Vitamin B12,CAS 68-19-9

Vitamin B12 is a water soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood.Target: OthersVitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin with a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins. It is normally involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body, especially affecting DNA synthesis and regulation, but also fatty acid synthe
Vitamin B refers to several water soluble vitamins often found together in foods, all of which are necessary for normal growth and metabolism, but none of which are synthesized in adequate amounts by humans. The common forms of vitamin B include vitamin B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine) and B12 (cyanocobalamin). Except for niacin (when given in high doses), there is no evidence that the other B vitamins, in physiologic or even super-physiologic high doses cause liver injury or jaundice. The major forms of vitamin B and selected other water soluble vitamins (biotin, pantothenic acid, choline) are discussed briefly in this record.|A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.

Vitamin B12 Use and Manufacturing
Methods of Manufacturing
Isoln from mammalian liver: E.L. Rickes et al, Science 107, 396 (1948); from cultures of Streptomyces griseus: eidem, ibid 108, 634 (1948); E.L. Rickes, T. R. Wood, US pat 2,563,794 (1951 to Merck & Co)|BERNHAUER ET AL, US PATENT 3,120,509 (1962 TO HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE).|Purification from sewage sludge: Van Melle, US patent 3,057,851 (1962 to Armour)|Total synthesis: R.B. Woodward, Pure Appl Chem 33, 145 (1973)|Secondary metabolic product /of/ Propionibacterium species, Streptomyces species, large scale submerged culture
Uses
1) Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause anemia and nervous system disorders. It is commonly used in infant foods and fortified drinks.
2) As a nutritional fortifier in animal feed, it exhibits anti-anemia effects for pernicious anemia, nutritional anemia, anemia caused by parasites, and other forms of anemia.
3) It is primarily used for the treatment of megaloblastic anemia, malnutrition, anemia due to blood loss, neuralgia, and obstructive disorders.
4) Vitamin B12 is essential for the body's metabolism. The average total amount of vitamin B12 in the human body is 2-5mg, with 50-90% stored in the liver. The body releases it into the bloodstream for the production of red blood cells. Chronic B12 deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia. B12, along with folic acid, plays a crucial role in cell nucleic acid synthesis, participating in the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, nucleic acids, and methionine. It also facilitates methyltransferase to promote base synthesis and increases sugar metabolism, aiding in liver fat elimination. It is often used as a therapeutic agent for liver diseases. The daily recommended intake of vitamin B12 for humans is 1 microgram, and an average diet provides around 2 micrograms to meet the normal requirements. Hydroxocobalamin in Vitamin B12 reacts with cyanide to form Vitamin B12, thereby counteracting cyanide toxicity. Consequently, individuals with vitamin B12 deficiency have a higher sensitivity to cyanide than the average person. Vitamin B12 is primarily used for the treatment of pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, anemia caused by antifolate drugs, and multiple neuritis.
5) A coenzyme for synthesis of nucleic acids and metabolism carbohydrates.