recommended dosage limits and injection rates were observed. For this reason, the intravenous route should be used only in cases of severe poisoning. Flushing, dizziness, hypotension, dyspnea, and cyanosis have characterized adverse reactions. Antidotal therapy in cases of severe bleeding should be supplemented with transfusion of fresh blood or plasma. Use of fresh blood or plasma represents the most rapidly effective method of stopping hemorrhage due to these anticoagulants, but the effect may not endure. Therefore, the transfusions should be given along with phytonadione therapy. Determine prothrombin time (PT) and hemoglobin concentrations every 6-12 hours to assess effectiveness of antihemorrhagic measures. When normal blood coagulation is restored, it may be advisable to drain large hemotomata. Ferrous sulfate therapy may be appropriate in the recuperative period to rebuild lost erythrocyte mass. /Coumarins and Indandiones/

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Acute clinical effects depend on the site of hemorrhage & include hemoptysis, hematuria, gastrointestinal bleeding, abdominal or back pain (retroperitoneal hemorrhage), hemarthrosis, epistaxis, cerebrovascular accidents, & multiple ecchymotic lesions. /Anticoagulant rodenticides/|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The usual mode of death is gastrointestinal hemorrhage. /Anticoagulant rodenticides/|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ /Indandione deriv/ ... can produce hemorrhagic accidents if they are absorbed in large or repeated quantities, or by persons with natural or acquired sensitivity. /indandione deriv/|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ If accidental ingestion occurs, the symptoms and signs are anticipated to be similar to those caused by warfarin, which may include hematuria, spontaneous hematomas on the arms and legs, epistaxis, bleeding from the lips, punctate hemorrhages from mucous membranes, abdominal and back pain, vomiting, blood in the feces, petechial rash, and abnormal blood findings, such as increased prothrombin time and blood plasma, blood in urine and feces, and hypochromic and microcytic anemia.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for PINDONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

pindone

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.|inhalation, ingestion

epistaxis (nosebleed), excess bleeding from minor cuts, bruises; smoky urine, black tarry stools; abdominal, back pain

Blood prothrombin

LESS THAN 4.54X10+4 GRAMS USED FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES (1971)

Marketed as 0.2% or 0.5% powder and mixed 1 part with 19 parts of bait material. Small amount of edible oil up to 5% prevents dusting and increased acceptability. Pival at concentrations of 0.025% in cereal bait will kill rats.|Mixed formulations: (pindone +) warfarin|Pival CB (5 g active ingredient/kg) powder for use in rat baits; Pivalyn, (pindone-sodium with chelating agent)|Pivalyn (sodium salt)

1H-Indene-1,3(2H)-dione, 2-(2,2-dimethyl-1-oxopropyl)-: ACTIVE|The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Pindone (technical grade) as an active ingredient believed to be obsolete or discontinued for use as a pesticide.|Introduced by Kilgore Chem Co (US PATENT 2310949) as trade marks 'Pivalyl volone', 'Pival', 'Pivalyn'... .|Baits should be placed in areas inaccessible to children, pets, wildlife, and domestic animals or in tamper-proof bait boxes. ...Rodents do not develop bait shyness after feeding. Imparts to cereal baits resistance to both insect infestation and molds. Controls Norway rats, roof rats, and house mice.|Suggested for use to replace greater part of pyrethrins in fly sprays... .|For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for PINDONE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Micro: Extract bait with glycine-NaOH buffer, acidify with TCA and extract into cyclohexane with NaOH. Clean up with chloroform. Measure at 283 and 319 nm. Content calculated by modified base point technique. Griffen, TB, J Assoc Off Anal Chem, 49, 912, 1966.|...By colorimetry at 283 NM (JB LA Clair, J Assoc Off Agric Chem, 1955, 38, 299). All 2-acylindan-1,3-diones give an intense yellow-red color with iron trichloride.|Pival was identified on normal phase silica gel thin layer chromatography.|Analysis of products: Extraction with alc sodium hydroxide, filtration, measurement of absorption at 281-283 nm (WHO Specifications for Pesticides, 3rd ed, Geneva 1967, 202)

A method is described for determination of coumarin anticoagulants in biological fluids using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.|Pindone was identified in stomach contents by high performance liquid chromatography.