1-Phenylethanol

123.17

122.16

202-707-1

25502

2937

DTXSID1020859

COLORLESS LIQ

29400090

20.2

1.38

Clear colorless Liquid

1.013 g/cm³ @ Temp: 25 °C

20.7 °C

204 °C

185 °F

1.532

H2O: 29 g/L (20 ºC)

Keep away from heat, sparks, and flame. Keep away from sources of ignition. Store in a tightly closed container. Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from incompatible substances.

0.1 mm Hg ( 20 °C)

4.21 (vs air)

Oral-Rat LD50: 400 mg/kg

Open flame is flammable; the fire emits spicy and irritating smoke

MILD FLORAL ODOR

Neutral

CONGEALS BELOW ROOM TEMP|BP 203 °C @ 760 MM HG; DENSITY 1.0129 @ 20 °C/4 °C; INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.5272 @ 20 °C/D; SPECIFIC OPTICAL ROTATION: +42.9 DEG @ 19 °C/D; MAX ABSORPTION (UNDIL SULFURIC ACID): 435 NM (LOG E= 4.0); VERY SOL IN ALC; SOL IN BENZENE, CHLOROFORM /D-FORM/|SPECIFIC OPTICAL ROTATION: -45.5 DEG @ 23 °C/D (METHANOL, 5%); BP 202-204 °C @ 760 MM HG; DENSITY 1.0129; SLIGHTLY SOL IN WATER; VERY SOL IN ALC, ETHER /L-FORM/|GLASSY; INSOL IN WATER; SOL IN ALL PROPORTIONS IN ALC, ETHER; INDEX OF REFRACTION: 1.5275 @ 20 °C/4 °C /DL-FORM/

Insoluble in water.

Alcohols and Polyols

Attacks plastics. [Handling Chemicals Safely, 1980. p. 236]. Acetyl bromide reacts violently with alcohols or water [Merck 11th ed. 1989]. Mixtures of alcohols with concentrated sulfuric acid and strong hydrogen peroxide can cause explosions. Example: An explosion will occur if dimethylbenzylcarbinol is added to 90% hydrogen peroxide then acidified with concentrated sulfuric acid. Mixtures of ethyl alcohol with concentrated hydrogen peroxide form powerful explosives. Mixtures of hydrogen peroxide and 1-phenyl-2-methyl propyl alcohol tend to explode if acidified with 70% sulfuric acid [Chem. Eng. News 45(43):73. 1967; J, Org. Chem. 28:1893. 1963]. Alkyl hypochlorites are violently explosive. They are readily obtained by reacting hypochlorous acid and alcohols either in aqueous solution or mixed aqueous-carbon tetrachloride solutions. Chlorine plus alcohols would similarly yield alkyl hypochlorites. They decompose in the cold and explode on exposure to sunlight or heat. Tertiary hypochlorites are less unstable than secondary or primary hypochlorites [NFPA 491 M. 1991]. Base-catalysed reactions of isocyanates with alcohols should be carried out in inert solvents. Such reactions in the absence of solvents often occur with explosive violence [Wischmeyer 1969].

1-Phenylethanol|B: Compounds that form peroxides on concentration (distillation/evaporation)|Kelly

III

6.1(b)

UN 2937 6.1/PG 3

1

22-38-41-36/37/38

26-39-37/39

DO9275000

Xn

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from food and oxidants

Stable. Combustible. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents.

P301 + P312 + P330-P305 + P351 + P338

H302-H319

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

alpha-Methylbenzyl alcohol is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: 1) the quantity added to food does not exceed the amount reasonably required to accomplish its intended physical, nutritive, or other technical effect in food, and 2) when intended for use in or on food it is of appropriate food grade and is prepared and handled as a food ingredient.

DHHS/NTP; Toxicology & Carcinogenesis Studies of a-Methylbenzyl Alcohol in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies) Technical Report Series No. 369 (1990) NIH Publication No. 90-2824|Tennant RW, Ashby J; Mutat Res 257 (3): 209-28 (1991). Classification according to chemical structure, mutagenicity to Salmonella and level of carcinogenicity of a further 39 chemicals tested for carcinogenicity by the U.S. National Toxicology Program.

UN 2937

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. (ERG, 2016)|Flammable - 2nd degree

|Danger|H302 (100%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P321, P330, P332+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 2 companies from 2 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Warning|P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P330, P337+P313, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 1828 companies from 10 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

Approved respirator, chemical safety goggles, chemical resistant gloves, other protective clothing. (USCG, 1999)

"ALCOHOL" FOAM

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /alpha-Methylbenzyl alcohol; alpha-Methylbenzyl alcohol, liquid; alpha-Methylbenzyl alcohol, solid; Methylbenzyl alcohol (alpha)/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /alpha-Methylbenzyl alcohol; alpha-Methylbenzyl alcohol, liquid; alpha-Methylbenzyl alcohol, solid; Methylbenzyl alcohol (alpha)/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /alpha-Methylbenzyl alcohol; alpha-Methylbenzyl alcohol, liquid; alpha-Methylbenzyl alcohol, solid; Methylbenzyl alcohol (alpha)/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /alpha-Methylbenzyl alcohol; alpha-Methylbenzyl alcohol, liquid; alpha-Methylbenzyl alcohol, solid; Methylbenzyl alcohol (alpha)/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for ALPHA-METHYLBENZYL ALCOHOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

| 0 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible materials.| 2 - Materials that must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperatures before ignition can occur. Materials would not under normal conditions form hazardous atmospheres with air, but under high ambient temperatures or under moderate heating could release vapor in sufficient quantities to produce hazardous atmospheres with air.| 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

Alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol was detected once in the wastewater from a mechanical products industry(1). Wastewater from a petrochemical company contained alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol at unreported concentrations(2). Alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol was detected in finished water from the Blue Plains Advanced Waste Treatment Plant in Washington, DC in September, 1974(3).

Alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol was present in samples taken of indoor air from residential houses at "low relative abundance"(1).

highly toxic

Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of a-methylbenzyl alcohol (greater than 99% pure) ... were conducted by administering the chemical in corn oil by gavage to groups of F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice of each sex for ... 2 yr. ... Doses of 375 and 750 mg/kg a-methylbenzyl alcohol were administered in corn oil by gavage, 5 days/wk for 103 wk, to groups of 50 rats and 50 mice of each sex. ... Under the conditions of these 2 yr gavage studies, there was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of a-methylbenzyl alcohol for male F344/N rats, as shown by incr incidences of renal tubular cell adenomas and adenomas or adenocarcinomas (combined). There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity for female F344/N rats administered 375 or 750 mg/kg. Renal toxicity ... was observed in dosed rats, and excessive mortality occurred during the last quarter of the studies. Poor survival reduced the sensitivity of the studies for detecting the presence of a carcinogenic response both in chemically exposed groups of male rats and in the high dose group of female rats. There was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of a-methylbenzyl alcohol for male and female B6C3F1 mice administered 375 or 750 mg/kg for 2 yr.

Alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol's production and use as a dye carrier(1), in perfumes, flavorings, dyes, and as a laboratory agent(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), measured Koc values of <5-52, with higher values corresponding to soils with a greater organic content(2), indicate that alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol will have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Biodegradation is expected to be a major fate process for this compound(SRC). Alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol was completely biodegraded within 2-3 weeks under aerobic conditions using an activated sludge inoculum(3). Under anaerobic conditions, this compound had a half-life of 7 days(3). Acetophenone was reported as a major metabolite for both oxygen conditions(3). Volatilization of alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol from either moist surfaces will not be a major fate process(SRC) based on estimated values for Henry's Law constant (2.9X10-7 atm-cu m/mole)(4,SRC). Volatilization from dry soil surfaces should not be significant based on an estimated vapor pressure (0.058 mm Hg)(5,SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a recommended classification scheme(1), experimental Koc values of <5 to 52(2) indicate that alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol will not adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC) in the water column. Biodegradation is expected to be a major fate process for this compound(SRC). Alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol was completely biodegraded within 2-3 weeks under aerobic conditions using an activated sludge inoculum(3). Under anaerobic conditions, this compound had a half-life of 7 days(3). Acetophenone was reported as the major metabolite for both oxygen conditions(3). Retention pond and aerated lagoon systems reported 12 and 17% biodegradation after 260 hours(3) indicating that under some conditions, biodegradation may not occur rapidly(SRC). Alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol should not volatilize from water surfaces based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.9X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). An estimated BCF value of 9(3,SRC), from a measured water solubility(2), suggests that alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol will not bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms(SRC), according to a recommended classification scheme(5).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a suggested classification scheme(1), an estimated vapor pressure of 0.058 mm Hg at 25 °C(2,SRC) indicates that alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol will mainly exist in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be about 1.1 days(3,SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 1.2X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1,SRC). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 1.1 days at an atmospheric concentration of 2.1X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1,SRC).

An estimated BCF value of 9 was calculated for alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol(SRC), using a measured water solubility of 1950 mg/L at 25 °C(1) and a recommended regression-derived equation(2). According to a recommended classification scheme(3), this BCF value suggests that bioconcentration in aquatic organisms will not be an important fate process(SRC).

31.62 L/kg|Koc values for alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol were determined for three subsoils: Apison (organic content = 0.11%) had a Koc of 37, Fullerton (organic content = 0.06%) had a Koc of <5, and Dormont (organic content = 1.2%) had a Koc of 52(1). According to a recommended classification scheme(2), these Koc values suggest that alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol has very high mobility in soil, although increasing organic content will act to reduce mobility slightly(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol is estimated as 2.9X10-7 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This value indicates that alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol will not volatilize from water surfaces(2,SRC). Volatilization from either dry or moist soil surfaces is not expected to be a major fate process based on estimated values for vapor pressure, 0.058 mm Hg(3,SRC) and Henry's Law constant(1,SRC).

SURFACE WATER: Alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol was present in water from the Kanawha River, Nitro, West Virginia (first samples collected in 1959) at a concentration of 17 mg/1000 L water(1).|DRINKING WATER: Alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol was detected in drinking water in the United States at unreported concentrations(1).

Alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol was identified in Beaufort cheese in France at unreported concentrations(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 15,990 workers (1959 of these are female) are potentially exposed to alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol in the USA(1). Workers, employed to varnish vehicles with alkyd-, phenol- and polyester varnishes which were dissolved in solvent mixtures, had an average concentration of 1.9 mg alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol/L urine (average over six workplaces, 35 exposed persons)(2). The general population may be exposed to alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol through the ingestion of contaminated drinking water and food or the inhalation of air from new buildings(SRC).

DEHYDROGENASE PRESENT IN RAT CYTOSOL & MICROSOMES CONVERTS 1-PHENYLETHANOL INTO ACETOPHENONES.|...METHYL PHENYLCARBINOL GIVEN TO RATS SHOWS SUBSTRATE STEREOSELECTIVITY IN ITS OWN METABOLISM; WHILE R-(+)-ISOMER IS EXCRETED LARGELY AS GLUCURONIDE, S-(-)-ISOMER UNDERGOES FURTHER OXIDATIVE METABOLISM.|YIELDS ACETOPHENONE IN RAT. 1-PHENYLETHYL-BETA-D-GLUCURONIDE IN RABBIT. /FROM TABLE/|Site directed mutants were constructed in cytochrome p450cam to re-engineer the stereochemistry and coupling of ethylbenzene hydroxylation. The reaction with the wild type enzyme produces one regioisomer 1-phenylethanol with 5% reduced nicotinamide adenine deoxyribonucleic acid product conversion of and a ration of 73:27 for the R and S enantiomers respectively. Ethylbenzene was modeled into the active site of wild type p450cam in a rigid mode and oriented to optimize either pro-R or pro-S hydrogen abstraction. Residues T101, T185 and V247 make extensive contacts with the substrate in the static complexes and were therefore chosen for site directed mutagenesis. Single mutants T101M, V247A and V247M are more stereospecific producing 89, 87 and 82% (R)-1-phenylethanol respectively. The coupling of the reaction is doubled for the single mutants T185L, T185F and V247M. In an effort to engineer incr stereospecificity and coupling into a single catalyst the T101M, T185F and V247M mutants were combined in a multiple mutant of p450cam. This protein hydroxylates ethylbenzene resulting in an R:S ratio of 87:13 for the 1-phenylethanols and 13% coupling of reducing equivalents to product. The catalytic stereospecificity and stoichiometry with T101-T185F-V247M does not represent a summation of changes observed for the single mutants. A portion of the individual effects on substrate recognition produced by the single substitutions is either eliminated or degenerate within the triple mutant.|Alpha-methyl benzyl alcohol has known human metabolites that include (2S,3S,4S,5R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(1-phenylethoxy)oxane-2-carboxylic acid.

Irritating to the skin, eyes, nose, throat, and upper respiratory tract. (USCG, 1999)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

Similar threshold conc (0.5%) for conjunctival irritation were noted for phenethyl alcohol in humans and rabbits ... .

1-phenylethanol

GRADE: FCC

Petrochemical manufacturing|Benzenemethanol, .alpha.-methyl-: ACTIVE|TWO OPTICALLY ACTIVE ISOMERS EXIST. COMMERCIAL PRODUCT IS RACEMIC FORM.|REPORTED USES: NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 4.6 PPM; ICE CREAM, ICES, ETC 3.8 PPM; CANDY 6.8 PPM; BAKED GOODS 9.0 PPM; GELATINS & PUDDINGS 4.0 PPM; CHEWING GUM 0.30 PPM.

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF TRACE IMPURITIES IN BETA-PHENYLETHANOL; DETECTED ON 5% XE-60 USING EITHER FLAME IONIZATION OR ELECTRON CAPTURE DETECTOR.|Alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol was detected in cheese samples using Freon 11 extraction, silicic acid chromatography followed by CGC/FID.|Alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol was detected in air samples using thermal desorption/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.|Alpha-methylbenzyl alcohol was detected in river water samples using steam distillation, solubility group separations, GC, and infrared spectrometry.

Food additives -> Flavoring Agents|Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index|Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 2nd degree

Flavoring Agents