2,3-Dichlorophenol

163

163.00

2043615

209-399-8

IZM39U444L

60646

2020

DTXSID7025001|DTXSID0041856

Crystals from ligroin and benzene

29081000

20.2

2.84

2,3-dichlorophenol appears as brown crystals (from ligroin, benzene). Taste threshold concentration 0.00004 mg/L. Odor threshold concentration 0.03 mg/L. (NTP, 1992)

1.5±0.1 g/cm3

58 °C

206 °C

115 °C

1.594

H2O: <0.1 g/100 mL at 20 ºC

0-6°C

0.058 mm Hg at 25 deg C

Oral-Mouse LD50: 2376 mg/kg

Open flame is flammable; heat releases toxic chloride gas

Taste Threshold in water: 0.04 ug/l.

1.66e-12 cm3/molecule*sec

Henry's Law constant = 3.08X10-7 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C (est)

pKa = 7.70

Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.66X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C

Insoluble in water.

Phenols and Cresols

2,3-DICHLOROPHENOL is incompatible with acid chlorides, acid anhydrides and oxidizing agents. (NTP, 1992)

III

6.1

UN 2020 6.1/PG 3

3

22-36/38-51/53-34

26-28-61-45-36/37/39

SK8450000

Xn,Xi,N,C

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored and transported separately from food materials

Irritant

Stable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, acid chlorides, acid anhydrides.

P305 + P351 + P338

H315-H319

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.|Chemical Treatability of 2,3-Dichlorophenol; Concentration Process: Activated Carbons; Chemical Classification: Phenols; Scale of Study: Batch Flow, Laboratory Scale; Type of Wastewater Used: Pure Compound (one solute in a solvent; Results of Study: 100% reduction; 14% desorbed from carbon by elutriation with solvent; (Calgon FS-300 used. Solvents included pentene-acetone, diethyl ether, methylene chloride-acetone, chloroform-acetone and acetone.)

Nat'l Research Council Canada; Chlorinated Phenols (1982) NRCC No. 18578|KOZAK VP ET AL; REVIEWS OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS: XI. CHLOROPHENOLS; US EPA REP EPA-600/1-79-012: 519 PAGES (1979). THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS, PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, ANALYTICAL METHODS, BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS (HUMAN & NON-HUMAN), ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION & TRANSFORMATION & ENVIRONMENTAL INTERACTIONS OF CHLOROPHENOLS & THEIR CONSEQUENCES. AVAILABLE DATA INDICATE THAT CHLOROPHENOLS DO NOT POSSESS TUMORIGENIC, MUTAGENIC OR TERATOGENIC PROPERTIES.|Environmental Protection Service. Chlorophenols and Their Impurities in the Canandian Environment Report EPS 3-EC-81-2 (1981).|USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Chlorinated Phenols (1980) EPA 440/5-80-032.

Flash point data for this chemical are not available. It is probably combustible. (NTP, 1992)

|Warning|H302 (16.33%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P363, P391, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 50 companies from 6 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: Should a spill occur while you are handling this chemical, FIRST REMOVE ALL SOURCES OF IGNITION, then you should dampen the solid spill material with 60-70% ethanol and transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 60-70% ethanol to pick up any remaining material. Seal the absorbent paper, and any of your clothes, which may be contaminated, in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Solvent wash all contaminated surfaces with 60-70% ethanol followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under ambient temperatures, and keep it away from oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

MINIMUM PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: If Tyvek-type disposable protective clothing is not worn during handling of this chemical, wear disposable Tyvek-type sleeves taped to your gloves. RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with an organic vapor/acid gas cartridge (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas and SO2) with a dust/mist filter. (NTP, 1992)|Wear boots, protective gloves, and goggles. /Trichlorophenol/|/Wear/ approved dust respirator for toxic dusts; Protective clothing to prevent contact with skin. /Trichlorophenol/

Extinguish fire using agent suitable for type of surrounding fire. Material itself does not burn or burns with difficulty. /Trichlorophenol/

Land Spill: Dig a pit, pond, lagoon, or holding area /SRP: If time permits, pits, ponds, lagoons, soak holes, or holding areas should be sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner/ to contain liquid or solid material. Cover solids with plastic sheet to prevent dissolving in rain or fire fighting water. /Trichlorophenol/|Water Spill: Use natural deep water pockets, excavated lagoons, or sand bag barriers to trap material at bottom. If dissolved, apply activated carbon at ten times the spilled amount in region of 10 ppm or greater concentration. Remove trapped material with suction hoses. Use mechanical dredges or lifts to remove immobilized masses of pollutants and precipitates. /Trichlorophenol/|Activated carbon is a good method for removing chlorophenols from water. Competitive adsorption occurs between chlorophenols and humic substances present in nearly all municipal water supplies. This competition decreases the capacity of carbon for chlorophenols. /Chlorophenols/

SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.|Keep material out of water sources and sewers; Build dikes to contain flow as necessary; Keep upwind; Avoid breathing vapors or dusts; Wash away any material which may have contacted the body with copious amounts of water or soap and water. /Trichlorophenol/|Immediately wash contaminated areas of skin with concentrated soap solution. Contaminated gloves, clothing, shoes should be removed without delay and disposed by incineration.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chlorophenols, liquid; Chlorophenols, solid/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for 2,3-DICHLOROPHENOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of 2,3-dichlorophenol stem from its toxicologic properties. Exposure to this crystalline substance may occur from dermal contact or inhalation at sites where it is used as a chemical intermediate. Effects from exposure include burning of the skin, headache, dizziness, cyanosis, and death from cardiac or respiratory failure. Personnel handling 2,3-dichlorophenol should wear protective clothing, gloves, boots, goggles, and an approved dust respirator. In emergency situations, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus and structural firefighter's protective clothing. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing at the site. In case ofcontact with 2,3-dichlorophenol, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes, and wash affected areas of the skin with soap and water. 2,3-Dichlorophenol does not ignite easily, but it can burn, producing irritating and poisonous gases. For small fires involving 2,3-dichlorophenol, extinguish with dry chemical, CO2, water spray, or standard foam, and for large fires, use water spray, fog, or standard foam. Dike runoff from fire control water if necessary to keep it from entering water sources or sewers where it may cause pollution. 2,3-Dichlorophenol may be shipped via air, rail, road, or water in containers bearing the label, "Keep away from food." Small spills of 2,3-dichlorophenol solution may be taken up with sand or other noncombustible absorbent and placed into containers for later disposal. Large spills should be contained in pits, or other holding areas that are sealed with an impermeable flexible membrane liner. Solids should be covered with a plastic sheet. Spills of 2,3-dichlorophenol in water may be trapped at the bottom with sand bag barriers, activated charcoal applied, and trapped material removed with suction hoses, mechanical dredges, or lifts. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance.

Biologically treated effluent samples from nine Canadian bleached softwood Kraft mills were analyzed for chlorinated phenolic content. Chlorinated phenolics, including 2,3-dichlorophenol, present in effluent discharged from bleached Kraft mills are not expected to contribute an off odor to recipient waters.|2,3-Dichlorophenol was detected in the effluent downstream from 10% of industrial plants surveyed in England and Wales in 1995 at an average concentration of 1.52 ppb(1) 2,3-Dichlorophenol was detected in the effluent from 13.5% of sewage treatment plants surveyed in England and Wales in 1995 at an average concentration of 0.3 ppb(1). 2,3-Dichlorophenol was detected in the effluent of a metal reclamation facility at concentrations of 0.2 and 0.3 ug/cu m (2).|Combustion ash from the incineration of a PCB-contaminated oil was found to contain 2,3-dichlorophenol at a concentration of 14 ppb(1).

SOIL: In a Douglas Fir forest in Speulderbos, the Netherlands, soil was spiked with radiolabeled Na37CL to examine the natural formation of 2,3-dichlorophenol in soil. After one year, less than 0.1 ppb of 2,3-dichlorophenol was detected in the humic layer down to 5 cm depth (1). Dichlorophenols can be synthesized directly by soil fungi or through chloroperoxidase-catalyzed chlorination of humic phenols with chloride ions; the chloroperoxidase enzyme is thought to be produced by soil fungi(1).|SEDIMENT: 2,3-Dichlorophenol was detected in 7 of 17 sediment samples collected from Lake Ketelmeer, the Netherlands in 1979 and 1980 with maximum and median concentrations of 2.2 and 1.9 ug/kg dry sediment weight(1). 2,3-dichlorophenol was detected in 4 of 4 sediment samples collected from the Moselle and Fensch rivers, France in September 1995 at concentrations less than 5 ug/kg dry weight of sediment(2).

moderately toxic

LD50 Mouse (male CD-1 ICR) oral 2585 mg/kg.|LD50 Mouse (female CD-1 ICR) oral 2376 mg/kg.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Acute (24 hr) toxicity (median inhibitory concn IC50) to Daphnia magna of 17 chlorophenols. Phenols with chlorine in para-position were more toxic than those with chlorine in ortho-position.

Dichlorophenols can be synthesized directly by soil fungi utilizing chloride ions and humic phenol found in soil(1); chloroperoxidase enzymes released into soil by fungi can also bring about the chlorination of humic phenols with chloride ions(1). Chlorphenols may be released into the environment through burning of fresh lignocellulosic biomass during forest fires(2).

Dichlorophenol formation as a result of the chlorination process involving water treatment and wood pulp bleaching(1) various incineration processes(2,3) may result in their release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). 2,3-Dichlorophenol is a metabolism product of o-dichlorobenzene and also the pesticide lindane (no longer registered in the US)(4); the latter may have resulted in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc value of 426 determined in lake and river sediments(2), indicates that 2,3-dichlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil(SRC). The pKa of 2,3-dichlorphenol is 7.7(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in the anion form and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization of 2,3-dichlorophenol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.46X10-6 atm-cu m/mole, derived from its vapor pressure, 0.058 mm Hg(5), and water solubility, 3,600 mg/L(6). 2,3-Dichlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a measured vapor pressure of 0.058 mm Hg(5). Half-lives of 28 days in and acidic sandy loam and 8 days in a basic sandy silt loam(7) suggests that biodegradation may be an important environmental fate process in soil, and is pH dependent(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a measured Koc value of 426 determined in lake and river sediments(2), indicates that 2,3-dichlorophenol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 3.46X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 0.058 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 3,600 mg/L(5). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 14 and 103 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(6), a measured BCF of 7.5 to 35(7), and a regression-derived equation(8), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). A 0% of theoretical BOD using activated sludge in the Japanese MITI test(7) suggests that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), 2,3-dichlorophenol, which has a vapor pressure of 0.058 mm Hg at 25 °C(2) is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase 2,3-dichlorophenol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is about 10 days(SRC), calculated from its measured rate constant of 1.66X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3). 2,3-dichlorophenol contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of 2,3-dichlorophenol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been measured as 1.66X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 10 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(2). 2,3-Dichlorophenol undergoes direct photolysis in water upon UV irradiation at wavelengths greater than 280 nm, producing polyphenolic compounds and dechlorinated cyclopentenoic acids(3). 2,3-Dichlorophenol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(4). 2,3-Dichlorophenol contains chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4) and therefore may be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

13.49|A BCF of 7.5 to 35 was measured in fish for 2,3-dichlorophenol using carp (Cyprinus carpio) which were exposed over a six week period to a water concentration of 30 ppb, according to the standard test of the Japanese Ministry of Industry and Trade (MITI)(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF suggest the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

457.09 L/kg|An average Koc of 426 has been measured in three types of lake and river sediments(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this Koc value suggests that 2,3-dichlorophenol is expected to have moderate mobility in soil. The pKa of 2,3-dichlorophenol is 7.7(3), indicating that this compound will partially exist in anion form in the environment and anions generally do not adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).

The Henry's Law constant for 2,3-dichlorophenol is estimated as 3.46X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 0.058 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 3,600 mg/L(2). This Henry's Law constant indicates that 2,3-dichlorophenol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(3). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(3) is estimated as about 14 days (SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(3) is estimated as 103 days(SRC). 2,3-Dichlorophenol's estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). 2,3-Dichlorophenol is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure of 0.058 mm Hg(1).

GROUNDWATER: 2,3-Dichlorophenol was detected in 2 of 2 well water samples collected in the vicinity of the Fort Devens, Massachusetts rapid infiltration pond system in November 1998 at an average concentration of 0.20 ug/L(1).|SURFACE WATER: 2,3-Dichlorophenol was detected in 6 of 13 water samples collected from the Ijssel River, the Netherlands in 1979 with a maximum concentration of 0.67 ppb(1). 2,3-Dichlorophenol was detected in 10% of water samples collected from the Rhine River, Lobith, the Netherlands in 1976 and 1977 at maximum concentrations ranging from 0.72 to 0.86 ppb, with an average concentration of 0.79 ppb(2).

Workers employed in wood treatment plants, tanneries, textile plants, and pulp and paper mills, as well as pesticide spray operators are potentially at risk from exposure to chlorophenols and to impurities in chlorophenol products. /Chlorophenols/|Occupational exposure to 2,3-dichlorophenol may occur through dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where 2,3-dichlorophenol is produced as a byproduct. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to dichlorophenol via ingestion of drinking water and dermal contact with this compound. 2,3-Dichlorophenol has been detected in groundwater, surface waters and industrial effluents. (SRC)

A nominal 2,3-dichlorophenol level of 220 ppb was found in the urine of humans exposed to alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane(1).

Because of their high lipid solubility and low ionization at physiological pH, dichlorophenols would be expected to be readily absorbed following ingestion. /Dichlorophenols/|Dichlorophenol isomers are absorbed through the skin and from the gut. /Dichlorophenol isomers/|... Readily absorbed from the gastroenteric tract and from parenteral sites of injection. /Chlorophenols/

Metabolites of ortho-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB) were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and mass spectrometry (MS) in urine samples of exposed chemical factory workers. The three workers were exposed to 1 to 4 parts per million o-DCB used as a solvent. ... The GC total ion chromatograms of the urine samples contained peaks corresponding to the retention times of a standard containing 2,3-dichlorophenol, 3,4-dichlorophenol, 3,4-dichlorocatechol, and 4,5-dichlorocatechol...|Microsomes were prepared from livers obtained from male Wistar-rats pretreated with phenobarbital, 3-methylcholanthrene, isosafrole, or dexamethasone. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography analysis was performed to identify the metabolites of 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DICB) and 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DICB). Covalent binding of 1,2-DICB and 1,4-DICB to microsomal protein and DNA was determined, and molecular orbit computer calculations were conducted. The major metabolites of both dichlorobenzene isomers were dichlorophenols and dichlorohydroquinones. The metabolite 2,5-dichlorophenol was associated with 1,2-DICB, and the metabolites 2,3-dichlorophenol and 3,4-dichlorophenol were associated with 1,4-DICB. ... Covalent binding of 1,2-DICB and 1,4-DICB metabolites with protein was observed, while DNA binding occurred only to a very small extent. ....|1,2-Dichlorobenzene gave 3,4-dichlorophenol with smaller amounts of 2,3-dichlorophenol, 3,4- and 4,5-dichlorocatechol and 3,4-dichlorophenylmercapturic acid also observed; 1,3-dichlorobenzene gave 2,4-dichlorophenol as the major product with 3,5-dichlorophenol, 3,4-dichlorocatechol, and 2,4-dichlorophenylmercapturic acid also identified; 1,4-dichlorobenzene gave 2,5-dichlorophenol as the major metabolite with 2,5-dichlorquinol identified as a minor product.|... To investigate the relation between metabolism and toxicity of 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB), the biotransformation, tissue distribution, blood kinetics, and excretion at three different oral dose levels (5, 50 and 250 mg/kg) of the radiolabelled compound were investigated in the male Wistar rat. A toxic dose level (250 mg/kg...) was included. ... The concentration of parent chemical was essentially constant during 3 and 6 hr for the mid- and high-dose level respectively, and then declined. 1,2-DCB could only be detected in blood in the first 2 hr after administration of the 5-mg/kg dose. The major route of biotransformation was via the glutathione pathway and 60% of the urinary metabolites were mercapturic acids. In addition, the major metabolites in bile were conjugates of glutathione. Other major metabolites in urine were the sulfate conjugates of 2,3- and 3,4-dichlorophenol (DCP). No significant differences in metabolic profiles were observed between the different doses. Induction with phenobarbital resulted in the increased excretion of sulfate conjugates (30% in the induced rat, 20% in the control rat), mainly the conjugate of 3,4-DCP...|2,3-dichlorophenol is a known human metabolite of 1,2-dichlorobenzene.

Chlorine atoms on the ortho-position weakened the activity of mono and dichlorophenols as oxidative inhibitors. /Mono and dichlorophenols/|Chlorinated phenols ... Are very effective (in vitro) as uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation. They thus prevent incorporation of inorganic phosphate into ATP without affecting electron transport. As a result of this action, cells continue to respire but soon are depleted of ATP necessary for growth. /Chlorophenols/

... Chlorinated 2-phenoxyphenols, chlorinated diphenylethers, and chlorinated dibenzofurans occur as impurities in technical grade of chlorophenols. /Chlorophenols/

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound may include irritation of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract. Prolonged contact can cause damage to the eyes, severe irritation and burns. Exposure to this class of compounds may cause profuse sweating, intense thirst, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cyanosis from methemoglobinemia, hyperactivity, stupor, blood pressure fall, hyperpnea, hemolysis, convulsions, collapse, coma and pulmonary edema followed by pneumonia. If death from respiratory failure is not immediate, jaundice and oliguria or anuria may occur. Other symptoms of exposure to this class of compounds may include headache, dizziness, rapid and difficult breathing, weakness, severe burns and internal damage. Chronic exposure may result in digestive disturbances, nervous disorders, skin eruptions and liver and kidney damage. Skin contact with this type of compound may result in softening and whitening of the skin, followed by the development of painful burns. Prolonged contact may lead to dermatitis. Local contact may also result in painless blanching or erythema and corrosion of the skin. Skin sensitivity reactions occur occasionally. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound may be harmful by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption. It is an irritant of the skin, eyes, mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract; and prolonged contact may result in severe irritation or burns. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and hydrogen chloride gas. It is rapidly absorbed through the skin. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital for treatment after washing the affected areas. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Phenols are very toxic poisons AND corrosive and irritating, so that inducing vomiting may make medical problems worse. IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center and locate activated charcoal, egg whites, or milk in case the medical advisor recommends administering one of them. If advice from a physician is not readily available and the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give the victim a glass of activated charcoal slurry in water or, if this is not available, a glass of milk, or beaten egg whites and IMMEDIATELY transport victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, assure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Phenols and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Do not use emetics. Cover skin burns with dry, sterile dressings after decontamination ... . Maintain body temperature. /Phenols and related compounds/|/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Administer 1% solution methylene blue if patient is symptomatic with severe hypoxia, cyanosis, and cardiac compromise not responding to oxygen. DIRECT PHYSICIAN ORDER ONLY ... Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam. ... Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Phenols and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ SYMPTOMATOLOGY: Burning pain in mouth and throat. White necrotic lesions in mouth, esophagus and stomach. Abdominal pain, vomiting ... and bloody diarrhea. Pallor, sweating, weakness, headache, dizziness, tinnitus. Shock: Weak irregular pulse, hypotension, shallow respirations, cyanosis, pallor, and a profound fall in body temperature. Possibly fleeting excitement and confusion, followed by unconsciousness. ... Stentorous breathing, mucous rales, rhonchi, frothing at nose and mouth and other signs of pulmonary edema are sometimes seen. Characteristic odor of phenol on the breath. Scanty, dark-colored ... urine ... moderately severe renal insufficiency may appear. Methemoglobinemia, Heinz body hemolytic anemia and hyperbilirubinemia have been reported. ... Death from respiratory, circulatory or cardiac failure. If spilled on skin, pain is followed promptly by numbness. The skin becomes blanched, and a dry opaque eschar forms over the burn. When the eschar sloughs off, a brown stain remains. /Phenol/|/EPIDEMIOLOGY STUDIES/ Several epidemiological studies have been published concerning human cancer outcomes following occupational exposure to chlorophenols, phenoxy herbicides (made from or contaminated with chlorophenols) and chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (microcontaminants found in some chlorophenols and phenoxy herbicides). Most of these studies (case-control and cohort studies) have been described and reviewed in several publications by IARC (1979, 1986, 1987). Equivocal relationships between chlorophenols and cases of soft tissue sarcoma, malignant lymphoma (Hodgkins disease and non-Hodgkins lymphoma), nasal and nasopharyngeal cancer and lung cancer have been reported. IARC concluded that there is a limited evidence of carcinogenicity from occupational exposure to chlorophenols ... /Chlorophenols/|/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Nineteen isomeric chlorophenols were tested for their toxicity to HeLa cells. Cytotoxicity (median inhibitory concentration IC50) varied between 0.37 and 900 mg/L and generally increased in proportion to the number of chlorine substituents and the partition coefficient. Ortho chlorination decreased toxicity, whereas meta chlorination had the opposite effect. A good correlation was found between HeLa cell toxicity and data on the bacterial toxicity of the substances.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The toxicity of chlorophenols tends to increase as chlorination is increased. /Chlorophenols/

2,3-dichlorophenol

Phenol, 2,3-dichloro-: INACTIVE|T - indicates a substance that is the subject of a final TSCA section 4 test rule.

ANALYTICAL METHOD DESCRIBED FOR CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHIC DETERMINATION OF 2,3-DICHLOROPHENOL IN SURFACE WATER.|A gas-liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the identification of 32 substituted phenols. This method involves a simple and reproducible derivation step which forms stable phenol pentafluorobenzyl ethers for which the electron capture detector is highly sensitive. /Substituted phenols/|Separation of free chlorophenol isomers on non-polar and polar quartz capillary columns was studied. /Chlorophenol isomers/|A new gas chromatographic method, using a nitrogen phosphorus detector to selectively analyze chlorinated phenolic compounds, is described and its usefulness evaluated. Results indicate that the ethers have good gas chromatographic properties and can be detected with high sensitivity by the nitrogen-phosphorus detector. /Chlorinated phenols/|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for 2,3-DICHLOROPHENOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

A method of determining 2,3-dichlorophenol and 3,4-dichlorophenol, the urinary metabolites of o-dichlorobenzene, using gas chromatography was developed and tested using spiked control urine specimens. Mean recoveries from spiked controls were 98.3% to 101.9% for 2,3-dichlorophenol and 100.6% to 105.4% for 3,4-dichlorophenol.|Gas chromatographic determination of phenolic compounds in urine of industrially exposed workers was performed by GC on glass column containing 60/80 mesh Tenax GC using flame ionization detectors. The detection limits in urine range from 0.1 mg/L urine for phenol to 1 mg/l for the di & trichlorophenols. /Phenolic cmpd/|Chlorinated phenols in urine are isolated by sorption onto small column of macroreticular resin. The phenols were eluted from column with 2-propanol in hexane; soln concentrated & the phenols were separated & analyzed by GC. /Chlorinated phenols/|A method is described for the confirmation of chlorophenols in hydrolyzed urine (human) using gas chromatography & liq chromatography with electrochemical detection. /Chlorinated phenols/|A method for the detection & confirmation of trace amounts of chlorophenol residues in environmental & biological samples by quadrupole mass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring is described. Use of selected ion monitoring eliminates background interference which allows identification of chlorophenol residues in human urine. Phenol concentrations as low as 1.0 pmol/mL urine gave peaks that were discernible by selected ion monitoring. /Chlorinated phenols/