Name | Alendronate sodium |
CAS number | 121268-17-5 |
Description | Alendronate sodium, identified by the Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 121268-17-5, is a synthetic bisphosphonate compound that serves as a first-line therapy for osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases. |
Structural formula |  |
Molecular Formula | C4H13NO7P2.3H2O.Na |
Molecular Weight | 326.13 g/mol |
Appearance | White powder |
Quality Standard | 99% |
Storage Condition | Cool dry place( away from the light) |
Shelf Life | >2 years if stored properly |
Sample package | Aluminium foil bag |
Commercial package | Aluminium Tin, Fiber drum |
Origin | China |
Alendronate sodium More Info
Alendronate sodium, identified by the Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number 121268-17-5, is a synthetic bisphosphonate compound that serves as a first-line therapy for osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases. Its molecular formula is C₄H₁₂NNaO₇P₂·3H₂O, with a molecular weight of approximately 379.15 grams per mole for the trihydrate form, which is the most common crystalline form used in pharmaceutical formulations. The IUPAC name for this compound is sodium (4-amino-1-hydroxy-1-phosphonobutyl)phosphonate trihydrate, reflecting a structure characterized by a central carbon bearing a hydroxyl group and a bisphosphonate moiety with an aminoalkyl side chain that confers high affinity for bone mineral. In its physical form, alendronate sodium appears as a white to off-white crystalline powder that is freely soluble in water and practically insoluble in organic solvents. It is marketed under several brand names, most notably Fosamax, and has become one of the most extensively prescribed medications for skeletal disorders since its approval by the United States Food and Drug Administration in 1995.
The pharmacological mechanism of alendronate sodium is fundamentally rooted in its high affinity for hydroxyapatite crystals, the primary mineral component of bone matrix. Following oral administration, less than one percent of the ingested dose reaches the systemic circulation, and approximately half of that fraction is rapidly taken up by the skeleton. The drug preferentially binds to areas of active bone remodeling and is released from the bone surface only when the mineralized matrix undergoes resorption by osteoclasts. Once internalized by osteoclasts, alendronate inhibits farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase, an enzyme in the mevalonate pathway responsible for the biosynthesis of isoprenoid lipids required for the prenylation of small GTPase signaling proteins. This inhibition disrupts osteoclast function and ultimately induces apoptosis, thereby reducing bone resorption and shifting the balance toward net bone formation and increased bone mineral density.
The clinical applications of alendronate sodium encompass a range of skeletal conditions characterized by excessive bone resorption. Its primary indication is for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women, a condition associated with a markedly increased risk of fragility fractures at the spine, hip, and wrist. In pivotal clinical trials, alendronate demonstrated substantial efficacy, reducing the risk of vertebral fractures by approximately fifty percent and hip fractures by approximately fifty percent over three years of treatment. Beyond postmenopausal osteoporosis, the drug is also indicated for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in patients receiving chronic corticosteroid therapy, for osteoporosis in men, and for the treatment of Paget's disease of bone. The oral bioavailability is extremely low, less than one percent under optimal fasting conditions, and is significantly reduced by food and substances that complex with the bisphosphonate. Patients must take the medication upon arising with a full glass of water, at least thirty minutes before any food or other medications, and remain upright for at least thirty minutes after dosing to prevent esophageal irritation.
The safety and adverse effect profile of alendronate sodium includes common gastrointestinal effects and rare but serious complications that require clinical vigilance. The most frequently reported adverse events involve the upper gastrointestinal tract, including esophagitis, esophageal ulcers, and dysphagia, which can be minimized by strict adherence to dosing instructions. Among the more serious adverse events associated with long-term bisphosphonate use are osteonecrosis of the jaw, occurring predominantly in patients receiving high-dose intravenous bisphosphonates for malignancy, and atypical femoral fractures, characterized by subtrochanteric fractures occurring with minimal trauma. Once absorbed, alendronate undergoes no metabolism and is either deposited in bone or eliminated unchanged by the kidneys, with a terminal half-life in bone estimated to be greater than ten years. This prolonged skeletal retention underlies both the sustained therapeutic effect after treatment discontinuation and the extended duration of potential adverse effects. The trihydrate crystalline form provides optimal stability, and pharmaceutical formulations are typically protected from moisture and excessive heat to maintain product integrity throughout the shelf life.
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