Hentriacontane

436.84

436.84

232-347-0

6SDG640HL3

DTXSID0075443

Leaves from ethyl acetate|Crystals

0

15.57 (est)

OtherSolid

0.808g/cm3

67.9 °C

458 °C

313.1ºC

1.451

Slightly soluble in ethanol, benzene, chloroform; soluble in petroleum ether

Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.

1.40X10-11 mm Hg at 25 deg C (Extrapolated)

Henry's Law constant: 2.04X10+3 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

NONH for all modes of transport

3

22-24/25

Stable under recommended storage conditions.

SRP: Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in air, soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations. If it is possible or reasonable use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination.|Product: Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. Contaminated packaging: Dispose of as unused product.

Incompatible materials: Strong oxidizing agents

Eye/face protection: Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).|Skin protection: Handle with gloves.

Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.|Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains. Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up: Sweep up and shovel. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.

Provide appropriate exhaust ventilation at places where dust is formed. Normal measures for preventive fire protection.|ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures: Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing vapors, mist or gas. Environmental precautions: Do not let product enter drains.|Gloves must be inspected prior to use. Use proper glove removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. Wash and dry hands.|Body Protection: Choose body protection in relation to its type, to the concentration and amount of dangerous substances, and to the specific work-place.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for n-Hentriacontane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/Higher alkanes/ may cause eye and skin irritation.

Alkanes (C20-C32) were the most abundant trace organic compounds found in vehicle exhaust particulate matter with an emission factor of <0.3 ug/km for hentriacontane from diesel driven light-duty vehicles(1).

SEDIMENT: Hentriacontane concentrations were 17-1350 ng/g dry weight in sediments samples collected from 14 sites from the Shinano River in Niigata Japan from November 2005 to April 2006(1).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: Hentriacontane was detected in particulate air samples from Georgia Tech campus, GA at mean concentrations of 2.6 and 2.19 ng/cu m for summer 2005 and winter 2006, respectively(1). A mean hentriacontane concentration of approximately 20 ng/cu m was reported in the particulate phase of air samples collected in an urban and industrialized area in Prato, Italy during 2002(2). Hentriacontane concentrations were 19.8 and 11.7 ng/cu m in particulate phase in the summer and winter, respectively; concentrations of 0.8 and 0.7 ng/cu m were detected in the vapor phase in summer and winter, respectively; samples were collected in an urban area in Nagoya, Japan in 1991(3).|RURAL/REMOTE: Hentriacontane was detected in particulate air samples from a rural area of Yorkville, GA at mean concentrations of 0.42 and 1.34 ng/cu m for summer and winter, respectively(1).|SOURCE DOMINATED: Hentriacontane was detected in particulate air samples from an interstate highway in Georgia at a mean concentration of 4.78 and 3.66 ng/cu m for summer and winter, respectively(1). Hentriacontane was detected at 110-1200 pg/cu m with a mean of 480 pg/cu m in particulate air samples collected near a highway in Raleigh, NC; concentrations in samples collected 275 meters from the highway contained 140-1800 pg/cu m with a mean of 540 pg/cu m(2).

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Hentriacontane is a higher n-alkane containing 31 carbon atoms (C31). It is used as traditional medicine and experimental therapy. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: A case report described human disorder characterized by the accumulation of plant long-chain n-alkanes in viscera of a human patient. Diffuse visceral granuloma containing lipophilic crystallized material showed the presence of long-chain n-alkanes including hentriacontane. Study of n-alkane distribution in patient tissues showed a major accumulation in lumbo-aortic lymph nodes, adrenal glands, lung and liver; significantly lower amounts were detected in myocardium and kidney, whereas no detectable level was found in brain. ANIMAL STUDIES: Hentriacontane can contribute to the "paraffin liver" in cows. The very large quantities of the abnormal substance in the cow livers indicate low toxicity, and evidently accumulation over long periods of time.

Hentriacontane is detected in various plants used in food and medicinal applications(1).

Alkanes such as hentriacontane may be components in petroleum products(1) and may be released to the environment through the processing and combustion of petroleum products(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4.3X10+8(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that hentriacontane is expected to be immobile in soil(SRC). Volatilization of hentriacontane from moist soil surfaces is expected given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2040 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(2). However, adsorption to soil is expected to attenuate volatilization(SRC). Hentriacontane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.40X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C(3). Biodegradation oxygen consumption values of 8.2 and 7.6ug/mL for analogous tetracosane (C24) and hexatriacontane (C36), respectively, using a soil suspension(4) indicate that biodegradation of hentriacontane may be a slow environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 4.3X10+8(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that hentriacontane is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2040 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(2). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 6.1 hours and 8.3 days, respectively(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The estimated volatilization half-life from a model pond is more than 2 years if adsorption is considered(4). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 15.57(2), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation oxygen consumption values of 8.2 and 7.6 ug/mL for analogous tetracosane (C24) and hexatriacontane (C36), respectively, using a soil suspension(6) indicate that biodegradation of hentriacontane may be a slow environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), hentriacontane, which has an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.40X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), will exist solely in the particulate phase in the atmosphere. Particulate-phase hentriacontane will be removed from the atmosphere by wet and dry deposition. Hentriacontane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(3) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

Hentriacontane is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(1). Hentriacontane does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(1) and, therefore, is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for hentriacontane(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 15.57(1) and a regression-derived equation(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of hentriacontane can be estimated to be 4.3X10+8(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that hentriacontane is expected to be immobile in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for hentriacontane is estimated as 2040 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) using a fragment constant estimation method(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that hentriacontane is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 6.1 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 8.3 days(SRC). However, volatilization from water surfaces is expected to be attenuated by adsorption to suspended solids and sediment in the water column. The volatilization half-life from a model pond is greater than 2 years when adsorption is considered(3). Hentriacontane's Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). Hentriacontane is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an extrapolated vapor pressure of 1.40X10-11 mm Hg at 25 °C(4).

SURFACE WATER: Hentriacontane concentrations ranged from 0.12 to 0.5 ug/L in eight stations located in the Guanabara Bay Basin, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, sampled from September 2011 to August 2012(1).

Occupational exposure to hentriacontane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where petroleum products are used or processed. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to hentriacontane via inhalation of polluted air, ingestion of food and contact with water contaminated by combustion effluents. (SRC)

/EXPL THER/ Oldenlandia diffusa (OD) has been used as a natural drug for the treatment of cancer in Asia and specifically in Korea. However, the antiinflammatory mechanisms employed by OD have yet to be completely understood. This study attempted to determine the effects of OD and hentriacontane, one of the constituent compounds of OD, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in mouse peritoneal macrophages. The findings of this study showed that OD inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a, interleukin (IL)-6 and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). The OD inhibited the enhanced levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induced by LPS. It was shown that the antiinflammatory effect of OD occurs via the regulation of the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB and caspase-1. Moreover, hentriacontane was shown to ameliorate the expression of inflammatory mediators (TNF-a, IL-6, PGE(2), COX-2 and iNOS) and the activation of NF-kappaB and caspase-1 in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. These results provide novel insights into the pharmacological actions of OD as a potential candidate for the development of new drugs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.|/EXPL THER/ Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease, which is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder. Oldenlandia diffusa (OD) has been used as a traditional oriental medicine for inflammation. However, the regulatory effect and molecular mechanism of OD in intestinal inflammation are not yet understood. This study investigated the protective effect of OD in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Mice treated with DSS showed remarkable clinical signs, including weight loss, and reduced colon length. Administration of OD attenuated these signs and significantly suppressed levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta and expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in DSS-treated colon tissues. OD also reduced the activation of transcription nuclear factor-kappaB p65 in DSS-treated colon tissues. Hentriacontane, a constituent of OD, attenuated weight loss, colon shortening, and levels of IL-6 caused by DSS. Taken together, the results provide experimental evidence that OD might be a useful therapeutic medicine for patients with UC.|/EXPL THER/ One of the therapeutic approaches in treating diabetes is to reduce postprandial hyperglycemia by inhibiting major carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes. In the present study, crude extracts of marine seaweed, Turbinaria ornata, were tested for their antidiabetic potential using enzyme inhibitory assays (a-amylase, a-glucosidase, and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV). Among the tested extracts, methanol and acetone extracts showed significant inhibitory effects on a-amylase (IC50 250.9 ug/mL), a-glucosidase (535.6 ug/mL), and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (55.2 ug/mL), respectively. Free radical scavenging activity of these extracts was analyzed using DPPH assay (65%). Extracts were tested for in vitro toxicity using DNA fragmentation assay, hemolytic assay, and MTT assay. None of the extracts showed toxicity in tested models. Furthermore, GC-MS analysis of lead extracts showed the presence of major compounds, hentriacontane, z, z-6, 28-heptatriactontadien-2-one, 8-heptadecene, and 1-heptacosanol. Our findings suggest that Turbinaria ornata can be used as a potential source for further in vivo studies in controlling hyperglycemia.|A substance that kills or slows the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is used in the treatment of tuberculosis.

Liver, heart, kidneys, muscle and adipose (perirenal and s.c.) /bovine/ tissues were collected from 6 animals for analysis of their hydrocarbon composition. Qualitative and quantitative determinations were carried out by gas chromatography and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Although differing in the proportions, a homologous series of n-alkanes ranging from n-C12-n-C31 was found in all samples. The isoprenoid hydrocarbons phytane and phytene (phyt-1-ene and phyt-2-ene) were also identified. (These findings have relevance to the health of humans consuming hydrocarbon-contaminated meats.) /n-Alkanes/|This report deals with a new human disorder characterized by the accumulation of plant long-chain n-alkanes in viscera of a human patient. Lipid analysis of tissues from an adult male after sudden death (affected with diffuse visceral granuloma containing lipophilic crystallized material) showed the presence of abnormal compounds identified as long-chain n-alkanes with 29 (n-nonacosane), 31 (n-hentriacontane) and 33 carbons (n-tritriacontane). Study of n-alkane distribution in patient tissues showed a major accumulation in lumbo-aortic lymph nodes, adrenal glands, lung (the highest levels were found in lung granulomas) and liver; significantly lower amounts were detected in myocardium and kidney, whereas no detectable level was found in brain. On the basis of the structural composition and of the tissue distribution of the accumulated n-alkanes, their dietary (plant) origin and the pathophysiological mechanism of the storage are discussed.

275.99 Days

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Treat frostbite with rapid rewarming techniques ... ./Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam (Valium) or lorazepam (Ativan) ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|Emergency and supportive measures. 1. General. Provide basic supportive care for all symptomatic patients. Maintain an open airway and assist ventilation if necessary. Administer supplemental oxygen. Monitor arterial blood gases or oximetry, chest radiographs, and ECG and admit symptomatic patients to an intensive care setting. Use epinephrine and other beta-adrenergic medications with caution in patients with significant hydrocarbon intoxication because arrhythmias may be induced. 2. Pulmonary aspiration. Patients who remain completely asymptomatic after 4-6 hours of observation may be discharged. In contrast, if the patient is coughing on arrival, aspiration probably has occurred. Administer supplemental oxygen and treat bronchospasm and hypoxia if they occur. Do not use steroids or prophylactic antibiotics. 3. Ingestion. In the vast majority of accidental childhood ingestions, less than 5-10 mL is actually swallowed and systemic toxicity is rare. Treatment is primarily supportive. Injection. For injections into the fingertip or hand, especially those involving a high-pressure paint gun, consult with a plastic or hand surgeon immediately, as prompt wide exposure, irrigation, and debridement are often required. /Hydrocarbons/|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for n-Hentriacontane (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/CASE REPORTS/ This report deals with a new human disorder characterized by the accumulation of plant long-chain n-alkanes in viscera of a human patient. Lipid analysis of tissues from an adult male after sudden death (affected with diffuse visceral granuloma containing lipophilic crystallized material) showed the presence of abnormal compounds identified as long-chain n-alkanes with 29 (n-nonacosane), 31 (n-hentriacontane) and 33 carbons (n-tritriacontane). Study of n-alkane distribution in patient tissues showed a major accumulation in lumbo-aortic lymph nodes, adrenal glands, lung (the highest levels were found in lung granulomas) and liver; significantly lower amounts were detected in myocardium and kidney, whereas no detectable level was found in brain. On the basis of the structural composition and of the tissue distribution of the accumulated n-alkanes, their dietary (plant) origin and the pathophysiological mechanism of the storage are discussed.

hentriacontane

Hentriacontane is found in black elderberry. Hentriacontane, also called untriacontane, is a solid, long-chain alkane hydrocarbon with the structural formula CH3(CH2)29CH3. It is found in a variety of plants, including peas (Pisum sativum), gum arabic (Acacia senegal) and others, and also comprises about 8-9% of beeswax. It has 10,660,307,791 constitutional isomers. Hentriacontane belongs to the family of acyclic alkanes.|An ethyl acetate extract of Oryza sativa (rice) hulls yielded seven compounds: hentriacontane, 1-tetratriacontanol, beta-sitosterol, momilactone A, momilactone B, tricin (a flavonoid), and beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside. The structures of these compounds were elucidated with 500 MHz nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), using 1D and 2D spectral methods, aided by electron ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS), fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB-MS), infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry. The complete 1H NMR assignments for momilactone A and B and 13C NMR assignments for tricin are discussed. To the best of our knowledge, hentriacontane, 1-tetratriacontanol, and beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside were identified for the first time in rice hulls. In biological activity tests using these identified compounds, momilactone A and B showed potent inhibitory activity against duckweed (Lemna paucicostata). 1-Tetratriacontanol and beta-sitosterol-3-O-beta-D-glucoside also showed about 13-20% inhibitory activity based on chlorophyll reduction. Hentriacontane and beta-sitosterol did not show any herbicidal activity. In a germination assay of three weed species (Leptochloa chinenesis L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., and Cyperus difformis L.) in culture tubes both momilactones A and B had high inhibitory effects. Momilactone B completely inhibited germination of all three weed species at 20 ppm. Germination of L. chinensis L. was completely inhibited by a 4 ppm solution of momilactone B.|Gas-phase dehydrogenation of n-alkanes over noble-metal catalysts yield the corresponding n-alkenes at low conversion rates (ca. 10%) with predominantly internal double bonds. The corresponding alkenes can be isolated in high purity by selective molecular-sieve processes. /Higher n-Alkanes/|Many aquatic snails act as intermediate hosts for the larvae of trematodes, Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica, which cause the diseases fascioliasis and schistosomiasis. The WHO has tested several thousands of synthetic compounds for the control of the snail host. Although effective, these molluscicides have so far not proved themselves to be entirely satisfactory. With a growing awareness of environmental pollution, efforts are being made to discover molluscicidal products of plant origin. Being products of biosynthesis, these are potentially biodegradable in nature. Several groups of compounds present in various plants have been found to be toxic to target organisms at acceptable doses ranging from <1 to 100 ppm. Common medicinal plants, i.e. Thevetia peruviana, Alstonia scholaris (Family; Apocynaceae), Euphorbia pulcherima and Euphorbia hirta (Family; Euphorbiaceae), have potent molluscicidal activity against freshwater snails. The toxicological actions of Thevetia peruviana may be due to the presence of apigenin-5-methyl ether (flavonoid) and triterpenoid glycosides, while a number of alkaloids (pseudo-akuammigine in addition to betulin, ursolic acid and beta-sitosterol), steroids and triterpenoids are present in Alstonia scholaris and the diterpenoids, pulcherrol, beta-sitosterol, hentriacontane, ellagic acid and beta-amyrin are present in Euphorbia hirta and in Euphorbia pulcherima. Although, at present very little literature is available on the control of vector snails through plant origin pesticides, an attempt has been made in this review to assemble all the known information on molluscicidal properties of common medicinal plants of eastern Uttar Pradesh, India, which might be useful for the control of harmful snails.

The external surface of all insects is covered by a species-specific complex mixture of highly stable, very long chain cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs). Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was used to identify CHCs from four species of Sarcophagidae, Peckia (Peckia) chrysostoma, Peckia (Pattonella) intermutans, Sarcophaga (Liopygia) ruficornis and Sarcodexia lambens. The identified CHCs were mostly a mixture of n-alkanes, monomethylalkanes and dimethylalkanes with linear chain lengths varying from 23 to 33 carbons. Only two alkenes were found in all four species. S. lambens had a composition of CHCs with linear chain lengths varying from C23 to C33, while the other three species linear chain lengths from 24 to 31 carbons. n-Heptacosane, n-nonacosane and 3-methylnonacosane, n-triacontane and n-hentriacontane occurred in all four species. The results show that these hydrocarbon profiles may be used for the taxonomic differentiation of insect species and are a useful additional tool for taxonomic classification, especially when only parts of the insect specimen are available.|The chloroform-extractable lipid fraction of dissolved organic matter in seawater was analyzed by gravimetry, liquid chromatography, gas chromatography (GC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Gravimetric concentrations of dissolved lipids in the Gulf of Mexico were in the range of 60-160 mg/L in near-surface waters and 61-116 ug/L in near bottom waters and accounted for approximately 4% of the dissolved organic C. Over a 12-hr sampling period and a 5-day sampling period extensive variability in dissolved lipid quantity and quality were observed. The major percentage of extractable weight was collected in the polar liquid chromatographic fraction (55-95%). Gas chromatographic concentrations of the aliphatic fractions were in the range of 0.014-0.187 ug/L. Concentrations derived from gas chromatography were consistently lower than gravimetrically-derived concentrations. A number of compounds were tentatively identified by a combination of GC, GC-MS, and authentic standards. The major components of the analyzable dissolved lipids were n-alkanes (C16-C32), pristane, phytane, methyl, ethyl and propyl esters of fatty acids. Minor components included olefins and cycloalkanes, aromatics, short-chained acids, and possibly a lactone and an alcohol. All concentrations and compounds were indicative of a fairly pristine environment. The n-alkane distribution appears to be the result of marine and terrestrial inputs superimposed on a chronic low-level background of oil pollution. The fatty acid esters and other fragment molecules may be the result of the degradation of humic substances. A number of potential indicators of source were isolated. /n-Alkanes/|Petroleum-related contaminants in seafoods were analyzed. A GC (SIM) method was developed for the determination of contaminants, which covered 7 n-alkanes (C20-C32) and 7 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including benzo(a)pyrene, and dibenzothiophene (DBT). The detection limits were 2-3 ppb for n-alkane, 0.1-0.2 ppb for PAH and 0.2 ppb for DBT. The concentrations of petroleum-related contaminants in seafoods, collected either from waters that were outside the spill area or before the oil spill, were determined by the GC/MS (SIM) method. Levels of total n-alkanes ranged from nd (not detected) to 532 ppb and those of PAH and DBT ranged from nd to 15.5 ppb. The concentrations of n-alkanes and PAH in the visceral mass of squid and scallops were higher than those in their muscle tissues. /n-Alkanes/|Temporal changes in the cuticular hydrocarbons of female Anopheles stephensi (Liston) (Diptera: Culicidae) were quantified using gas-liquid chromatography with flame-ionization detection. The ratio of two prominent hydrocarbons, nonacosane (C29) and hentriacontane (C31), was found to change significantly with respect to mosquito age over a period of 15 d. A regression model was developed using this ratio, C29/C31 = 3.96-1.63 log (age), and prediction intervals, based on a 12-d developmental interval necessary for females to transmit malaria, were generated using confidence levels for one-sided tests. The model predicted that females that had a C29/C31 ratio of 2.6 or greater were only 10% probable to be old enough to transmit malaria, whereas females with ratios of 1.8 or less were 90% probable.|A crude Sohxlet extract from leaves of Syzygium jambos was sequentially fractionated using a silica gel flash column. A bioassay based on the numbers of urediniospores of Puccinia psidii that germinated in 2% water agar detected an active stimulant of germination when the fraction eluted with 100% n-hexane was used. The active fraction induced up to 88% increase in germination when added to a spore suspension in mineral oil. The active fraction was characterized as a hydrocarbon by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance, (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance, and infrared analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis indicated that the fraction was a long-chain 436 MW hydrocarbon with corresponding to C31H64, namely hentriacontane. This is the first time such a compound proved to be involved with stimulation of fungal spore germination. These results may contribute to better understanding the infection process of rusts.

Fatty Acyls [FA] -> Hydrocarbons [FA11]