Fenoprop

269.50900

269.51

202-271-2

3077

DTXSID0021387

Colorless powder|WHITE POWDER

2918990090

46.53000

3.49870

2,4,5-trichlorophenoxypropionic acid is a white powder. Sinks and mixes slowly with water. (USCG, 1999)

1.2085 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

181.6 °C

378.4ºC at 760 mmHg

11 °C

71mg/L(25 ºC)

Handle carefully. Do not contaminate water, food or feed by storage ... of this product.

9.97X10-6 mm Hg at 25 deg C (est)

LD50 orally in rats: 650 mg/kg (Bailey, White)

LOW ODOR /SRP: MAY BE DUE TO PHENOLIC IMPURITIES/

Acidic

Henry's Law constant = 9.06X10-9 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

pKa = 2.84

Surface area per molecule: 59.1 sq angstrom|Acid is practically nonvolatile|White solids /2,4,5-TP esters/|MW: 269.7. Slightly volatile ... sparingly soluble in water; very soluble in most organic solvents /Butotyl ester/|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.09X10-11 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C (est)

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Acids, Carboxylic

A halogenated organic acid derivative. Carboxylic acids donate hydrogen ions if a base is present to accept them. They react in this way with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic. Their reactions with bases, called "neutralizations", are accompanied by the evolution of substantial amounts of heat. Neutralization between an acid and a base produces water plus a salt. Carboxylic acids with six or fewer carbon atoms are freely or moderately soluble in water; those with more than six carbons are slightly soluble in water. Soluble carboxylic acid dissociate to an extent in water to yield hydrogen ions. The pH of solutions of carboxylic acids is therefore less than 7.0. Many insoluble carboxylic acids react rapidly with aqueous solutions containing a chemical base and dissolve as the neutralization generates a soluble salt. Carboxylic acids in aqueous solution and liquid or molten carboxylic acids can react with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Such reactions occur in principle for solid carboxylic acids as well, but are slow if the solid acid remains dry. Even "insoluble" carboxylic acids may absorb enough water from the air and dissolve sufficiently in it to corrode or dissolve iron, steel, and aluminum parts and containers. Carboxylic acids, like other acids, react with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. The reaction is slower for dry, solid carboxylic acids. Insoluble carboxylic acids react with solutions of cyanides to cause the release of gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Flammable and/or toxic gases and heat are generated by the reaction of carboxylic acids with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides. Carboxylic acids, especially in aqueous solution, also react with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Their reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates a harmless gas (carbon dioxide) but still heat. Like other organic compounds, carboxylic acids can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. These reactions generate heat. A wide variety of products is possible. Like other acids, carboxylic acids may initiate polymer

Acid is slightly corrosive

III

9

UN 3077 9/PG 3

3

R22;R38;R50/53

S37-S60-S61-S45-S36/37-S16-S7

UF8225000

Xn:Harmful;N:Dangerousfortheenvironment;

Stablr. Incompatible with strong bases, strong oxidizing agents.

P210-P260-P273-P280-P301 + P310-P311

H225-H301 + H311 + H331-H370-H411

Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number F027 & D017, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.|... Several alternative means of disposal ... were evaluated ... led to the selection of at-sea incineration aboard a chemical waste incineration ship as the preferred alternative disposal action.|The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for silvex: Concentration process: Biological treatment.|A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids.|For more Disposal Methods (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The Science of 2,4,5-T and Associated Herbicides. Wiley and Sons: NY (1980)|USEPA; Position Documents 1,2 and 3: Preliminary Determination Concerning a Rebuttal Presumption Against Registration of Pesticide Products Containing Silvex (1979) NTIS PB 80-213|USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorinated Phenols (1980) EPA 440/5-80-032

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Hydrogen chloride may be liberated. (USCG, 1999)

|Warning|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P321, P330, P332+P313, P362, P391, and P501|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 45 companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Danger|P201, P202, P260, P264, P270, P281, P301+P312, P308+P313, P314, P330, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 171 [Substances (Low to Moderate Hazard)]: Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent dust cloud. Avoid inhalation of asbestos dust. SMALL DRY SPILL: With clean shovel, place material into clean, dry container and cover loosely; move containers from spill area. SMALL SPILL: Pick up with sand or other non-combustible absorbent material and place into containers for later disposal. LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Cover powder spill with plastic sheet or tarp to minimize spreading. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2016)

Self-contained breathing apparatus, rubber gloves, hats, suits and boots, and goggles. (USCG, 1999)|Self-contained breathing apparatus, rubber gloves, hats, suits & boots, & goggles.|Respirator selection: Upper limit devices recommended by OSHA: Up to 50 mg/cu m: any dust and mist respirator except single-use respirators; 100 mg/cu m: any dust and mist respirator except single-use and quarter-mask respirators or any supplied air respirator or any self-contained breathing apparatus; 250 mg/cu m: any supplied air respirator operated in a continuous flow or any powered air-purifying respirator with a dust and mist filter; 500 mg/cu m: any air-purifying full facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter or any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece or any powered air-purifying respirator with a tight-fitting facepiece and a high-efficiency particulate filter or any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece or any supplied-air respirator with tight-fitting facepiece operated in a continuous flow mode; 5000 mg/cu m: any supplied air respirator with a full facepiece & operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode; Emergency or planned entry in unknown concn or IDLH conditions: any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece & operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode or any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece & operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode in combination with auxiliary self-contained breathing apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode; Escape: any air-purifying full facepiece respirator with a high-efficiency particulate filter or any appropriate escape-type self-contained breathing apparatus. /2,4,5-T/|Wear appropriate chemical protective gloves, boots & goggles. /2,4,5-TP esters/

Technical acid /is/ nonflammable.|It will burn, however it may take some effort to ignite.|Ester formulations contain petroleum solvents. Therefore the concentrates should be kept away from open flames. When emulsified in water the product is nonflammable. /2,4,5-TP esters/

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire ... .|WATER, FOAM, CARBON DIOXIDE OR DRY CHEMICAL.

... A mobile unit for detox and decontamination of water soluble organics spilled in water includes the use of activated carbon. Activated carbon effectively removes ... silvex ... /SRP: dependent on pH/ ... however, if other organic cmpds are present at the spill site, competition for activated carbon may prevent complete absorption ... adequate contact with carbon can alleviate ... this problem.|1. Ventilate area of spill. 2. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation, or for disposal in a secured sanitary landfill. Liquid containing 2,4,5-T should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material. /2,4,5-T/|Land spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, holding area to contain liq or solid material. /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner./ Cover solids with plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water.|Water spill: If dissolved, in region of 10 ppm or greater concn, apply activated carbon at 10 times the spilled amt. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants & precipitates.|If at all possible sprayer should be used for phenoxies only. If absolutely necessary, sprayer may be cleaned by repeated washes with detergent followed by dilute alkali followed by many flushings with water. Rubber hoses & gaskets are difficult if not impossible to clean; esters of the phenoxies tend to be absorbed by rubber & cannot be removed by any type of cleaning.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|For several good reasons, .... herbicides ... should be handled and applied only with full attention to safety measures that minimize personal contact. Many formulations contain adjuvants (stabilizers, penetrants, surfactants) that may have significant irritating and toxic effects. A number of premixed formulations contain two or more active ingredients; the companion pesticides may be more toxic than the principal herbicide. Good hygienic practice should not be disregarded just because a pesticide is reported to have a high LD50 in laboratory rodents.|Avoid contact with skin, eyes, & clothing.|If material not involved in fire: Keep material out of water sources & sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary.|Keep upwind. ... Avoid breathing vapors or dusts. Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap & water.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Irritating to eyes, skin, mucous membranes.

F027; A hazardous waste from nonspecific sources when a component of a discarded unused formulation.|D017; A waste containing 2,4,5-TP silvex may or may not be characterized as a hazardous waste following testing by the Toxicant Extraction Procedure as prescribed by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) regulations.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 100 lb or 45.5 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

F027; As stated in 40 CFR 261.31, discarded unused formulations containing tri-, tetra-, or pentachlorophenol or discarded unused formulation containing compounds derived from these chlorophenols. (This listing does not include formulations containing hexachlorophene synthesized from prepurified 2,4,5-trichlorophenol as the sole component.)|D017; A solid waste containing 2,4,5-TP (Silvex) may or may not become characterized as a hazardous waste when subjected to the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure listed in 40 CFR 261.24, and if so characterized, must be managed as a hazardous waste.

2,4,5-TP was identified in runoff from a polluted area leading into a sewage treatment plant in Sweden(1). In a survey of Ontario treatment plants 2,4,5-TP was detected in 23 of 227 samples, corresponding to 14 of 28 secondary water treatment plants with a maximum concn of 2.90 mg/L, in 2 of 10 samples at one tertiary treatment plant with a maximum concn of 0.1 ug/L, and in 18 of 50 treated sludge samples, corresponding to 15 of 34 plants tested with a maximum concn of 1264.8 ug/kg(2). 2,4,5-TP was below EPA tolerance level in all samples taken Sep 19, 1970, April 9 and Sep 10, 1980, and April 14 and Sep 3, 1981 from Brookings Municipal Landfill, SD(3). Of 237 wells sampled in 1969 to 1978 in Ontario, Canada 3 wells were found to be contaminated with 2,4,5-TP, sources included concentrated spills, diluted spills and spray drift(4). 2,4,5-TP was not detected in municipal landfill leachates in FL and TX, was present but not quantified in OR and WI, and was found at 6-10 ug/L in NJ and 1-5 ug/L in UT(5). 2,4,5-TP was found in 2.4% of CERCLA samples and 1.4% of RCRA samples analyzed from 1981 through 1984(6). 2,4,5-TP was not detected in EPA regions 1, 3, 4, and 9, not tested in EPA region 2, 5, and 7, and detected in EPA regions 6, 8, and 10 at 2.6, 1.4, and 15.4% of disposal sites, respectively; data generated from routine monitoring conducted in the US between 1981 and 1986(7).

SEDIMENT: 2,4,5-TP was found in sediments in 0.2% of samples taken in a National Water Monitoring Program conducted in the US nationwide from 1976 to 1980; an average concentration of 6.3 ppb was reported(1).|SOIL: 2,4,5-TP was detected in 10 agricultural surface soils from Ontario, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, Canada at concentrations ranging from 2.6 to 29 mg/kg(1).

LD50 Rat oral 650 mg/kg|LD50 Rat oral 1070 mg/kg body wt /Kuron, 4 lb acid equivalent/gal/|LD50 Guinea pig oral 850 mg/kg body wt. /Kuron, 4 lb acid equivalent/gal/|LD50 Rabbit oral 850 mg/kg body wt. /Kuron, 4 lb acid equivalent/gal/|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/BIRDS and MAMMALS/ Signs of intoxication /in Mallard (LD50 oral >2000 mg/kg) and mule deer (LD50 <400 mg/kg)/: Mallards-- ataxia, imbalance and tremors; Deer-- tenseness, jitteriness, and anorexia. Sign appeared in mallards as soon as 45 min and remission took up to 45 days. The doe died during the night after treatment.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Slight effects on algae resulted from 25-250 ppm doses of Silvex, oxygen evolution was reduced and growth inhibited.|/OTHER TERRESTRIAL SPECIES/ At high concentrations (100-1000 mg/L) in the water supply of honeybees, several formulations of 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D and fenoprop prevented or severely inhibited brood production (both egg laying and larval development).

2,4,5-TP's former production may have resulted in its release to the environment through various waste streams; its former use as a herbicide(1) resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC). Cancellation of all registered uses in US was put into effect on January 2, 1985(2).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 74 and 107(2), indicate that 2,4,5-TP is expected to have slight to high mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 2,4,5-TP is 2.84(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of 2,4,5-TP from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process because anions do not volatilize. 2,4,5-TP is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0X10-5 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). 2,4,5-TP exhibited biodegradation half-lives in soil of 8(6) to 290 days(7), suggesting that biodegradation in soil is variable depending on soil type(SRC).|TERRESTRIAL FATE: An average half-life of 17 days was observed in soils from Oklahoma(1). 2,4,5-T was added at a concentration of 2.47 ppm to three soils (Ouachita Highlands Forest - 54.5% sand, 29% silt, 15.5% clay, 11.0 meq/100 g CEC, 3.3% OM; Ouachita Highlands Grassland - 50.0% sand, 28.5% silt, 16.5% clay, 8.5 meq/100 g CEC, 2.8% OM; Cross Timbers Forest - 54.5% sand, 31.5% silt, 18.5% clay, 12.0 meq/100 g CEC, 3.8% OM) and incubated at 18-24 °C and maintained on 16/8 hour light/dark cycles daily. Soils were sampled at 0, 20, 40, 80 and 100 days. The half-lives for each soil were 21, 14 and 15 days in Ouachita Highlands forest, grassland and Cross Timbers forest soils, respectively(1).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), Koc values of 74 and 107(2), indicate that 2,4,5-TP is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). A pKa of 2.84(3) indicates 2,4,5-TP will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(4). According to a classification scheme(5), a BCF of 58(6) suggests the bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). No biodegradation of 2,4,5-TP was observed after 50 days incubation in fresh water(7) suggesting that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,4,5-TP, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), will exist in both the vapor and particulate phases in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,4,5-TP is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 35 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Particulate-phase 2,4,5-TP may be removed from the air by wet or dry deposition(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,4,5-TP with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.1X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 35 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). 2,4,5-TP was removed during anaerobic incubation of sterile and active digested sludge suggesting abiotic mechanism for removal(2). 2,4,5-TP is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(3). 2,4,5-TP was shown to degrade (unspecified rate or amount) when exposed to ultraviolet light(4).|From limited data available, it may be concluded that any phenoxy herbicide, whether applied as ester or as dimethylamine salt formulations, may be chemically transformed to the same phenoxyalkanoic anion in soil and water at rates dependent on pH. These anions would presumably reassociate with a variety of inorganic cations present in the soil to maintain electrical neutrality, and then undergo leaching and biological degradation. /Phenoxy esters/

A BCF of 58 was reported in fish in flowing water for 2,4,5-TP(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF data suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate(SRC). 2,4,5-TP does not appear to bioconcentrate more than 10 fold(3).

56.23 L/kg|Log Koc values for 2,4,5-TP have been reported as 1.87 and 2.03(1), giving Koc values of 74 and 107. According to a classification scheme(2), these Koc values suggest that 2,4,5-TP will have high mobility in soil(SRC). 2,4,5-TP had sorption values of 2.7-5.9 mg/kg at different conditions in soil with a pH of 7.4, and sorption values of 0.2-1.1 mg/kg in soil with a pH of 8.2(3). 2,4,5-TP had reported sorption coefficients of 308-9016 mL/g(4). 2,4,5-TP is expected to be negatively charged and will not be readily absorbed making it more mobile in soil(5). The pKa of 2,4,5-TP is 2.84(6), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(7).

A pKa of 2.84(1) indicates 2,4,5-TP will exist almost entirely in the anion form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces or moist soil is not expected to be an important fate process(2). 2,4,5-TP is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0X10-5mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(3).

GROUND WATER: In the Central Platte region of Nebraska sampled during 1978 irrigation season, 2,4,5-TP levels were below the detection limit of 0.005 ppb(1). 2,4,5-TP was analyzed in 1121 wells from 31 counties in CA from July 1993 to June 1995 with no detections(2). 2,4,5-TP was not detected in wells or finished water from the Biscayne Aquifer study area, FL but had a maximum detection of 1.7 ug/L in the entire area(3). 2,4,5-TP was identified in 3 of 2522 samples tested in 28 of California's 58 counties taken May 1979 to April 1984(4). 2,4,5-TP was detected in ground water samples taken from 36 golf courses across the US(5). 2,4,5-TP was found in 1% of 216 wells in OR and was not detected in groundwater samples in WI(6). 2,4,5-TP was undetected (detection limit 0.01 ug/L) from 45 sites in 12 midwest states in 1992(7). Of 77 wells tested in the Mississippi Alluvial Aquifer July 29 and Sept 23, 1996, two in Desha County contained 2,4,5-TP at 0.23 and 0.28 ug/L(8). A national summary conducted from 1971 to 1991 of pesticides in groundwater revealed 2,4,5-TP in 28 of 3,876 wells tested at concns of 0.002 to <3.0 ug/L(9). Spring water tested at 16 sites in Canada from 1991 to 1994 found 1 sample at a concn of 0.5 ng/L from the North Tile drain in Outlook, Saskatchewan(10).|DRINKING WATER: 2,4,5-TP was found in 1 (concentration of 0.1 ug/L) of 4,378 samples taken 1986 to 1989, from CA public drinking water sources(1).|SURFACE WATER: 2,4,5-TP was found in 0.1% of samples taken in a national water monitoring program 1976 to 1980 with an average concn of 0.49 ppb(1). 2,4,5-TP was tested for but not detected (limit 0.05 ppb) in Lake Superior and Lake Erie(2). Of 20 selected streams sampled in the western US, 2,4,5-TP was detected in 11; concns ranged 0.01-0.14 ppb(3). 2,4,5-TP was detected on 29 of 30 sampling days over a 4 year period in the Humboldt River near Rye Patch, NV(3). Earlier sampling of these same streams yielded 5 of 200 samples positive, range of 0.01-0.21 ppb with the Humboldt River having 8 of 11 sampling times over a 2 year period positive and again having the higher concns(4). 2,4,5-TP was not detected in 11 midwestern streams during the 1965-1967 sampling period(5). 2,4,5-TP had the following values from the Ohio River Valley: Beaver River, Beaver Falls, PA, 0.02 ppb; Wabash, New Harmony, TN, 0.03 ppb; Allegheny, Monongahela, Muskingum, Kanawha, Big Sandy, Licking, Great Miami, Ohio, White, and Cumberland Rivers were all not detected(6). Of 167 stations sampled in a national river survey, 0.6% had detectable levels of 2,4,5-TP; 0.1% of the 1,768 samples contained 2,4,5-TP(7). 2,4,5-TP was not detected in surface water samples taken in 1986 in IA(8). 2,4,5-TP was detected in Kalinadi River, India at <100 ug/L(9). 2,4,5-TP had a maximum concn of 0.08 ug/L in the River Elbe, Germany in 1994(10). 2,4,5-TP was detected in 45 samples (total number unspecified) with a maximum detection of 0.07 ug/L taken from 20 stations on selected western streams in a survey running from 1968 to 1971(11).

2,4,5-TP was detected in 7 large fruit samples in the US in samples taken from Jul 1, 1969-June 30, 1976(1). Spraying the ground cover and bases of apple tree trunks in orchards at a rate of 4.5 kg/ha as four different formulations of esters will not result in detectable residue levels of 2,4,5-TP in the apples(2). A survey of 36 markets in 25 cities representing 5 geographical regions, June 1965 to April 1966 resulted in 2 positive detections in dairy products in Boston, MA at 0.018-0.029 ppm(3). 2,4,5-TP was analyzed and found in a 1978 to 1982 pesticide residue monitoring study in food (positive samples not identified)(4).

The highest concn of silvex in milk of cows fed the compound at a dietary level of 1000 ppm for 2 wk or more was 0.12 ppm. The residue decreased after the cows returned to uncontaminated feed.|ENVIRONMENTAL: 2,4,5-TP was detected not qunatified in 13 fluid milk samples in 1970 and 1971(1).

NIOSH (NOHS Survey 1972-1974) statistically estimated that 1,130 workers potentially were exposed to 2,4,5-TP in the USA(1). The NOES Survey did not include farm workers. Occupational exposure and general population exposure should be low or non-existent since 2,4,5-T is no longer produced or used in the US (Jan, 1985)(2). In the past, 2,4,5-T was applied directly to plants as an emulsifiable concentrate and exposure to this compound was primarily by inhalation and dermal contact and in the field where it was applied. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may have been exposed to 2,4,5-TP via ingestion of food and contaminated drinking water(SRC).|Exposure to chlorophenoxy herbicides may occur through inhalation, skin contact or ingestion. /Chlorophenoxy herbicides/|... Occupational exposure to chlorophenoxy herbicides ... is known to have occurred during their production, formulation, application & disposal. /Chlorophenoxy herbicides/

2,4,5-TP was detected in 0.2% of human urine samples with a maximum concentration of 3.2 ug/L, based on analysis of 416-418 samples collected from the general US population via the Health and Nutritional Examination Survey II, National Center for Health Statistics(1). 2,4,5-TP was not detected in 6,846-6,936 human urine samples in a national survey from the general population run from 1976-1980 via the Health and Nutritional Examination Survey II, National Center for Health Statistics(2).

Clearance of labeled Silvex from plasma of rats after single iv dose at 5 mg/kg was linear while clearance at the 50 mg/kg dose was nonlinear. Activities of the carbon-14 recovered in excreta were 94.1 & 95.1% of the admin doses at 5 & 50 mg/kg, respectively. Excreta was collected for 192 hr at 5 mg/kg & 216 hr at 50 mg/kg. Urinary excretion of carbon-14 activity accounted for 80.5 & 68.7% of the admin dose at 5 mg/kg & 50 mg/kg, respectively; fecal excretion accounted for 13.7 & 26.4% of the admin dose at 5 & 50 mg/kg, respectively. Urinary excretion of Silvex is saturated at 50 mg/kg dose. Significant amt of Silvex are excreted in bile & undergo enterohepatic circulation. Concn of Silvex in liver & kidney are higher than those in fat, brain, & muscle 8 & 216 hr after admin. In comparison, in oral study Silvex was extensively if not completely absorbed.|... 2,4,5-TP is not metabolized extensively; 93% of the administered oral dose was excreted in urine by rats.|Among eight volunteers who ingested Silvex at a rate of 1 mg/kg, the peak plasma level of silvex (about 4 to 6 ppm) was reached in 2 to 4 hr. The clearance of Silvex from the plasma was biphasic. Small amounts (3.2% or less) of silvex &/or silvex conjugate(s) were eliminated in the feces. Within 24 hr, an avg of 65% of the admin dose had been excreted in the urine. In the different volunteers 66.6 to 95.1% (mean 80.3%) of the dose was recovered from the urine plus feces within 168 hr. No 2,4,5-trichlorophenol or any conjugate of it was detected in the urine.|Silvex is readily absorbed from the intestine.|For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Decarboxylation of 2,4,5-TP by prickly pear (opuntia spp) was 1/2 to 1/3 of that by soybean. In addition to unaltered 2,4,5-TP, at least 4 labeled metabolites were observed after application of 14C-Silvex to prickly pear.|Samples of fresh citrus peel were prepared by compositing peel samples obtained from oranges from trees sprayed with 2,4,5-TP propylene glycol butyl ether ester. In addition to free acid & ester, a conjugate was found. The latter became available for extraction only after heating. Preliminary investigations indicated that 2,4,5-TP was conjugated with pectin. /2,4,5-TP propylene glycol butyl ether ester/|After 2,4,5-TP was fed to cattle & sheep, analysis of muscle, fat, liver & kidney tissues showed the presence of 2,4,5-trichlorophenol.

/1 mg/kg of/ 2,4,5-TP was ingested by 7 men & 1 woman. Biphasic clearance from plasma & excretion in urine followed first-order kinetics. The half-life for clearance from plasma was 4.0 +/- 1.9 & 16.5 +/ - 7.3 hr for initial & terminal phases, respectively.|These herbicides /chlorophenoxy cmpd/ do not accum in animals. They are not extensively metab but are actively excreted into the urine ... their plasma half-life in man is about 1 day. /Chlorophenoxy herbicides/

At 1x10-5 M, 2,4,5-TP reduced the respiratory control index, stimulated the state 4 respiration rate, and reduced the ADP to oxygen ratio /in rat liver mitochondrial suspensions/. /It was/ concluded that /2,4,5-TP/ was an uncoupler of respiratory chain phosphorylation.|... /Disturbs/ normal cell differentiation /in plants/.|They exert their herbicidal action by acting as a growth hormone in plants. They have no hormonal action in animals, but their mechanism of toxic action is poorly understood. /Chlorophenoxy compounds/

It was concluded at Stockholm Conference, Feb 7-9, 1977, that the only dioxin found in phenoxy acid herbicides which is of environmental concern is TCDD /2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin/; it is found in 2,4,5-T & 2,4,5-TP. /SRP: there are other known toxic chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans, also original phenols used in synthesis./ /Phenoxy acid herbicides/|Commercial 2,4,5-TP contains 0.1 ppm or less of highly toxic TCDD /2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin/.|... Dioxins ... still are present /but to lesser extent/ as impurities in commercial preparations of the trichlorophenoxy herbicides. /Trichlorophenoxy herbicides/

INHALATION: Irritating to nose and throat. May cause nausea, vomiting, lethargy and incoordination. May cause kidney and liver damage. EYES: Irritation. May cause corneal injury or burn. SKIN: Irritation. (USCG, 1999)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Chlorophenoxy Herbicides and Related Compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Monitor body temperature and treat if necessary. /Chlorophenoxy Herbicides and Related Compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor and treat cardiac arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Titrate to maintain adequate urine flow. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Chlorophenoxy Herbicides and Related Compounds

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Seven men & 1 woman ingested the free acid of Silvex at a dosage of 1 mg/kg. There were no untoward effects; clinical, chemical, & hematological findings remained normal.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Symptomatology (partly inferential): 1. Fatigue, weakness, anorexia, perhaps nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. 2. Hyporeflexia and lethargy progressing to coma, with constricted pupils (miosis). 3. Flaccid paralysis has been described in one comatose patient, grand mal convulsions with opisthotonos in another, hypertonia with areflexia in a third, and twitching and jerking in a fourth. ... 5. Progressive decline in blood pressure with death in deep coma. The possibility that hyperpyrexia and hypermetabolism may have contributed to the fatal outcome does not appear to have been ruled out (one comatose patient was described as sweating profusely). A terminal pneumonia is likely. 6. Disturbance in body temp regulation may be encountered. Perhaps severe reduction of body temp in cool or cold environments. More probably, febrile reponses in warm environments or during exercise. 7. Progressive hypotension with death in peripheral vascular collapse, perhaps associated with acidosis due to lactic acidemia and other products of hypermetabolism. 8. In nonfatal poisonings, severe and protracted neuritis with pain, paresthesias and weakness. ... Humans have experienced muscle fasciculations as well as myotonia. Chronic exposure may lead to central nervous system defects in the control of motor function. /2,4-D/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ The chlorophenoxy herbicides have produced contact dermatitis in man ... . /Chlorophenoxy compounds/|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Inhalation of spray may cause burning sensations in the nasopharynx & chest, & coughing may result. Prolonged inhalation sometimes causes dizziness. /Chlorophenoxy compounds/|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (14 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid

Herbicide for industrial/commercial uses, 60%; pasture & rangeland, 40% (1982)

It is available as the amine as well as sodium salts & various esters. /Former/|... KUROSOL SI (A FORMULATION CONTAINING THE POTASSIUM SALT OF 2,4,5-TP @ 60%, OR THE EQUIV OF 2,4-TP @ 53%) ... . /Former/|Grades of purity: 59 to 65% emulsifiable concentration 10.4% amine salt solution 98%. /Former/|Mixed formulations: fenoprop + 2,4-D; mecoprop; propanil. /Former/|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (11 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies 2,4,5-TP (technical grade) as an active ingredient believed to be obsolete or discontinued for use as a pesticide.|Silvex acid is purified in the lab by repeated recrystallization from solvents such as toluene, xylene, or ethylene dichloride.|EPA has suspended registration of silvex for certain uses, including forestry, rights-of-way and pasture usage. This suspension was based on the fact that the 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and/or silvex contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin produced fetotoxic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic effects in test animals.|USA manufacture of silvex discontinued in 1984.|For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

WATER & SOIL SAMPLES ARE ACIDIFIED & EXTRACTED INTO ORGANIC SOLVENT FOR DETERMINATION OF 2,4,5-T & 2,4,5-TP (SILVEX). WATER SAMPLE REQUIRE NO FURTHER CLEANUP WHEREAS SOIL SAMPLES ARE CLEANED UP BY BACK EXTRACTION INTO ALKALI, A SINGLE CHLOROFORM WASH, ACIDIFICATION, & FINAL ETHER EXTRACTION. SAMPLES ARE DERIVATIZED WITH BF3-METHANOL & ANALYZED BY ELECTRON-CAPTURE GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. MINIMUM QUANTITATION LEVEL IN BOTH MEDIA IS 0.001 PPM.|... /Using/ simple, direct and sensitive low temperature phosphorimetric methods ... the minimum detectable amounts were 0.1 ppm ... the range of linearity was 0.1- 40 ppm.|Determination of ... silvex in water with high performance liquid chromatography.|Product analysis by glc... Total acids by titration or by glc... Free phenol impurity determined by hplc... Residues determined by glc with ECD.|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Fat Samples: Dissolve sample in hot ethanol; reflux for 1 hr, and chill ... . Add 2 ml 0.1 N NaOH. Extract with diethyl ether (3 x 3 ml). ... Continue with a liquid/liquid cleanup, followed by electron capture gas chromatography (EC/GC) quantitation ... using a pyrex column ... packed with 1:1 10% DC 200/15% QF-1 on 80/100 mesh Chromosorb W (AW-DMCS). The flow rate of nitrogen carrier is 80 ml/min.|Plasma: This is based on the method for the drug Clofibrate. Add enough hydrogen chloride to the sample for pH <2. Extract with equal volumes of ether (x3). Continue ... with a liquid/liquid cleanup, followed by EC/GC quantitation ... using a pyrex column ... packed with 1:1 10% DC 200/15% QF-1 on 80/100 mesh Chromosorb W (AW-DMCS). The flow rate of nitrogen carrier is 80 ml/min.|Metabolites: McLeod and Wales Method. Reflux tissue with benzene and separate the supernatant from particulates by filtration through a medium-porosity fritted glass funnel via negative pressure. Re-extract the particulate matter again with fresh acetone/benzene. Combine the filtrates and concentrate to 25 ml. Use the low-temperature bath apparatus as laid out by McLeod and Wales.|Prepare the tissue sample by homogenizing in hexane and acetone and re-homogenizing in hexane and diethyl ether. Centrifuge with sodium sulfate and rinse with diethyl ether. Evaporate the solvent and calculate the fat content. Dissolve the residue in benzene and remove the benzene by sodium hydroxide. Continue the process by one of the following methods: 1) a liquid/liquid cleanup, followed by EC/GC quantitation usinng pyrex column. The flow rate or nitrogen carrier is 80 ml/min. 2) Ion exchange cleanup in 0.1 M sodium hydroxide.|For more Clinical Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for 2,4,5-TP (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Agrochemicals -> Herbicides, Plant Growth Regulators|HERBICIDES