Ziram

305.81300

303.91700

205-288-3

73D8UA974J

0348

2771|3077

DTXSID0021464

Crystals from hot chloroform + alcohol|White when pure|Colorless powder|Crystalline white solid

2930200090

121.26000

2.05830

Ziram is an odorless white powder. (NTP, 1992)

1.7 g/cm³

246 °C

93ºC

H2O: 0.0065 g/100 mL

APPROX 4ºC

7.5X10-9 mm Hg @ 0 deg C

Odorless when pure

THRESHOLD CONCN OF TASTE FOR ZINC SALTS /IN WATER/ APPROX 15 PPM ... 40 PPM ... /IMPARTS/ A METALLIC TASTE. /ZINC SALTS/|Ionization Potential: 7.72 electron volts

Thio and dithiocarbamates slowly decompose in aqueous solution to form carbon disulfide and methylamine or other amines. Such decompositions are accelerated by acids. Insoluble in water.

Thiocarbamate Esters and Salts/Dithiocarbamate Esters and Salts

ZIRAM is a dithiocarbamate. Flammable gases are generated by the combination of thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates with aldehydes, nitrides, and hydrides. Thiocarbamates and dithiocarbamates are incompatible with acids, peroxides, and acid halides. ZIRAM is corrosive to iron and copper. It is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents and acids. It is also incompatible with mercury. (NTP, 1992)

Dust explosion possible if in powder or granular form, mixed with air.

NONCORROSIVE EXCEPT TO IRON & COPPER

I; II; III

6.1

UN 2811

3

R22; R26; R37; R41; R48/22; R50/53

S22-S26-S28-S36/37/39-S45-S60-S61

ZH0525000

T+; N

Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Separated from acids and food and feedstuffs. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Well closed.

Biological activity of Mezene remains practically unvaried for 2 yr under environmental conditions, provided stored as directed.

P260-P273-P280-P284-P305 + P351 + P338-P310

H302-H317-H318-H330-H335-H373-H410

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.|Chemical Treatability of Ziram; Concentration Process: biological treatment; Chemical Classification: pesticide; Scale of Study: respirometer study; Type of Wastewater Used: unknown; Results of Study: slightly degraded.

... Incompatable with compounds containing iron, copper, mercury, TEPP, lime, & calcium arsenate.|Decomposed in acidic media, & by uv irradiation.

Ziram is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.

USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Zinc (1980) EPA 400/5-80-079|USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Zinc (1987) EPA 400/5-87-003|DHHS/NTP; Carcinogenesis Bioassay of Ziram in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Study) Technical Report Series No. 238 (1983) NIH Publication No. 83-1794

This chemical is combustible. This compound may form explosive dust-air mixtures. (NTP, 1992)|Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Finely dispersed particles form explosive mixtures in air.

|Danger|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P314, P320, P321, P330, P333+P313, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|H302 (91.56%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|Aggregated GHS information provided by 450 companies from 13 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P273, P280, P284, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P314, P320, P321, P330, P332+P313, P333+P313, P362, P363, P391, P403+P233, P405, and P501|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P284, P301+P312, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P308+P313, P309+P311, P310, P312, P314, P320, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Warning|H400: Very toxic to aquatic life [Warning Hazardous to the aquatic environment, acute hazard]|P273, P391, and P501|H301: Toxic if swallowed [Danger Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P272, P280, P281, P284, P301+P310, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P309+P311, P310, P312, P314, P320, P321, P330, P333+P313, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501

Fires involving this material can be controlled with a dry chemical, carbon dioxide or Halon extinguisher. A water spray may also be used. (NTP, 1992)|Use water spray, foam, powder, carbon dioxide.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 151 [Substances - Toxic (Non-combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

SMALL SPILLS AND LEAKAGE: If you spill this chemical, dampen the solid spill material with 5% ammonium hydroxide, then transfer the dampened material to a suitable container. Use absorbent paper dampened with 5% ammonium hydroxide to pick up any remaining material. Your contaminated clothing and the absorbent paper should be sealed in a vapor-tight plastic bag for eventual disposal. Wash all contaminated surfaces with 5% ammonium hydroxide followed by washing with a soap and water solution. Do not reenter the contaminated area until the Safety Officer (or other responsible person) has verified that the area has been properly cleaned. STORAGE PRECAUTIONS: You should store this chemical under ambient conditions, and keep it away from all oxidizing materials. (NTP, 1992)

RECOMMENDED RESPIRATOR: Where the neat test chemical is weighed and diluted, wear a NIOSH-approved half face respirator equipped with a combination filter cartridge, i.e. organic vapor/acid gas/HEPA (specific for organic vapors, HCl, acid gas, SO2 and a high efficiency particulate filter). (NTP, 1992)

CAN FORM FLAMMABLE DUST.

SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

... VERY IRRITATING TO CONJUNCTIVA & UPPER AIRWAY MUCOUS MEMBRANES. IT CAN CAUSE EXTREME PAIN IN EYES, /&/ SKIN IRRITATION ... .|Severe irritant to eyes, nose, & throat.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. If appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Store in an area without drain or sewer access. Separated from acids and food and feedstuffs. Keep in a well-ventilated room. Well closed.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed.

The substance is severely irritating to the eyes. The substance is irritating to the skin and respiratory tract.

Repeated or prolonged contact may cause skin sensitization. Tumours have been detected in experimental animals but may not be relevant to humans.

NO open flames. Closed system, dust explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Prevent deposition of dust.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST! AVOID ALL CONTACT! AVOID EXPOSURE OF ADOLESCENTS AND CHILDREN!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves. Protective clothing.

Wear safety goggles or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

P205; An acute hazardous waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202) 426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

P205; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when ziram, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to federal and/or state hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any container or inner liner used to hold this waste or any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5(e)).

RURAL/REMOTE: Air samples collected in March of 1994 from Butte County, CA showed a maximum ziram concentration of 2.3 ug/cu m during 4.5 hrs of monitoring(1).

Ziram and thiram are wildlife repellents and therefore can be used as agents for agricultural pesticides. Thus, addition of 2% ziram to granular 3% bendiocarb reduced by 50% the mortality caused by the latter to birds in a wildlife park.|Administration of ziram with nitrite in aqueous soln by stomach tube to rats led to the formation of detectable amounts of N-nitrosodimethylamine in the stomach contents after 15 min.|LIKE MOST DITHIOCARBAMATES, ZIRAM INDUCES ACCUM OF ACETALDEHYDE IN BLOOD OF RATS RECEIVING ETHANOL AT SAME TIME. ADMIN OF ZIRAM WITH NITRITE IN AQ SOLN TO RATS BY STOMACH TUBE LED TO FORMATION OF DETECTABLE AMT OF N-NITROSO-DIMETHYLAMINE IN STOMACH CONTENTS 15 MIN LATER.|Female SPF Wistar rats were given /ziram/ by gavage /at/ 16 umol/kg ... . After 90 minutes, 2 gm/kg ethanol was injected ip. Blood was collected at intervals to 4 hr after ethanol administration and analyzed for ethanol concentration. ... Compared to control values, blood ethanol concentration after 4 hr was increased about 70% by 16 umol/kg ... ziram... .|For more Interactions (Complete) data for ZIRAM (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

LD50 Rat percutaneous >6000 mg/kg|LD50 Mice ip 17 mg/kg|LD50 Rat oral 320 mg/kg|LD50 Guinea pig oral 100-150 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for ZIRAM (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Incubation of Mytilus galloprovincialis /mussels/ with 0.5 mg/l /ziram/... for 1-3 days /halved/ ...muscle lactate dehydrogenase ...activity.

Groups of 50 F344/N rats of each sex received diets containing 300 or 600 ppm of commercial grade ziram /89% pure, with 6.5% thiram/ for 103 weeks; and groups of 50 rats of each sex served as untreated controls. C Cell carcinomas of the thyroid in male rats occurred with a statistically significant positive trend (p<0.01) and the incidence in the high dose group was significantly higher (p<0.05) than that in the controls (control, 0/50, 0%; low dose, 2/49, 4%; high dose, 7/49, 14%) and higher than that previously observed in control male rats at the same laboratory (18/584, 3%; range 0-8%). The combined incidence of males with either C cell adenoma or carcinoma also showed a statistically significant (p<0.05) positive trend (control, 4/50, 8%; low dose, 9/49, 18%; high dose, 12/49, 24%). There were no significant histopathologic changes noted in the follicular cells. ... There was a significant decr in the incidence of mammary fibroadenomas in high dose female rats (control, 16/50, 32%; low dose, 17/50, 34%; high dose, 8/50, 16%). Under the conditions of these studies, ziram was carcinogenic for male F344/N rats, causing increased incidences of C-cell carcinomas of the thyroid gland. Ziram was not carcinogenic for ... female F344/ N rats.|Groups of 49 or 50 B6C3F1 mice of each sex received diets containing 600 or 1,200 ppm ziram /89% pure, with 6.5% thiram/; and groups of ... 50 mice of each sex served as untreated controls. ... Survival of male and female mice was not adversely affected by ziram in feed. ... Mice probably could not have tolerated higher doses. ...The incidence of alveolar/ bronchiolar adenomas was significantly (p <0.05) increased in female mice (control, 2/50, 4%; low dose, 5/49, 10%; high dose, 10/50, 20%). The combined incidence of alveolar/ bronchiolar adenomas or carcinomas in female mice showed a statistically significant (p <0.05) positive trend. The incidence in the high dose group was significantly (p <0.05) higher than that in the controls (control, 4/50, 8%; low dose, 6/49, 12%; high dose, 11/50, 22%). Pulmonary adenomatous hyperplasia consistent with chronic Sendai virus infection (confirmed by serologic analyses performed on untreated animals from the same animal shipment and present in the same room) was observed in control and dosed male mice (control, 15/49, 31%; low dose, 19/50, 38% high dose, 16/49, 3%,) as well as in control and dosed female mice (control, 18/50, 36%; low-dose, 27/49, 55%; high dose 26/50, 52%). Six of the 26 high dose females with the adenomatous hyperplasia had pulmonary tumors, whereas 4 of the 24 high dose females without pulmonary adenomatous hyperplasia also had pulmonary tumors. Only 1 of 27 low dose females with adenomatous hyperplasia had a pulmonary tumor. Significant dose related decreased incidences of liver carcinomas in male mice (control, 13/49, 27%; low dose, 8/50, 16%; high dose, 1/49, 2%) and of liver adenomas in female mice (control, 7/50, 14%; low dose, 2/50, 4%; high dose, 0/50, 0%) were observed. Under the conditions of these studies, ziram was not carcinogenic for ... male B6C3F1 mice. Increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenomas and of combined alveolar bronchiolar adenomas or carcinomas occurred in female B6C3F1 mice. However, the interpretation of this incr in lung tumors is complicated by an intercurrent Sendai virus infection.

Ziram is not known to occur as a natural product.

Ziram's production and use as a rubber accelerator(1) and biocide in water treatment, paper sizing, and adhesives(2) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams; it's use as an agricultural fungicide(1) will result in its direct release to the environment(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: According to a classification scheme(1), Rf (retardation factor) values ranging from 0.33 to 0.62(2), indicate that ziram is expected to have slight to moderate mobility in soil(2). Volatilization of ziram from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.2X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 7.5X10-9 mm Hg(3), and water solubility, 65 mg/l(4). Ziram is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(3). Under acidic conditions, dimethyldithiocarbamates readily decompose to form carbon disulfide and dimethylamine(2). Biodegradation in soil environments may occur as the compound ionizes to form dimethyldithiocarbamate ions that biodegrade in soil(2); a %CO2 evolution of 68-79 after 49 days has been reported(1). However, ziram possesses antibacterial properties, particularly for gram positive organisms, which would hinder biodegradation under many situations(5).|AQUATIC FATE: According to a classification scheme(1), Rf (retardation factor) values ranging from 0.33 to 0.62(5), indicate that ziram is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment. Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 6.2X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), derived from its vapor pressure, 7.5X10-9 mm Hg(4), and water solubility, 65 mg/l(5). This compound is expected to exist in the dissociated form in the environment and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. According to a classification scheme(6), a BCF range of 5-90(1), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC). Ziram undergos hydrolysis in the environment with hydrolysis half-lives in water of 2 to 18 days(1). Under acidic conditions, dimethyldithiocarbamates readily decompose to form carbon disulfide and dimethylamine(2). Biodegradation in aquatic environments may occur as the compound ionizes to form dimethyldithiocarbamate ions that biodegrade in soil(2); a %CO2 evolution of 68-79 after 49 days has been reported(1). However, ziram possesses antibacterial properties, particularly for gram positive organisms, which would hinder biodegradation under many situations(7).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), ziram, which has a vapor pressure of 7.5X10-9 mm Hg at 0 °C(2), is expected to exist solely in the particulate phase in the ambient atmosphere. Particulate-phase ziram may be removed from the air by wet and dry deposition(SRC). Ziram is decomposed by acids and UV radiation, but is otherwise stable(4).

IN STUDIES WITH ... ZINC DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATES, VOLATILE PRODUCTS WERE FORMED FROM RESIDUES ON HIGHER PLANTS. SIGNIFICANT AMT OF CARBON DISULFIDE WERE RELEASED. THIS REACTION COULD OCCUR ON LEAF SURFACES WHERE THE APPROX PH= 5.7 IS PROBABLY DUE IN PART TO DISSOLVED CARBON DIOXIDE. THE OTHER PRODUCT OF ACIDIC DECOMP, TRIMETHYLAMMONIUM BICARBONATE, WOULD BE UNSTABLE. THIS WOULD DECOMP TO TRIMETHYLAMINE. ONLY SMALL AMT OF TRIMETHYLAMINE WERE OBSERVED. NO METHYLISOTHIOCYANATE OR HYDROGEN SULFIDE WAS DETECTED.|Ziram undergos hydrolysis in the environment with hydrolysis half-lives in water of 2 to 18 days(1) and 121 hr at pH 7.0(2) reported. Ziram is decomposed by acids and UV radiation, but is otherwise stable(4). Under acidic conditions, dimethyldithiocarbamates readily decompose to form carbon disulfide and dimethylamine(3). It is likely that ziram also complexes with cupric ions in soil as the fungicide readily forms a copper complex in the presence of copper sulfate(3).

A BCF range of 5-90 has been reported for ziram(1). According to a classification scheme(2), this BCF range suggests bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low to moderate(SRC).

Using soil thin layer chromatography experiments, an Rf range of 0.33-0.62, retardation factors defined as the distance moved by a pesticide in relation to the water front, was measured for ziram. According to a classification scheme(2), this Rf value range indicates that ziram is expected to have slight to moderate mobility in suspended solids and sediment. However, the compound was immobile in other experiments using a black clay and a red sandy loam soil(1).

The Henry's Law constant for ziram is estimated as 6.2X10-10 atm-cu m/mole(SRC) derived from its vapor pressure, 7.5X10-9 mm Hg(1), and water solubility, 65 mg/l(2). This estimated Henry's Law constant indicates that ziram is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(3). This compound is expected to exist in the dissociated form in the environment and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. Ziram is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon its vapor pressure(1).

GROUNDWATER: Ziram was not detected in 319 California wells sampled from 1984 to 1989(1).

No ziram residues were reported in tested composite samples of cherries, peaches, and strawberries delivered to farmer's wholesale markets in Leamington and Toronto, Ontario, Canada(1). Ziram was detected in an unspecified number of the 6,325 food samples that tested positive for pesticides (out of a total 27,065 samples) analyzed in 10 state food laboratories in the US during 1988 and 1989(2). Results for ziram reported in the 1989 California Dept of Food and Agriculture analysis of pesticide residues in food crops were as follows (crop, no. samples, no. samples with no residue detection): almond, 63, 61; nectarine, 5, 5; peach, 19, 18(3). Levels detected did not exceed (unspecified) tolerance(3).

Exposure can occur during its production, its use in the rubber industry, and its application as a fungicude, and, at much lower levels, from consumption of foods containing residues.|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 34,594 workers (5,542 of these are female) are potentially exposed to ziram in the US(1). The NOES Survey does not include farm workers. Occupational exposure to ziram may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where ziram is produced or used(SRC). Concns of dithiocarbamate fungicides in the workroom air of a pesticide residue laboratory were below the provisional threshold level value of 5 mg/cu m(2). Concn ranges in the field were 15 to 2,300 ng/cu m after application of ziram to an almond orchard in Butte Co., CA, applied at 6.7 kg/ha. Three days after application, measurable residues in air samples (minimum detection limit approx 14 ng/cu m) were detected within 18 m of the treated fields(4).

Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of fungi in agricultural applications, on wood, plastics, or other materials, in swimming pools, etc. (See all compounds classified as Fungicides, Industrial.)

ORAL DOSES POORLY ABSORBED IN ABSENCE OF OILS. MAY BE ABSORBED THROUGH INTACT SKIN.|Water soluble metabolites were found in the blood, kidneys, liver, ovaries, spleen, and thyroid of female rats 24 hr after oral administration of radiolabelled ziram; unchanged ziram was excreted in the feces.|In short term static bioaccumulation experiments... zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate (ziram).../was/ rapidly disseminated through the tissues. Whole body accumulation was low, with bioconcentration factors <100. Whole body elimination was rapid with 45%...of the initial radioactivity ...being retained by the end of the 16 day depuration period. Pigmented tissues appeared to be major distribution sites as well. This may be related to the affinity of /this compound/ and/or /its/ degradation products to melanin or to complexation with phenoloxidase, a copper containing enzyme involved in melanin synthesis. Autoradiography also revealed a high labelling of thyroid follicles. The results show that dithiocarbamates are selectively localized in various tissues, reported to be the target organs for their toxic actions.|The fact that the ip toxicity is substantially greater suggests that absorption of an oral dose is relatively slow &/or incomplete.|Rats that had received ziram at a dietary level of 2500 ppm for 2 yrs had a concn of about 4 ppm of the compound in the liver. Thus an animal that received about 30 mg/day for 2 yrs had at most only 0.03 mg of the substance in its liver. On the contrary, the concn of zinc stored in bone increased in an almost linear fashion corresponding to the logarithm of the concn of ziram in the diet, the means increasing from 180-300 ppm of zinc in bone ash in animals maintained for 2 yrs on diets containing 0 & 2500 ppm of ziram, respectively. Thus, ziram is not stored but the zinc metabolized from it is stored to a slight degree.

PRESENCE OF WATER SOL METABOLITES INDICATES GENERATION OF DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE ION IN STOMACH AFTER INGESTION OF ZIRAM ... .|Following oral admin of [35]S ziram, rats eliminated a portion in the feces (largely in chloroform-soluble form) but by far the majority was excreted in the urine as water-soluble metabolites. After 24 hrs only small concns, mainly in water-soluble form, remained in the tissues. In addn to ziram, five chloroform-soluble metabolites & five water-soluble metabolites were distinguished by paper chromatography. In the feces, 57% of the chloroform-soluble activity was unchanged ziram. The five chloroform-soluble metabolites were found in the gastric contents, among other locations, suggesting but certainly not proving that part of the breakdown of ziram occurs before absorption.|In studies of ziram in rats, ... production of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid, dimethylamine, and carbon disulfide /was confirmed, as well as/ ... two compounds that lacked zinc but contained four methyl groups...|Water-soluble metabolites were found in the blood, kidneys, liver, ovaries, spleen and thyroid of female rats 24 hrs after oral administration of radiolabelled ziram; unchanged ziram was excreted in the feces.|The major metabolite in plants is dimethylamine salt of dimethyldithiocarbamic acid; tetramethylthiourea, carbon disulfide, and sulfur can also be formed. Dimethyldithiocarbamic acid can be present as DDC-alpha-aminobutyric acid & DDC-alpha-alanine.

Fungitoxicity is apparently due to chelation of iron (2+) necessary for action of aconitase.|Previously published results demonstrated that ziram has antifertility action in laying hens. The correlation between this action and inhibition of dopamine beta-hydroxylase suggests that the antifertility effects of ziram might result from its antiadrenergic action.|Ziram was reported to inhibit epoxide hydrolase and glutathione S-transferase in rat liver both in vivo and in vitro.|The mechanism of action of ziram induced mutagenicity was investigated by in vitro bacterial reversion assays and an in vivo mouse micronucleus test. ... Ziram exhibited a mutagenic profile in bacterial strains that were deficient in the DNA excision repair system. These strains included Salmonella typhimurium (TA1535) and (TA100), and Escherichia coli WP2 uvrA. The bacterial assay results also indicated that uvr strains with adenine/thymine or guanine/cytosine base pairs at target sites were similarly sensitive to the mutagenic effect of ziram. Ziram was ineffective in the bone marrow micronucleus assay. It was concluded that ziram is directly mutagenic in bacteria.|For more Mechanism of Action (Complete) data for ZIRAM (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

In Japan ... technical grade ... /contains/ less than 0.5% water, 0.4-0.5% sodium chloride & 1.0-1.1% other impurities (mostly zinc methyldithiocarbamate).

SYMPTOMS: Symptoms of exposure to this compound include irritation of the skin, nose, throat and eyes. It may also cause gastritis, reduced hemoglobin and vegetodystonia. Other symptoms include brain edema and hemorrhage. In vivo, it may be corrosive to the eyes and cause hemolysis, dystrophy of the muscle, liver and kidney damage, emphysema, local necrosis of the intestine, neural and visual disturbances, irritation of the skin and mucous membranes and dermatitis. It can also cause headache, tightness of the chest and irritation of the respiratory tract. ACUTE/CHRONIC HAZARDS: This compound is a skin and mucous membrane irritant. It may be absorbed through intact skin. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. (NTP, 1992)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. Be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital if advised by a physician. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. OTHER: Since this chemical is a known or suspected carcinogen you should contact a physician for advice regarding the possible long term health effects and potential recommendation for medical monitoring. Recommendations from the physician will depend upon the specific compound, its chemical, physical and toxicity properties, the exposure level, length of exposure, and the route of exposure. (NTP, 1992)

Fresh air, rest. Refer for medical attention.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Dithiocarbamates and Related Compounds/|For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Dithiocarbamates and Related Compounds/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in severe respiratory distress patient. Hyperventilate if signs of cerebral edema are present. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Treat seizures with diazepam ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Dithiocarbamates and Related Compounds/|Treatment of poisoning by ziram is symptomatic.|Skin decontamination. Skin contamination should be washed off with soap and water. Flush contamination from the eyes with copious amounts of water. If dermal or eye irritation persists, specialized medical treatment should be obtained. ...|For more Antidote and Emergency Treatment (Complete) data for ZIRAM (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Ingestion of 0.5 liter of a solution of ziram of unknown concentration was fatal within a few hours; nonspecific pathology was observed. A case of contact dermatitis has also been reported.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Possible inhibition of cholinesterase & changes in the bioelectric activity of the muscles during voluntary motion were reported in studies of workers.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ The critical effects of ziram are sensitization and cross-sensitization with other thiurams.|/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Use experience with ziram has been good with certain exceptions in the USSR. ... Injury /in work place/ consisted of irritation of the skin, nose, throat, & eyes; gastritis; reduced hemoglobin; & vegetodystonia. Similar difficulties were described in several collective-farm workers who used a 70% formulation of ziram to treat seed. Several women had to be hospitalized for 2-4 days; they were considered recovered in 25 days. Some other workers lost as much as 3 days of work. The method of treating the seed was not stated. On the contrary, apparently less severe irritation of the skin & upper respiratory tract was encountered in a factory where the concn of ziram in the air ranged from 0.77-3.7 mg/cu m.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for ZIRAM (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Cuman L

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its aerosol and by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat. Abdominal pain. Nausea. Vomiting.

Redness. Pain.

Redness. Pain.

USE AS A FUNGICIDE, 1.82X10+7 G (1978)|Lbs active ingredient applied: (1992) apples, 2,142,321; apricots, 23,403; blueberries, 11,911; cherries, 10,515; nectarines, 37,851; peaches, 200,517; pears, 130,971; pecans, 158,289; strawberries, 885.

USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code 034805; Trade Names: Fuklasin, Zerlate, Milam, Vancide MZ-96, Vancide, pomarsolz, ENT-988, Vancide 51Z dispersion, component of (with 051705).|ZIRAM IS AVAILABLE IN THE USA AS DUSTS CONTAINING 3.5 TO 76% OF CHEMICAL, AS WP CONTAINING 30-96% OF THE CHEMICAL, AS AQ SUSPENSIONS CONTAINING 30-40% OF THE CHEMICAL & AS A 0.1% PASTE. IN JAPAN ... ZIRAM IS AVAILABLE AS A TECHNICAL GRADE CONTAINING 98% OF THE CHEMICAL ... .|Powder & oil-coated powder forms.|Flowable liquid|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for ZIRAM (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Plastic material and resin manufacturing|Zinc, bis(N,N-dimethylcarbamodithioato-.kappa.S,.kappa.S')-, (T-4)-: ACTIVE|The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard identifies Ziram (technical grade) as Class III: slightly hazardous; Main Use: fungicide.|USEFULNESS OF ZIRAM AS FUNGICIDE WAS FIRST OBSERVED IN 1944. IT IS REGISTERED IN USA FOR USE ON 24 FRUIT & VEGETABLE CROPS & ON SEVERAL COMMERCIAL & HOUSEHOLD ORNAMENTAL FLOWERS.|Incompatible with compounds containing iron, copper, mercury, TEPP, lime, or calcium arsenate

GC has been used to determine ziram residues in food samples.|HPLC was used to determine dithiocarbamate fungicides /including ziram/ in food.|Catalytic thermometric titration was used to determine dithiocarbamate residues. The dithiocarbamates can be determined in the range of 0.5-20 mmol with relative errors of approx 5%. The recoveries of zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate fungicide residues on apples were 97%.|TLC has been described in which the presence of ziram was shown by spraying with a sodium azide-iodine reagent or with cupric chloride hydroxylamine.|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for ZIRAM (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Agrochemicals -> Fungicides, Repellants

Ziram has known environmental transformation products that include thiram.