Cosmetic Grade L-Glutathione Oxidized Glutathione Reduced L Glutathione Powder

1.  Description

 Chemical properties: Glutathione and Oxidized belong to tripeptide dimer compounds, with a molecular structure of two "glutamic acid cysteine glycine" tripeptide units connected by disulfide bonds formed by the oxidation of cysteine residues. The molecular formula is C ₂ ₀ H ∝₂ N ₆ O ₁₂ S ₂, with a molecular weight of 612.63. The disulfide bond of the core functional group endows it with oxidation state characteristics, stable chemical properties, and is not easily further oxidized. It can be reverse converted to reduced glutathione under the action of glutathione reductase and coenzyme NADPH, achieving the redox cycle.
          Physical properties: Glutathione, Oxidized is a white to off white crystalline powder at room temperature, odorless, slightly salty in taste, easily soluble in water (solubility of about 100g/L at 20 ℃), dilute hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide solutions, slightly soluble in ethanol, insoluble in non-polar solvents such as ether, acetone, chloroform, etc. Water solutions are most stable within the pH range of 6.0-7.5, and may undergo hydrolysis when exposed to strong acids, bases, or high temperatures (exceeding 100 ℃). They should be stored in a dark, sealed, and dry (relative humidity ≤ 60%) environment.
          Source and Preparation: Glutathione and Oxidized are naturally widely present in animal and plant tissues (such as liver, yeast, plant seeds) and microbial cells, and are natural products of cellular metabolism. There are two main processes used in industrial production: one is enzymatic oxidation method, which uses reduced glutathione as raw material and generates it through catalytic oxidation by glutathione oxidase. The product has high purity (≥ 98%) and intact biological activity; The second method is chemical oxidation, which uses hydrogen peroxide isothermal and oxidizing agents to oxidize reduced glutathione, which is obtained through crystallization and purification and suitable for large-scale production.

2.  Application

      In the field of medicine, Glutathione and Oxidized are supplements and regulators of reduced glutathione, used as adjunctive therapies for various diseases. In liver diseases such as drug-induced liver injury and alcoholic hepatitis, glutathione reserves in the body can be supplemented to enhance the detoxification ability of liver cells; In the treatment of heavy metal poisoning (such as lead and mercury poisoning), promoting the glutathione redox cycle accelerates the chelation and excretion of heavy metal ions; It is also used to prepare immunomodulators and improve the oxidative stress state of the body.
     Research field: Glutathione and Oxidized are key reagents used in biochemical research for cell biology, molecular biology, and pharmacology experiments. The main applications include: detecting the total amount and redox ratio (GSSG/GSH) of glutathione in biological samples (blood, tissue, cells), and evaluating cellular oxidative stress levels; Constructing an oxidative stress cell model to study the mechanisms of cell apoptosis and signaling pathway regulation; As a standard for measuring glutathione related enzyme activity, it provides data support for the study of disease pathological mechanisms.

     In the field of cosmetics, Glutathione and Oxidized are added as antioxidant synergistic ingredients to anti-aging and repair skincare products. When used in combination with reduced glutathione, a stable redox system can be formed, enhancing the skin's ability to clear reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reducing lipid peroxidation damage caused by ultraviolet radiation and environmental pollution; At the same time, it can regulate the balance of redox in skin cells, promote the renewal of the stratum corneum, improve skin dullness, roughness, and fine lines, and adapt to various skin types such as sensitive skin and mature skin.

3. Main Efficacy

 Regulation effect of redox homeostasis: Glutathione and Oxidized act as "reservoirs" and "regulators" of the glutathione redox cycle. When intracellular reactive oxygen species surge, reduced glutathione is oxidized to oxidized glutathione, avoiding excessive oxidative damage to cells; When oxidative stress is reduced, oxidized glutathione is converted to reduced glutathione by glutathione reductase, maintaining a suitable redox potential within the cell (usually -200~-300mV), ensuring the normal operation of cellular metabolic enzyme activity and signaling pathways.
         Cellular protection and detoxification enhancing effects: Glutathione and oxidized are converted into reduced glutathione in the body, and then combined with exogenous toxins (such as drug metabolism intermediates and environmental pollutants) and endogenous toxic substances (such as lipid peroxides) through thiol groups to form water-soluble complexes, which are excreted from the body through the kidneys; At the same time, it can protect the thiol groups of biomolecules such as proteins and DNA in cells from oxidation, maintain the integrity of cell membranes, and reduce the risk of damage to liver cells, nerve cells, and other cells.
          Regulation of signaling pathways and immune synergistic effects: Glutathione and changes in the ratio of oxidized glutathione to reduced glutathione in oxidized cells are important signaling molecules that can regulate inflammation related signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF - κ B) and activator protein-1 (AP-1), and suppress excessive inflammatory responses; At the same time, it can enhance the activity of immune cells (such as lymphocytes and macrophages), promote the secretion of cytokines (such as IL-2 and TNF - α), and improve the body's immune response to infections and tumors.