1-Propanol

60.095

60.0575

200-746-9

96F264O9SV

0553

30300

1274

DTXSID2021739

Colorless liquid.

D08AX03|C - Cardiovascular system|D - Dermatologicals

2905121000

20.23

0.3887

colourless liquid

0.8

-127ºC

97ºC

15ºC

1.384-1.386

soluble

Store at RT.

10 mm Hg ( 147 °C)

2.1 (vs air)

Similar to ethanol|Odor perception threshold: <0.07-100 mg/cu-m; odor recognition threshold: 0.32-150 mg/cu m

CHARACTERISTIC RIPE, FRUITY FLAVOR|Taste detection: 7.50X10+3 ppm, purity of sample not specified|Burning taste

5.53e-12 cm3/molecule*sec

7.41e-06 atm-m3/mole|Henry's Law constant = 7.41X10-6 atm-cu m/mol @ 25 °C

pKa = 16.10

Heat of fusion: 20.66 cal/g; Heat of solution: (est) -9 BTU/lb= -5 cal/g= -0.2X10+5 J/kg; Reid Vapor Pressure: 0.87 psia|Liquid heat capacity= 0.566 BTU/lb-F @ 70 °F; Ideal gas heat capacity= 0.345 BTU/lb-F @ 75 °C|Forms binary azeotropes with acetal, benzene, biacetyl,1-bromobutane, 2-bromobutane, n-butyl chloride, butyl formate, carbon tetrachloride, chlorobenzene, 1-chlorobutane, 2-chlorobutane, 1-chloro-3-methylbutane, 1-chloro-2-methylpropane, diethoxymethane, dioxane, di-n-propyl ether, ethyl propionate, ethyl sulfide, ethylene chloride, fluorobenzene, n-hexane, 1-iodobutane, 2-iodobutane, 1-iodo-2-methylpropane, isobutyl formate, isobutyronitrile, methyl acrylate, 3-methyl-2-butanol, methyl butyrate, methyl isobutyrate, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, alpha-pinene, propyl acetate, n-propyl bromide, propyl formate, toluene, water|Forms ternary azeotropes with water, acetaldehyde dipropylacetal; water, benzene; water, carbon tetrachloride; water, 1,3-cyclohexadiene; water, cyclohexane; water, cyclohexene; water, dipropoxymethane; water, ethoxypropoxymethane; water, 3-iodopropene; water, nitromethane; water, 3-pentanone; water, propyl acetate; water, propyl chloroacetate; water, propyl ether; water, propyl formate; water, trichloroethylene|For more Other Experimental Properties (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Highly flammable. Water soluble.

Alcohols and Polyols

Highly Flammable

N-PROPANOL reacts with alkali metal, nitrides and strong reducing agents to give flammable and/or toxic gases. Reacts with oxoacids and carboxylic acids to form esters plus water. Converted by oxidizing agents to propanal or propionic acid. May initiate the polymerization of isocyanates and epoxides. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents (NIOSH, 2016).

1-Propanol|D*: Other compounds that may form peroxides|3 samples had 1->100 ppm, age 1-27 yr|Management of time-sensitive chemicals (JCHAS)

700 °F (USCG, 1999)|775 °F, 412 °C|371 °C

2021.3 kJ/mol @ 25 °C

10.15 eV

Lower flammable limit: 2.2% by volume; Upper flammable limit: 13.7% by volume|Class IB Flammable Liquid: Fl.P. below 73°F and BP at or above 100°F.

The vapour mixes well with air, explosive mixtures are easily formed.

Propyl alcohol will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings.

47.45 kJ/mol @ 25 °C

Critical temp: 263.7 °C; critical pressure: 51 atm

II

3

1

R11; R41; R67

UH8225000

F

Stable. May form peroxides in contact with air. Incompatible with alkali metals, alkaline earths, aluminium, oxidizing agents, nitro compounds. Highly flammable. Vapour/air mixtures explosive.

S16-S24-S26-S39-S7

SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.|1. By absorbing it in vermiculite, dry sand, earth or a similar material and disposing in an ... /approved/ sanitary landfill. 2. By atomizing in a suitable combustion chamber.|The following wastewater treatment technologies have been investigated for n-propanol: Biological treatment.|Incineration: Waste liquid can be atomized in an incinerator or can be disposed of by way of a licensed solvent disposal company or can be reclaimed.

Ignition occurs when potassium tert-butoxide reacts with ... n-propanol ...|Contact with strong oxidizers may cause fires and explosions.|Strong oxidizers.|The vapor mixes well with air; explosive mixtures are easily formed. Reacts with strong oxidants (perchlorates, nitrates).|Contact of 1.5 g portions of the solid butoxide /potassium tert-butoxide/ with drops of the liquid (l) or with the vapors (v) of the reagents below caused ignition ... .

Propyl alcohol is a food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human consumption as a synthetic flavoring substance and adjuvant in accordance with the following conditions: a) they are used in the minimum quantity required to produce their intended effect, and otherwise in accordance with all the principles of good manufacturing practice, and 2) they consist of one or more of the following, used alone or in combination with flavoring substances and adjuvants generally recognized as safe in food, prior-sanctioned for such use, or regulated by an appropriate section in this part.|Propyl alcohol is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.|Normal propyl alcohol may be safely used in feeds and feed supplements for cattle as a source of metabolizable energy. It is incorporated in the fed or feed supplement in an amount which provides not more than 54.5 g of the additive per head per day.

UN 1274

P210; P261; P280; P305 + P351 + P338

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a (P) may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. (ERG, 2016)|Highly flammable. Gives off irritating or toxic fumes (or gases) in a fire. Vapour/air mixtures are explosive.|Flammable - 3rd degree

|Danger|H225: Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]|P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P280, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501|H225 (100%): Highly Flammable liquid and vapor [Danger Flammable liquids]|P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P312, P330, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 3949 companies from 43 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|P201, P202, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P271, P280, P281, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P312, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501|P201, P202, P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P271, P280, P281, P301+P310, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P312, P321, P331, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P370+P378, P403+P233, P403+P235, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. LARGE SPILL: Consider initial downwind evacuation for at least 300 meters (1000 feet). FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 129 [Flammable Liquids (Water-Miscible / Noxious)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor-suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. Use clean, non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. LARGE SPILL: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor, but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. (ERG, 2016)

Skin: Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact. Eyes: Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. Wash skin: The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. Remove: Work clothing that becomes wet should be immediately removed due to its flammability hazard(i.e. for liquids with flash point Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the work shift. (NIOSH, 2016)|Employees should be provided with & required to use impervious clothing ... & other appropriate clothing necessary to prevent repeated or prolonged skin contact with liquid propyl alcohol. ... Employees should be provided with & required to use splash proof safety goggles where liquid propyl alcohol may contact the eyes.|Wear rubber gloves, face shield, overalls ... .|Breakthrough times greater than one hour reported by (normally) two or more testers for neoprene and nitrile rubber. Some data (usually from immersion tests) suggesting breakthrough times greater than one hour are not likely for natural rubber. No data for butyl rubber, neoprene /styrene-butadiene rubber, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, polyurethane, polyvinyl alcohol and viton. Some data suggesting breakthrough times of approximated an hour or more for polyvinyl chloride (PVC).|Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|(See protection codes)

Dangerous upon exposure to heat or flame; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials.|Ignites on contact with potassium-tert-butoxide.

LOWER 2.1%, UPPER 13.5%|Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame.|Explosive limits , vol% in air: 2.1-13.5

To fight fire use alcohol foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical.|/During/ fire fighting self-contained breathing apparatus with full facepiece operated in pressure demand or other positive pressure mode /should be worn./

Flash back along vapor trail may occur.

Absorb on paper. Evaporate on a glass or iron dish in hood. Burn the paper.|Countermeasures recommended for treating spills: activated charcoal, biological treatment agent, gelling agent, absorbing agent, dispersing agent.

Adequate ventilation ... /is/ necessary.|Clothing wet with liquid propyl alcohol should be placed in closed containers for storage until it can be discarded or until provision is made for removal of propyl alcohol from the clothing. If ... laundered or otherwise cleaned to remove the propyl alcohol, the person performing the operation should be informed of propyl alcohol's hazardous properties. Any clothing which becomes wet with liq ... should be removed immediately & not reworn until propyl alcohol is removed from the clothing.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.|SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.|For more Preventive Measures (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water.|/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Health: May cause toxic effects if inhaled or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with material may irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution.|/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering.|/GUIDE 129: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS (POLAR/WATER-MISCIBLE/NOXIOUS)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Structural firefighters' protective clothing will only provide limited protection.|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

EXPOSURE TO 400 PPM FOR 3 T0 5 MIN PRODUCED MILD IRRITATION OF EYES, NOSE, AND THROAT.|High concn ... can cause CNS depression & are irritating to the eyes, throat, & mucous membranes. Contact to the skin of the liquid can cause mild chemical burns.

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 200 ppm (500 mg/cu m).|Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 200 ppm (500 mg/cu m); STEL 250 ppm (625 mg/cu m) is still enforced in some states.

Recommended Exposure Limit: 10 Hr Time-Weighted Avg: 200 ppm (500 mg/cu m).|Recommended Exposure Limit: 15 Min Short-Term Exposure Limit: 250 ppm (625 mg/cu m) [skin].

Ventilation. Remove all ignition sources. Collect leaking and spilled liquid in sealable containers as far as possible. Absorb remaining liquid in sand or inert absorbent. Then store and dispose of according to local regulations.

Fireproof. Separated from strong oxidants. Cool. Well closed. Keep in a well-ventilated room.

A harmful contamination of the air will be reached rather slowly on evaporation of this substance at 20 °C; on spraying or dispersing, however, much faster.

The substance is irritating to the eyes. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. Exposure at high levels could cause unconsciousness.

The substance defats the skin, which may cause dryness or cracking.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. NO contact with oxidizing agents. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting. Do NOT use compressed air for filling, discharging, or handling.

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Protective gloves.

Wear safety goggles.

This action promulgates standards of performance for equipment leaks of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) in the Synthetic Organic Chemical Manufacturing Industry (SOCMI). The intended effect of these standards is to require all newly constructed, modified, and reconstructed SOCMI process units to use the best demonstrated system of continuous emission reduction for equipment leaks of VOC, considering costs, non air quality health and environmental impact and energy requirements. n-Propyl alcohol is produced, as an intermediate or a final product, by process units covered under this subpart.

| 1 - Materials that, under emergency conditions, can cause significant irritation.| 3 - Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions. Materials produce hazardous atmospheres with air under almost all ambient temperatures or, though unaffected by ambient temperatures, are readily ignited under almost all conditions.| 0 - Materials that in themselves are normally stable, even under fire conditions.

n-Propanol was found in 4 of 6 leachate samples from Minnesota landfills with a range of concns from 76-37,000 ug/l(1). n-Propanol was also found in groundwater suspected of leachate contamination (based on levels of inorganics) at a concn of 55 ug/l (2 of 13 samples), but not detected in ground water where inorganics levels indicated good or unknown water quality(1). The concn of n-propanol in municipal landfill leachates (compiled from 13 sources) was 11 mg/l(2). n-Propanol was identified in the volatile emissions from kitchen waste, kitchen waste exudate, and garden waste(3).

URBAN/SUBURBAN: In 11 samples of air from a city in the United States in 1982, the avg concn of n-propanol was 0.00005 mg/cu-m(1).

N-PROPANOL INHIBITED N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE METABOLISM IN ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT LIVER.|IN VITRO ... WITH RAT LIVER SLICES BIOTRANSFORMATION OF CHLORAL HYDRATE TO TRICHLOROETHANOL WAS FOUND TO BE ENHANCED MORE EFFECTIVELY BY N-PROPANOL AND N-BUTANOL THAN BY ETHANOL ...|ADDING 1 G/L OF PROPAN-1-OL, PROPAN-2-OL, BUTAN-1-OL, BUTAN-2-OL, ISOBUTANOL TO 40% ETHANOL IN ORANGE JUICE LOWERED AND DELAYED BLOOD ETHANOL MAX IN 10 20-30 YR-OLD MEN WHO DRANK 3.75 ML/KG OF SYNTHETIC BEVERAGE.|CUTANEOUS REACTIONS TO N-PROPANOL WERE EVALUATED IN A CONTROL GROUP & IN PATIENTS BEFORE & DURING RECEIPT OF DISULFIRAM THERAPY. LOCAL CUTANEOUS ERYTHEMA WAS OBSERVED FROM PATCH TESTS WITH N-PROPANOL IN HYDRATED SKIN. SINCE REACTIONS NOTED FROM TOPICALLY APPLIED ALCOHOLS BEFORE & DURING DISULFIRAM THERAPY WERE NOT STATISTICALLY DIFFERENT, A LOCALIZED DISULFIRAM-ALCOHOL REACTION IS UNLIKELY. ERYTHEMA RESULTING FROM TOPICALLY APPLIED ALCOHOLS OCCURRED IN A DOSE RELATED MANNER & WAS CAUSED BY A DIRECT VASODILATORY EFFECT ON THE CUTANEOUS MICROVASCULATURE.

LD50 Rabbit oral 2.8 g/kg|LD50 Rat oral 1.87 g/kg|LD50 Rat ip 2164 mg/kg|LD50 Rat iv 590 mg/kg|For more Non-Human Toxicity Values (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Persons with pre-existing skin disorders may be more susceptible to the effects of this agent. ... In persons with impaired pulmonary function, especially those with obstructive airway diseases, the breathing of propyl alcohol might cause exacerbation of symptoms due to its irritant properties.

Natural sources are expected to release significant amounts of n-propanol(1). n-Propanol occurs in nature as a result of emissions from animal wastes, microbes (by metabolism processes), volcanos, insect venom, and fusel oils(1-4). Other potential sources of atmospheric n-propanol are photochemical reactions of hydrocarbons, combustion (eg, forest fires), and oceans(1-4).

n-Propanol's production and use as a solvent, chemical intermediate, a ruminant feed supplement, and a flavor and fragrance in foods(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). At landfill sites, n-propanol has been identified in the air and leachates(2). Emission of n-propanol via waste gases and wastewater occurs in industry, and diffuse airborn emissions occur during the use of the compound(2). For example, emissions may occur from diesel exhaust, plastics combustion, printing, sewage treatment, whiskey production, and wood pulping(3); also, from wastewater in the manufacture of inks, nail polishes, polymers, degreasers, vegetable oils, and brake fluids; and from consumer products including lacquers, cosmetics, cleaners, polishes, and pharmaceuticals(4).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), a Koc value of 33(SRC) determined from a log Kow of 0.25(2), and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-propanol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of n-propanol from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 7.41X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). The potential for volatilization of n-propanol from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 21 mm Hg(5). n-Propanol is readily degraded in aerobic systems(6-9); the range of half-lives for aerobic degradation using a sewage sludge inoculum are <1 day to 11 days(SRC). n-Propanol has also been shown to be readily degraded under anaerobic conditions(9).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 33(SRC), determined from an measured log Kow of 0.25(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that n-propanol is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 7.41X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 62 hours and 31 days, respectively(SRC). According to a classification scheme(5), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC) from a log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). n-Propanol is readily degraded in aerobic systems(7-10); the range of half-lives for aerobic degradation using a sewage sludge inoculum are <1 day to 11 days(SRC). n-Propanol has also been shown to be readily degraded under anaerobic conditions(10).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), n-propanol, which has a vapor pressure of 21.0 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere(SRC). Vapor-phase n-propanol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 2.9 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 5.53X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(3).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of n-propanol with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 5.52X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 2.9 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). n-Propanol is not expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the lack of hydrolyzable functional groups(2) nor to directly photolyze due to the lack of absorption in the environmental UV spectrum (>290 nm). Reaction with hydroxyl radicals in aquatic media will not be an important fate process(3,4).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated for n-propanol(SRC), using a log Kow of 0.25(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

3.02 L/kg|The Koc of n-propanol is estimated as 33(SRC), using a measured log Kow of 0.25(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that n-propanol is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC).

The Henry's Law constant for n-propanol is 7.41X10-6 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that n-propanol is expected to volatilize from water surfaces(2). Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half-life from a model river (1 m deep, flowing 1 m/sec, wind velocity of 3 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 62 hours(SRC). The volatilization half-life from a model lake (1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/sec)(2) is estimated as 31 days(SRC). n-Propanol's Henry's Law constant(1) indicates that volatilization from moist soil surfaces may occur(SRC). The potential for volatilization of n-propanol from dry soil surfaces may exist(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 21.0 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: n-Propanol was detected in the drinking water supply of Washington, DC at a level of 0.001 ppm(1).

Alcoholic beverages nearly always contain n-propanol as a product of fermentation(1). Beer contains up to 195 mg/l, wine up to 116 mg/l, various types of spirits up to 3520 mg/l, and neat ethanol up to 2910 mg/l(1). n-Propanol is present at low levels as a flavor volatile in a variety of foodstuffs and non-alcoholic drinks, eg: kefir culture, cream culture, filberts (roasted), raw milk, heat-treated milk, Kumazasa Sasa albomarginata, heated triolein, boiled buckwheat flour, tomato (ripe, juice, puree, and paste), Kogyoku apple, apple and apple juice, white bread, butter, cheddar/Swiss cheese, soy sauce, fish sauce, pigweed, winged bean (raw/roasted), soybean (raw, roasted), potato tuber, roasted watermelon seeds, babco fruit, tilsit cheese, endive, Valancia orange juice(1).n-Propanol was identified in fermentation brine of pimentos used for stuffing olives(2). n-Propanol was found in 31 commercial brines - 180 to 380 mg n-propanol/l ethyl alcohol; Cahors wine: 33 mg n-propanol/l wine; Corbiers wine: 12 mg n-propanol/l wine; Jamaican Rum: 31,300 mg n-propanol/l ethyl alcohol(2). The mean concn of n-propanol in headspace volatiles of Cabernet Sauvignon wines from the Napa Valley, CA ranged from 0.001 to 0.778 mg/l(3). n-Propanol has been detected (not quantified) in milk products including kefir and yogurt, and traces have been detected in fermented eggs(4). The range of concns of n-propanol in the volatile components of orange juices were 50-1140 ppb(5).

n-Propanol was detected in 1 of 12 samples of mother's milk from 4 urban areas in the United States(1).

... Common operations in which exposure to propyl alcohol may occur ... /are/: liberation and use during spray application of surface coatings containing solvent, polystyrene coatings, and dopes; liberation during use as a chemical intermediate in organic synthesis; use on plastic film and sheeting with polyamide-based inks; use during textile and leather processing and in mfg and packaging of surface coatings as solvent in nitrocellulose lacquers, dopes, polystyrene coatings, inks, dyes, textiles, leather finishes, and artists' fixatives; mfg of cleaning prepn and polishing agents; use in extraction of vegetable oils, castor oil, and pharmaceuticals; use during cleaning and degreasing operations; use during cellulose processing; spinning of acrylonitrile; mfg of brake fluids.|NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 226,129 workers (84,196 of these are female) are potentially exposed to n-propanol in the US(1). Occupational exposure to n-propanol may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where n-propanol is produced or used(SRC). For example, occupational exposure to n-propanol occurs in settings associated with its use as a solvent or from fermentation process and sewage treatment plants(2). Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to n-propanol via inhalation of ambient air, ingestion of food additives and natural products, and dermal contact with consumer products containing n-propanol(SRC).

n-Propanol was detected in 1 of 12 samples of mother's milk from 4 urban areas in the United States(1). The avg and range of n-propanol concns in human breath due to metabolic processes is 130 ug/cu-m and not detected-1,270 ug/cu m (8 subjects in zero air), respectively (2).

PROPANOL-1 IS ABSORBED FROM GI TRACT & LUNGS. IT CAN BE ABSORBED FROM THE SKIN IF A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT IS CONFINED TO THE SKIN. 1-PROPANOL IS ABSORBED MORE READILY THAN ETHANOL. ...|... USING ABDOMINAL AUTOPSY /HUMAN/ SKIN IN A DIFFUSION CHAMBER ... 1-PROPANOL PENETRATED THE SKIN MORE RAPIDLY FROM SOLUTION IN NONPOLAR SOLVENTS SUCH AS ISOPROPYL PALMITATE, OLIVE OIL, & MINERAL OIL THAN FROM SOLUTION IN SALINE.|FOLLOWING AN ORAL DOSE OF 2 G/KG TO RATS, 0.13% OF THE DOSE WAS EXCRETED IN THE URINE. ... 1.65% /WAS/ EXCRETED IN THE EXPIRED AIR & 0.7% EXCRETED IN THE URINE FOLLOWING AN ORAL DOSE OF 2 ML/KG TO RABBITS.|Urine was analyzed immediately, 1, 2, 8, and 9 hr after drinking (during 2 hr) 3.75 ml/kg of beverages containing orange juice, 15 or 40% ethanol, and and 1 g/l of 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, isobutyl alcohol or a mixture of 1-propanol & isobutyl alcohol. Maximum urine levels /in mg/l/ were found 1 hr after drinking ended: 1-propanol 5.04, 2-propanol 3.36, 1-butanol 0.43, 2-butanol 2.55, isobutyl alcohol ... 1.7-2.03 mg/l. Urine treatment with beta-glucuronidase before analysis indicated that significant amounts of the alcohols were excreted as glucuronides, esp isobutyl alcohol. 2-Propanol and 2-butanol were the slowest to be metabolized. When mixtures of alcohols were given, the concentrations of isobutyl alcohol glucuronides were high with the mixtures containing 5 and 15% ethanol, and decreased at 40% ethanol.

... PROPANOL ... MAY FORM ETHEREAL ... /SULFATE/|1-PROPANOL IS METABOLIZED BY THE ENZYME ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE. IT IS READILY OXIDIZED IN THE BODY, FIRST TO PROPIONIC ACID AND THEN TO CARBON DIOXIDE, WATER AND PERHAPS A SMALL AMOUNT OF LACTIC ACID.|... HEPATIC MICROSOMES CATALYZED THE OXIDATION OF PROPANOL TO ITS ALDEHYDE IN THE RAT. THE REACTION REQUIRED OXYGEN & NICOTINAMIDE-ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE, WAS INHIBITED BY CARBON DIOXIDE AND ACTED INDEPENDENTLY OF CATALASE & ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE.|Cytochrome p450 isozyme 3a, isolated from hepatic microsomes of rabbits treated chronically with ethyl alcohol, had a unique substrate specificity when compared with isozymes 2, 3b, 3c, and 4. Form 3a has unusually high activity in the p-hydroxylation of aniline and in the oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. Isozyme 3a catalyzes the oxidation of methyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, and butanol as well as ethyl alcohol.|For more Metabolism/Metabolites (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Sales specifications: water (0.1 wt%), acidity (0.003 wt% as acetic acid); 2-methylpentanal (10 ppm)|Water (< or = 0.1 wt%); aldehydes (< or = 0.2 wt%); ethanol (< or = 10 mg/kg); methanol (< or = 100 mg/kg)

Contact with eyes is extremely irritating and may cause burns. Vapors irritate nose and throat. In high concentrations, may cause nausea, dizziness, headache, and stupor. (USCG, 1999)

Eye: If this chemical contacts the eyes, immediately wash the eyes with large amounts of water, occasionally lifting the lower and upper lids. Get medical attention immediately. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Skin: If this chemical contacts the skin, flush the contaminated skin with water. Where there is evidence of skin irritation, get medical attention. Breathing: If a person breathes large amounts of this chemical, move the exposed person to fresh air at once. If breathing has stopped, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Keep the affected person warm and at rest. Get medical attention as soon as possible. Swallow: If this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention immediately. (NIOSH, 2016)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest.

Rinse and then wash skin with water and soap.

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Basic Treatment: Establish a patent airway. Suction if necessary Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with normal saline during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . /Lower alcohols (1-3 Carbons) and related compounds/|Advanced Treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious or in respiratory arrest. Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start an IV with lactated Ringer's to support vital signs. Watch for signs of fluid overload. Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia (decreased LOC, tachycardia, pallor, dilated pupils, diaphoresis, and/or a reading on a dextrose strip or glucometer of less than 50 mg/dl) and administer 50% dextrose if necessary ... . For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors for hypotension with a normal fluid volume ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Lower alcohols (1-3 Carbons) and related compounds/

n-Propyl alcohol can produce mild central nervous system depression. Other reported symptoms ... include dry cracking skin, drowsiness, headaches, ataxia, gastrointestinal pain, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting & diarrhea.|THE ACTIVITY OF PARTIALLY PURIFIED HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE ACID PHOSPHATASE (EAPASE) WAS ENHANCED 3-FOLD BY N-PROPANOL. THE EXTENT OF HUMAN PROSTATIC ACID PHOSPHATASE (PAPASE) ACTIVATION BY N-PROPANOL WAS LOWER THAN THAT OF EAPASE. THE ACTIVATION OF EAPASE WAS ANALYZED BY MEANS OF THE LINEWEAVER-BURK PLOT, AND WAS NONCOMPETITIVE. PAPASE ACTIVATION BY ALIPHATIC ALCOHOLS WAS NONCOMPETITIVE.|Complete hemolysis or denaturation of human erythrocytes occurred in all aq propyl alc solutions after 45 min at 37 °C.|... MAY BE SLIGHTLY MORE TOXIC THAN ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL, BUT IT APPEARS TO INDUCE MANY OF THE SAME BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for N-PROPANOL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

1-Propanol

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation of its vapour and by ingestion.|inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, skin and/or eye contact

irritation eyes, nose, throat; dry cracking skin; drowsiness, headache; ataxia, gastrointestinal pain; abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea; In Animals: narcosis

Incoordination. Confusion. Dizziness. Drowsiness. Headache. Nausea. Weakness.

Dry skin.

Redness. Pain. Blurred vision.

Eyes, skin, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system

CHEM INT FOR N-PROPYLAMINES, 37%; SOLVENT, 23%; CHEM INT FOR N-PROPYL ACETATE, 18%; FEED ADDITIVE FOR CATTLE, 3%; CHEM INT FOR OTHER CHEMICALS, 19% (1980)|Flexographic printing inks(40%); mfg of n-propyl acetate(33%) n-propylamines(18%), and glycol ethers(12%).

All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing|1-Propanol: ACTIVE

NIOSH Method 1401. Determination of Alcohols by Gas Chromatography, Using a Flame Ionization Detector. Detection limit = 1.0 mg/cu-m.|EPA OSW Method 8015B. Nonhalogenated Organics Using GC/FID. Detection limit unspecified.|EPA OSW Method 8260B. Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS): Capillary Column Technique. Detection limit unspecified.

Food additives -> Flavoring Agents|Flavoring Agents -> JECFA Flavorings Index|Fatty Acyls [FA] -> Fatty alcohols [FA05]|Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 3rd degree|Cosmetics -> Antifoaming; Solvent

Flavoring Agents