Sodium dithionite

174.1071

173.903

231-890-0

2K5B8F6ES1

1717

1384

DTXSID9029697

White or grayish-white crystalline powder|Light-lemon-colored solid in powder or flake form|White, colorless or yellow-white crystals

28311010

118.68

0.391

White to grayish-white granular powder

2.19

166-168 °C

1390°C

>100°C o.c.

H2O: 250 g/L (20 °C)

Materials to avoid: strong oxidizing agents, acids.

LD50 orally in Rabbit: 2500 mg/kg

Closed containers may rupture violently when heated.

Faint sulfurous

Strong reducing agent; also available in liquid form|Decomposes violently when heated to 190 °C and emits toxic fumes of SOx and Na2O.

Sodium dithionite is a combustible solid which slowly decomposes when in contact with water or water vapor, forming thiosulfates and bisulfites. This reaction evolves heat, which can further accelerate the reaction or cause surrounding materials to burn. If the mixture is confined, the decomposition reaction can result in pressurization of the container which may then rupture forcefully. Upon standing in air it slowly oxidizes, generating toxic sulfur dioxide gas. (NFPA, 2010)

Anhydrides

Strong Reducing Agent

Sodium dithionite is a combustible solid which slowly decomposes when in contact with water or water vapor, forming thiosulfates and bisulfites. This reaction evolves heat, which can further accelerate the reaction or cause surrounding materials to burn. If the mixture is confined, the decomposition reaction can result in pressurization of the container which may then rupture forcefully. Upon standing in air it slowly oxidizes, generating toxic sulfur dioxide gas. (NFPA, 2010)

about 190 °C

II

4.2

UN 1384 4.2/PG 2

1

R22; R31; R7

S26-S28-S43-S7/8-S43E-S28A

Xn;

Dry. Well closed. Separated from strong oxidants and acids. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

Stable, but air sensitive. Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents, water, moisture.

P301 + P312 + P330-P407-P413-P420

H251-H302

Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. Observe all federal, state, and local environmental regulations. Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.|SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Use of scoop contaminated with sodium dithionite for sodium chlorite caused ignition of latter. Material containing sulfur (dithionite, natural rubber gloves) cause decomp of sodium chlorite and contact should be avoided.|Reacts on exposure to moist air to form toxic and corrosive fumes with generation of heat and risk of combustion. The substance is a strong reducing agent and reacts violently with oxidants. Upon contact with dry air the substance passes into a mixt of sodium bisulfate and sodium bisulfite. Reacts with acids to form sulfur oxides. /Dihydrate/|Reacts with oxidizing agents, acidic materials, moisture. Exposure to moisture either from humid air or from small amounts of water can result in spontaneous chemical reactions which may generate sufficient heat to initiate thermal decomposition. Heat above 50 °C can also initiate thermal decomposition.

European Commission, ESIS; IUCLID Dataset, Sodium dithionite (7775-14-6) (April 2006) contains information on use, toxicology, and environmental effects of this chemical as supplied to the European Union by industry.[Available from, as of November 10, 2009: http://esis.jrc.ec.europa.eu/]|OECD; SIDS Initial Assessment Reports for Sodium Dithionite (CAS No.: 7775-14-6) for SIAM 19 (October 2004)is part of a series of OECD SIDS documents published by UNEP Chemicals to facilitate the access to information needed for health and environmental risk assessments of chemicals.[Available from, as of October 19, 2009: http://www.inchem.org/documents/sids/sids/7775146.pdf]

Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]: Flammable/combustible material. May ignite on contact with moist air or moisture. May burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. (ERG, 2016)|Combustible. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire.|Reactive - 2nd degree

|Danger|H251: Self-heating; may catch fire [Danger Self-heating substances and mixtures]|P235+P410, P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P330, P407, P413, P420, and P501|H251 (100%): Self-heating; may catch fire [Danger Self-heating substances and mixtures]|P235+P410, P264, P270, P280, P301+P312, P305+P351+P338, P330, P337+P313, P407, P413, P420, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 525 companies from 8 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P235+P410, P264, P280, P302+P352, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P407, P413, and P420

Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1384 datasheet. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]: Fully encapsulating, vapor-protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. SMALL SPILL: EXCEPTION: For spills of Xanthates, UN3342 and for Dithionite (Hydrosulfite/Hydrosulphite), UN1384, UN1923 and UN1929, dissolve in 5 parts water and collect for proper disposal. CAUTION: UN3342 when flooded with water will continue to evolve flammable Carbon disulfide/Carbon disulphide vapors. Cover with DRY earth, DRY sand or other non-combustible material followed with plastic sheet to minimize spreading or contact with rain. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect material and place it into loosely covered plastic containers for later disposal. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection. (ERG, 2016)|Respiratory protection: Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a dust mask type N95 (US) or type P1 (EN 143) respirator. Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).|Hand protection: The selected protective gloves have to satisfy the specifications of EU Directive 89/686/EEC and the standard EN 374 derived from it. Handle with gloves.|Eye protection: Safety glasses with side-shields conforming to EN166.|Skin and body protection: Choose body protection according to the amount and concentration of the dangerous substance at the work place.|Wear full protective clothing and positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus.

Combustible solid. Easily oxidized. Heats spontaneously in contact with moisture and air, and may ignite surrounding combustible materials. Closed containers may rupture violently when heated.|Flammable when exposed to heat or flame. Ignites on contact with water or sodium chorite.

Combustible solid but not explosive.|Closed containers may rupture violently when heated.

Special protective equipment for fire-fighters: Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.|Use only flooding quantities of water. Monitor temperature of containers exposed to fire for at least 48 hours to verify decomposition has not begun in the sealed container.

Keep water away from release. Prompt cleanup and removal are necessary. Control runoff and isolate discharged material for proper disposal.|Personal precautions: Wear respiratory protection. Avoid dust formation. Avoid breathing dust. Ensure adequate ventilation.|Methods for cleaning up: Pick up and arrange disposal without creating dust. Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.|SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.

If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Do not use water. Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Keep material dry. /Sodium dithionite/|Hygiene measures: Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice. Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.|In case of skin contact: wash off with soap and plenty of water. Consult a physician.|In case of eye contact: rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.

If ... THERE IS NO FIRE, go directly to the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances /(see table below)/ ... to obtain initial isolation and protective action distances. IF THERE IS A FIRE, or IF A FIRE IS INVOLVED, go directly to the appropriate guide /(see guide(s) below)/ and use the evacuation information shown under PUBLIC SAFETY. /Sodium hydrosulfite (when spilled in water)/|Table of Water-Reactive Materials Which Produce Toxic Gases|/GUIDE 135: SUBSTANCES - SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE/ Fire or Explosion: Flammable/combustible material. May ignite on contact with moist air or moisture. May burn rapidly with flare-burning effect. Some react vigorously or explosively on contact with water. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May re-ignite after fire is extinguished. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated.|/GUIDE 135: SUBSTANCES - SPONTANEOUSLY COMBUSTIBLE/ Health: Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Inhalation of decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution.|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for Sodium hydrosulfite (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Usual shipping containers: glass bottle inside wooden box. Specially constructed drums.|No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Irritating to skin, eyes, and respiratory system.

Personal protection: particulate filter respirator adapted to the airborne concentration of the substance. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. Sweep spilled substance into covered containers. Carefully collect remainder. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations. Do NOT absorb in saw-dust or other combustible absorbents.

Dry. Well closed. Separated from strong oxidants and acids. Store in an area without drain or sewer access.

A harmful concentration of airborne particles can be reached quickly when dispersed, especially if powdered.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract.

NO open flames. NO contact with combustible substances or water.

PREVENT DISPERSION OF DUST!

Use local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

| 2 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause temporary incapacitation or residual injury.| 1 - Materials that must be preheated before ignition can occur. Materials require considerable preheating, under all ambient temperature conditions, before ignition and combustion can occur.| 2 - Materials that readily undergo violent chemical changes at elevated temperatures and pressures.|W - No water: Materials that react violently or explosively with water.

Human Health: Sodium dithionite is not stable under physiological conditions, with the rate of decomposition increasing with increasing acidity. Upon contact with moisture, it is oxidized to hydrogen sulfite, sulfite and hydrogen sulfate, and under strongly acidic conditions it may liberate sulfur dioxide. Under anaerobic conditions (such as in the lower gastrointestinal tract), hydrogen sulfite and thiosulfate may be formed. Hydrogen sulfite can be absorbed after ingestion. It is efficiently metabolized, and the major part rapidly excreted as sulfate into the urine. The acute oral LD50 of sodium dithionite in rats was about 2500 mg/kg bw, with atony, gastro-intestinal irritation, diarrhea and dyspnea as the main clinical and pathological signs at doses near to or exceeding the LD50. There were no acute dermal and no valid acute inhalation studies available. Sodium dithionite was slightly irritating to the skin, and strongly irritating to the eyes of rabbits. Under acidic conditions, sodium dithionite may liberate sulfur dioxide, which is known to induce respiratory irritation in humans. There was no animal data available regarding sensitization. In humans, allergic dermatitis from exposure to sulfites is rare and, consequently, sodium dithionite is not considered to possess a significant skin sensitization potential. Although there were no specific reports with regard to sodium dithionite available, the potential for allergoid reactions ("sulfite-asthma") should be assumed in sensitive individuals following oral or inhalation exposure. Sodium dithionite was not tested for its toxicity after repeated dosing. Due to its rapid degradation under in vivo conditions, the toxicity data on its decomposition products were used for the evaluation of this endpoint. The conversion products, including sulfite, hydrogen sulfite, sulfate and thiosulfate, are considered as substances of very low order systemic toxicity. It should be noted that sulfites, in general, reduce the thiamine content in food. For disodium disulfite, oral NOAELs (30 and 104 weeks) of 942 mg/kg bw/day and 217 mg/kg bw/day were obtained for systemic toxicity and local gastrointestinal toxicity in rats, respectively. These results appear to be sufficiently representative also for the assessment of sodium dithionite. Repeated dose studies in animals using the dermal or respiratory routes were not available. Sodium dithionite was not mutagenic in standard bacterial tests with and without metabolic activation (OECD TG 471, 472). No experimental data was available on the potential of sodium dithionite to induce chromosomal aberrations in vitro. An increase in the frequency of micronuclei in bone marrow cells of mice was found after intraperitoneal injection of high doses (2 x 500 or 2 x 750 mg/kg bw) of a mixture of sodium hydrogen sulfite and sodium sulfite, the degradation products of sodium dithionite under physiological conditions. No experimental data were available on the carcinogenic potential of sodium dithionite. In 1992, IARC concluded that degradation products of dithionite, i.e. sulfur dioxide, sulfites, hydrogen sulfites and metabisulfites "are not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity to humans (Group 3)". Sodium dithionite has not been tested for its effects on reproduction and development. Based on its physicochemical behavior and its rapid conversion in the body, it is not expected that the intact molecule reaches the reproductive organs, or has any direct effect on reproduction and development. Data relating to the degradation products of sodium dithionite do also not indicate any adverse effects. At high dietary doses, which can cause maternal malnutrition and destruction of thiamine, fetal growth retardation was however observed. In a rat dietary study with sodium sulfite (similar to OECD TG 414), the NOAEL for developmental toxicity was at 5 % (about 1450 mg/kg bw/day; highest tested dose). At this dose clear signs of maternal toxicity were observed (LOAEL, maternal toxicity: 5 % in diet = about 1450 mg/kg bw/day). The NOAEL for maternal toxicity was at 2.5 % in feed (about 850 mg/kg bw/day). Environment: From acute toxicity test to fish (Leuciscus idus), 96-hr LC50 was 62.3 mg/L. For algae (Scenedesmus subspicatus), 72-hr ErC50 was 206 mg/L and 72-hr NOErC was 62.5 mg/L (corresponding values for biomass are 135 and 62.5 mg/L respectively; nominal concentration). For Daphnia magna, the acute toxicity value of 48-hr EC50 was 98.3 mg/L, and the chronic value of 21-day NOEC was > 10 mg/L. Due to oxygen concentrations < 1 mg/L at test start in high test concentrations in the fish and acute daphnia test, it cannot be excluded that the effect values found in these studies are at least partly caused by oxygen deficiency. A PNEC of 0.1 mg/L for the aquatic organisms was calculated from the chronic value (NOEC for daphnia > 10 mg/L) using an assessment factor of 100.

Sodium hyposulfite at a concentration of 1 x 10-5 M decreased the number of chromosome fragments produced by cobalt 60 gamma rays in Tradescantia paludosa (clone B2-2) root tip by 46%. Concentrations of 1 x 10-4 or 1 x 10-3 M were no more effective, and the 1 x 10-3 M concentration was toxic to the root tips.

LD50 Rat oral approx 2500 mg/kg bw|LD50 Mouse ip 900 mg/kg bw

/AQUATIC SPECIES/ A test following Directive 79/831/EEC, C2, with Daphnia magna with 10 nominal concentrations, plus a control ranging from 0.976 - 500 mg/L, resulted in an EC50 (48 hr, immobilization) of 98.3 mg/L. As oxygen values in the 250 mg/L and 500 mg/L test solutions were below 1 mg/L at the beginning of the test, it cannot be excluded that the toxicity was in part due to oxygen deficiency effects.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ In a study with Leuciscus idus, following the German Industrial Standard DIN 38 412, Part 15, six concentrations from 21.5 - 147 mg/L (nominal), plus a control and pH adjusted 147 mg/L and 500 mg/L group, were tested. An LC50 (96 hr) of 63.2 mg/L (nominal) was calculated. All fish in the pH adjusted 147 mg/L and 500 mg/L concentration groups died within one hour. Less than 1 mg/L oxygen was measured in those test solutions at test start. In a pre-test in which the fish were placed into the aquaria 1 hr after preparation of the test solution the initial oxygen consumption was compensated by the continuous aeration and the concentration of 100 mg/L did not cause any mortality or symptoms. Therefore, the toxic effect may be, in part, due to oxygen deficiency.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ Acute toxicity to Scenedesmus subspicatus was determined in a study, following the German Industrial Standard DIN 38 412 Part 9, with 7 nominal concentrations ranging from 7.81 -500 mg/L, plus a control. The ErC50 (72 hr) for growth rate was 206 mg/L (nominal concentration) and the NOEC 62.5 mg/L (nominal concentration); corresponding values for the endpoint biomass were 135 mg/L and 62.5 mg/L respectively.|/AQUATIC SPECIES/ The following chronic toxicity test with aquatic organisms is available: Water flea (Daphnia magna): NOEC (21 d) > 10 mg/L. Three concentrations (1, 5, and 10 mg/L) were tested.

The hydrolysis products of aqueous sodium dithionite solutions can be trapped as sodium 1-hydroxyalkane-sulfinates and 1-hydroxyalkanesulfonates by addition of aldehydes or ketones(1).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 76,179 workers (26,281 of these were female) were potentially exposed to sodium dithionite in the US(1).

Sodium thiosulfate is used in humans to lessen some of the side effects of cisplatin (a cancer medicine). It is also used in the emergency treatment of cyanide poisoning. Sodium thiosulfate is assumed to be intrinsically non-toxic.|Sulfites such as sodium pyrosulfite and sodium dithionite, applied topically to the skin of cement workers, appear to be effective in prevention of dermatitis. 9 previously proven chrome sensitive individuals were patch tested with aqueous potassium dichromate 0.5 % mixed with sodium dithionite in the proportion of 3 g/L. Not one patient developed a positive reaction to the chromate mixed with sodium dithionite, though all reacted to 0.5 % chromate in water without sodium dithionite.

Probable oral lethal dose (human) 0.5-5 g/kg bw.|3. 3= MODERATELY TOXIC: PROBABLE ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) 0.5-5 G/KG, BETWEEN 1 OZ & 1 PINT (OR 1 LB) FOR 70 KG PERSON (150 LB). /SULFITES/

Sodium dithionite is not stable under physiological conditions, with the rate of decomposition increasing with increasing acidity. Upon contact with moisture, it is oxidized to hydrogen sulfite, sulfite and hydrogen sulfate, and under strongly acidic conditions it may liberate sulfur dioxide. Under anaerobic conditions (such as in the lower gastrointestinal tract), hydrogen sulfite and thiosulfate may be formed. Hydrogen sulfite can be absorbed after ingestion. It is efficiently metabolized, and the major part rapidly excreted as sulfate into the urine.|As sodium dithionite is chemically unstable in the presence of water and oxygen, in particular under acidic conditions, rapid conversion of sodium dithionite into various related sulfite species is expected to occur under physiological conditions. Therefore, it is justified to take account of toxicological data of sodium sulfite, sodium hydrogen sulfite, and disodium disulfite (= sodium metabisulfite) in the human health assessment of dithionite ... In this context, sodium sulfite and sodium hydrogen sulfite are considered to be the predominant chemicals that are systemically available to the body.

> 88% pure w/w. Impurities: Disodium disulfite (1-5% w/w); Sodium sulfite (1-5% w/w); Sodium thiosulfate (0-2% w/w)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]: Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Inhalation of decomposition products may cause severe injury or death. Contact with substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Runoff from fire control may cause pollution. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 135 [Substances - Spontaneously Combustible]: Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Keep victim calm and warm. (ERG, 2016)

Fresh air, rest. Seek medical attention if you feel unwell.

Remove contaminated clothes. Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

Rinse with plenty of water (remove contact lenses if easily possible). Refer for medical attention.

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Sulfur and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Sulfur and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasms ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Sulfur and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Probable oral lethal dose (human) 0.5-5 g/kg bw. Because of rapid oxidation to sulfates, sulfites are well tolerated until large dises are reached; then violent colic and diarrhea, circulatory disturbances, central nervous depression, and death are described.|/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ May cause respiratory tract irritation ... May cause skin irritation. May cause eye irritation.|/CASE REPORTS/ ... A female dry cleaner is reported to have developed hand dermatitis presumably due to regular preparation of sodium sulfite solutions. Patch testing gave a positive response on application of a 0.5% and 1% solution of sodium dithionite.|/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Incubation of normal human erythrocytes with sodium dithionite resulted in the formation of Heinz bodies. Addition of superoxide dismutase to the incubation medium incr the formation of Heinz bodies by sodium dithionite.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ Under acidic conditions, sodium dithionite may liberate sulfur dioxide (SO2). Sulfur dioxide is known to induce respiratory irritation and in disposed humans also bronchospasms. The hypersensitivity reaction is also known as "sulfite-asthma" and linked to SO2 exposure or the use of SO2 or bisulfite as antioxidants in foodstuffs. About 10 % of asthmatic humans are reportedly sulfite- or SO2-sensitive.

Dithionite

The substance can be absorbed into the body by ingestion.

Cough. Sore throat.

Redness. Pain.

70% as a reducing agent in vat dyeing; 15% as a bleaching agent for pulp; 15% in misc bleaching, reducing, and dyestripping applications (1972)|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Sodium Hydrosulfite. End-use pattern for sodium hydrosulfite in 1985.|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Sodium Hydrosulfite. End-use pattern for sodium hydrosulfite in 1988.|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Sodium Hydrosulfite. End-use pattern for sodium hydrosulfite in 1991.|For more Consumption Patterns (Complete) data for Sodium hydrosulfite (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Commercial sodium dithionite generally has a purity of about 88%. It contains about 3% of each of the following: sodium disulfite, sodium sulfite, sodium sulfate, and sodium carbonate. The latter stabilizes the Na2S2O4. The total heavy metal content is generally < 20 ppm. The product from the zinc-dust process has a zinc content of up to 300 ppm.|Grades: technical; reagent. /Dihydrate/|Blankit|Burmol|For more Formulations/Preparations (Complete) data for Sodium hydrosulfite (17 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing|Dithionous acid, sodium salt (1:2): ACTIVE|Sold commercially as both the dry solid and as an aqueous solution... U.S. demand for merchant sodium dithionite (solids basis) was estimated at 104,000 short tons in 2002, projected 110,000 tons by 2006. Net imports were 9000 short tons in 2002 ... it was estimated in 1992 that 13,000 tons/year is produced at U.S. pulp mills using the Borol process from sulfur dioxide and sodium borohydride. Growth is estimated at 2-3%/year. The list price in mid-2003 was approximately $0.76/lb.|The name sodium hydrosulfite is applied also to NaHSO2, mol wt 88.06... still more confusion results when "sodium hyposulfite" is applied to this compd (Na2S2O4)...|According to the Swiss Product Register (2002), there are 113 products marketed containing sodium dithionite. Among them are 21 consumer products with concentrations of up to 100%. Product types are unspecified additives; adhesive, lute, priming material; cleaning/ washing agents and additives; water treatment; photographic chemicals; galvanic additive; spot remover.|During industrial use as reductive substance, sodium dithionite is oxidized to sulfate, going to wastewater/hydrosphere.|CHEMICAL PROFILE: Sodium Hydrosulfite. The largest market for sodium hydrosulfite is in the pulp and paper sector for wood pulp bleaching, or more specifically, bleaching of mechanical pulps which are used for newsprint paper. North American newsprint demand, however, peaked 17 years ago and is still declining. ... On the positive side, sodium hydrosulfite has a secure, cost-advantage position as a medium brightening agent for mechanical pulps and recycled fibers, competing against hydrogen peroxide in these applications. Like newsprint, coated papers have been on the decline as well in recent years. In 2005, North American production of coated paper was down 3 percent for the year. Sodium hydrosulfite is used to bleach kaolin clay, which makes up most of the mineral content of clay coatings. Textiles, hydrosulfite's second-largest market sector at 24 percent, has been moving offshore for the past 25 years. But the remaining textiles industry did well in 2005, holding on to its share despite the flood of imports from China and other countries.

MATRIX: AIR; RANGE: 0.1-10 MG/CU M; PROCEDURE: PARTICULATE SULFATES & SULFITES COLLECTED ON FILTER; SO2 ON TREATED FILTER; ANALYSIS BY ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY. /SULFITES/

Fire Hazards -> Reactive - 2nd degree|Cosmetics -> Reducing; Viscosity controlling