Chloral

147.39

147.39

200-911-5

FLI06WS32H

2075

DTXSID7024744

Colorless, mobile, oily liquid

2913000010

17.1

1.19 (est)

Trichloroacetaldehyde appears as a colorless oily liquid with a penetrating odor. Reacts with water and denser than water. Contact may irritate skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Used to make pesticides.

1.5121 g/cm³ @ Temp: 20 °C

-57.5 °C

97.8 °C @ Press: 760 Torr

75°C

1.471

H2O: soluble

2-8°C

50 mm Hg at 25 deg C

5.1 (Air = 1)

Abdominal cavity-mouse LD50: 600 mg/kg

Thermal decomposition of toxic and tear gas

Pungent, irritating odor

1.60e-12 cm3/molecule*sec

2.91e-09 atm-m3/mole|Henry's Law constant = 2.91X10-9 atm-cu m/mol at 25 °C

pKa = 9.66

Conversion factor: mg/cu m = 6.03 X ppm|Polymerizes under the influence of light and in the presence of sulfuric acid forming a white solid trimer called metachloral|Hydroxyl radical reaction rate constant = 1.60X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec at 25 °C

This compound is sensitive to exposure to moisture and light. Soluble in water. This compound reacts with water to form chloral hydrate.

Aldehydes

Polymerizable

TRICHLOROACETALDEHYDE reacts with water to form chloral hydrate. It polymerizes under the influence of light and in the presence of sulfuric acid forming a white solid trimer called metachloral. (NTP, 1992)

97.1 BTU/Lb

II

6.1(a)

UN 2075 6.1/PG 2

3

23-36/37/38-22

26-36/37-45-7/9-28

FM7870000

T,Xn

The warehouse is ventilated, low temperature and dry; stored separately from H pore-forming agent and alkali

Stable. Flammable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.

P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P284, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P308+P313, P310, P312, P320, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P363, P403+P233, P405, P501

H302

[40 CFR 240-280, 300-306, 702-799 (7/1/2006)] Generators of waste (equal to or greater than 100 kg/mo) containing this contaminant, EPA hazardous waste number U034, must conform with USEPA regulations in storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of waste.|Incineration after mixing with another combustible fuel; care must be taken to assure complete combustion to prevent phosgene formation; an acid scrubber is necessary to remove the halo acids produced.|A potential candidate for liquid injection incineration at a temperature range of 650 to 1,600 °C and a residence time of 0.1 to 2 seconds. A potential candidate for rotary kiln incineration at a temperature range of 820 to 1,600 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and hours for solids. A potential candidate for fluidized bed incineration at a temperature range of 450 to 980 °C and residence times of seconds for liquids and gases, and longer for solids.|TO REMOVE CHLORAL FROM WASTE WATER, A STOICHIOMETRIC AMT OF SODIUM HYDROXIDE OR CALCIUM HYDROXIDE WAS ADDED, AND THE WASTE WATER WAS THEN AERATED 60 MIN AT 40 °C.

European Chemicals Bureau; IUCLID Dataset, Trichloroacetaldehyde (75-87-6), 42 pp. (2000 CD-ROM edition). Available from the Database Query page at: http://ecb.jrc.it/esis/esis.php as of July 18, 2008.|TSCA CHIPs present a preliminary assessment of chloral's potential for injury to human health & the environment (available at EPA's TSCA Assistance Office: (202) 554-1404 or (800) 424-9065)

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Contain toxic and irritating gases including phosgene. Behavior in Fire: Decomposes in the presence of heat of fire to produce toxic and irritating gases. (USCG, 1999)|Flammable - 2nd degree, Reactive - 1st degree

|Warning|H302 (90.2%): Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P321, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 51 companies from 7 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|Danger|H302: Harmful if swallowed [Warning Acute toxicity, oral]|P201, P202, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P284, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P308+P313, P310, P312, P320, P321, P322, P330, P332+P313, P337+P313, P363, P403+P233, P405, and P501

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. SPILL: Increase, in the downwind direction, as necessary, the isolation distance shown above. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Excerpt from ERG Guide 153 [Substances - Toxic and/or Corrosive (Combustible)]: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. (ERG, 2016)

Wear positive pressure breathing apparatus and special chemical protective clothing. (USCG, 1999)|Where the potential for exposure to chloral: SCBAF:PD,PP ( use a MSHA/NIOSH approved self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode); or SAF:PD,PP:ASCBA (any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary, self-contained breathing apparatus operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode).|Personnel protection: ... Wear appropriate chemical protective clothing. Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus. /Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/

This chemical is a combustible liquid. Poisonous gases are produced in fire; including hydrogen chloride. Use dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or foam extinguishers. Vapors are heavier than air and will collect in low areas. Vapors may travel long distances to ignition sources and flashback. Vapors in confined area may explode in fire. Storage containers and parts of containers may rocket great distances, in many directions. If materials or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors, or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position. If employees are expected to fight fires, they must be trained and equipped.|If material on fire or involved in fire: Use water in flooding quantities as fog. Use "alcohol" foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Apply water from as far a distance as possible. Keep run-off water out of sewers and water sources. /Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/

Evacuate and restrict persons not wearing protective equipment from area of spill or leak until cleanup is complete. Remove all ignition sources. Wntilate area of spill or leak. Absorb liquids in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar non-organic materials and deposit in sealed containers. May also be covered with weak reducing agents; resulting sludge neutralized and flushed to sewer. Collect powdered material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers. Ventilate area of spill or leak after clean-up is complete. It may be necessary to contain and dispose of this chemical as a hazardous waste. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Contact your Department of Environmental Protection or your regional office of the federal EPA for specific recommendations. If employees are required to clean-up spills, they must be properly trained and equipped.|Absorb the spills with rags or other available absorbing materials.

Wear protective gloves and clothing to prevent any reasonable probability of skin contact. Safety equipment suppliers/manufacturers can provide recommendations on the most protective glove/clothing material for your operation. All protective clothing (suits, gloves, footwear, headgear) should be clean, available each day, and put on before work. Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical. Wear splash-proof chemical goggles and face shield unless full facepiece respiratory protection is worn. Employees should wash immediately with soap when skin is wet or contaminated. Provide emergency showers and eyewash.|SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.|If material not on fire and not involved in fire: Keep sparks, flames, and other sources of ignition away. Keep material out of water sources and sewers. Build dikes to contain flow as necessary. Attempt to stop leak if without undue personnel hazard. /Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/|Personnel protection: Keep upwind. Avoid breathing vapors. ... Do not handle broken packages unless wearing appropriate personal protective equipment. /Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Chloral, anhydrous, inhibited; Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Combustible material: may burn but does not ignite readily. When heated, vapors may form explosive mixtures with air: indoors, outdoors, and sewers explosion hazards. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. Substance may be transported in a molten form. /Chloral, anhydrous, inhibited; Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Chloral, anhydrous, inhibited; Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/|/GUIDE 153: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Chloral, anhydrous, inhibited; Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/|For more DOT Emergency Guidelines (Complete) data for CHLORAL (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged, marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./|The International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations are published by the IATA Dangerous Goods Board pursuant to IATA Resolutions 618 and 619 and constitute a manual of industry carrier regulations to be followed by all IATA Member airlines when transporting hazardous materials.|The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used when shipping any substance or article.

Contact with the material may cause irritation to skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. /Chloral, anhydrous, stabilized/

U034; A toxic waste when a discarded commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate.

Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than its reportable quantity of 5,000 lb or 2,270 kg. The toll free number of the NRC is (800) 424-8802. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b).

U034; As stipulated in 40 CFR 261.33, when chloral, as a commercial chemical product or manufacturing chemical intermediate or an off-specification commercial chemical product or a manufacturing chemical intermediate, becomes a waste, it must be managed according to Federal and/or State hazardous waste regulations. Also defined as a hazardous waste is any residue, contaminated soil, water, or other debris resulting from the cleanup of a spill, into water or on dry land, of this waste. Generators of small quantities of this waste may qualify for partial exclusion from hazardous waste regulations (40 CFR 261.5).

Chloral was reported in the spent chlorination liquor from bleaching of sulfite pulp at high lignin content and pulp at normal lignin content after oxygen treatment (approximate concentrations of < 0.1-0.5 g/ton pulp)(1,2).

/Chloral/ has been found in trace amounts after photocatalytic degradation of trichloroethylene in water

moderately toxic

THE CONCURRENT INGESTION OF CHLORAL HYDRATE AND ALCOHOL CAUSES TWO CLINICALLY IMPORTANT INTERACTIONS. ONE IS AN ALLEGED ENHANCEMENT OF THE CNS DEPRESSANT EFFECTS OF CHLORAL HYDRATE & ALCOHOL; THE OTHER IS A PROFOUND VASODILATION. /CHLORAL HYDRATE/

LD50 Rat oral 480 mg/kg bw /Chloral hydrate/|LD50 Mouse ip 600 mg/kg|LC50 Rat inhalation 440 mg/cu m/4 hr /from table/|LC50 Dog inhalation 5900 mg/cu m/4 hr /from table/

Chloral's production and use in the manufacture of chloral hydrate and DDT(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). Trichloroacetaldehyde has been found at low concentrations in spent chlorination liquor from bleaching of various sulphite pulps. Effluents from wood processing plants, therefore, may be a source of trichloroacetaldehyde release to the environment(2). It has been suggested that trichloroacetaldehyde is formed during chlorination by the reaction of chlorine with residual organic compounds in the water(3) and trichloroacetaldehyde was identified as a reaction product of soil humus and aqueous chlorine(4). Chloral was formed as a result of chlorination of soil humic material using samples from the Ao horizon of a forest at Gifu City, Japan, forested predominantly with Chemaecyparis obtusa (Hinko) and Pinus densiflora (Pine wood)(4). The humic substances contained 34.0% carbon, 4.0% hydrogen, 4.1% nitrogen, and 11.6% ash with a C/N ratio of 8.3(4).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 0.68(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 8.3X10+6 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that chloral is expected to have very high mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of chloral from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given a Henry's Law constant of 2.9X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(4). Chloral is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 50 mm Hg(5). The compound reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in the Japanese MITI test(2), indicating that biodegradation is not an important environmental fate process in soil(SRC).|AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 0.68(SRC), determined from a water solubility of 8.3X10+6 mg/L(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that chloral is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Chloral reacts exothermically with water to form chloral hydrate(4), with which it is in equilibrium. Since the equilibrium constant of chloral to chloral hydrate reaction is 3.6X10-5, very little chloral will remain in solution(5). Volatilization from water surfaces is not expected(3) based upon a Henry's Law constant of 2.91X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(6). According to a classification scheme(7), an estimated BCF of 5(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of 1.2(8) and a regression-derived equation(9), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). The compound reached 8% of its theoretical BOD in four weeks using an activated sludge inoculum in the Japanese MITI test(2), indicating that biodegradation is not likely to be an important environmental fate process in water(SRC).|ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), chloral, which has a vapor pressure of 50 mm Hg at 25 °C(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase chloral is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 13 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 1.60X10-12 cu cm/molec-sec(3). Chloral exhibited a photodissociation rate of 4.61 to 6.11X10-5/sec, corresponding to photolysis lifetime of 4.5 to 6 hours under conditions of solar flux in summer months(4) and therefore is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

THE PHOTOOXIDATION REACTIONS OF CHLORAL IN A GLASS CELL WERE INVESTIGATED BY USE OF IR ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY. THE MAJOR PRODUCTS WERE HCL, CO, CO2, AND COCL2. THE PHOTOOXIDATION WAS A CHAIN REACTION AND THE CHAIN CARRIER WAS CHLORINE.|The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of chloral with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals is 1.60X10-12 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 13 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Chloral reacts exothermically with water to form chloral hydrate(2), with which it is in equilibrium. Since the equilibrium constant of chloral to chloral hydrate reaction is 3.6X10-5, very little chloral will remain in solution(3). Chloral exhibited a photodissociation rate of 4.61 to 6.11X10-5/sec, corresponding to photolysis lifetime of 4.5 to 6 hours under conditions of solar flux in summer months(4) and therefore is susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 5 was calculated in fish for chloral(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of 1.2(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

The Koc of chloral is estimated as 0.68(SRC), using a water solubility of 8.3X10+6 mg/L(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this estimated Koc value suggests that chloral is expected to have very high mobility in soil.

The Henry's Law constant for chloral is 2.91X10-9 atm-cu m/mole(1). This Henry's Law constant indicates that chloral is expected to be essentially nonvolatile from water surfaces(2). Chloral is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon a vapor pressure of 50 mm Hg(3).

DRINKING WATER: Chloral was identified, not quantified, as a drinking water disinfection by-product formed as a result of treatment using chlorine with ozone or chloramine with ozone(1,5). Chloral was reported in the drinking water supplies of several US cities as follows: Philadephia, PA - 5 ug/L; Seattle, WA - 3.5 ug/L; Cincinnati, OH - 2 ug/L; Terrebonne Parish, LA - 1 ug/L; New York City, NY - 0.02 ug/L; Grand Forks, ND - 0.01 ug/L(2). Since chloral reacts rapidly with water to form chloral hydrate, it is probable that it was this latter compound which was in the water and that the chloral was formed during the analytical "purge and trap" procedure(SRC). Chloral is formed as a result of chlorinating agents reacting with naturally occurring nitrogenous aquatic humic materials; it is the major volatile product of the chlorination of uracil(3). The expected median concentration in drinking water is 2 ug/L with a highest reported concentration being 19 ug/L(4).|SURFACE WATER: Chloral was reported at a mean concentration of 1.0 ug/L in water from the New Orleans/Baton Rouge area(1). Chloral was detected not quantified in water samples collected in 6 of 10 US cities as part of the US National Organics Reconnaissance Survey initiated in 1974(2). The compound was identified in treated water samples tested in the United Kingdom(3). Since chloral reacts rapidly with water to form chloral hydrate, it is probable that it was this latter compound which was in the water and that the chloral was formed during the analytical "purge and trap" procedure(SRC).

NIOSH (NOES Survey 1981-1983) has statistically estimated that 2,757 workers (1,563 of these were female) were potentially exposed to chloral in the US(1). Occupational exposure to chloral may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where chloral is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to chloral via ingestion of drinking water(SRC).|Chloral has been detected in the work environment during spraying and casting of polyurethane foam ... also has been identified as an autoxidation product of trichloroehtylene during the extraction of vegetable oil ... identified in the output of etching chambers in semiconductor processing

...UNDETECTABLE IN BLOOD, IT HAS BEEN DETECTED IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID, MILK, & FETAL BLOOD. /CHLORAL HYDRATE/|CHLORAL HYDRATE & TRICHLOROETHANOL /ITS METABOLITE/...SUFFICIENTLY LIPID SOL TO PENETRATE PLASMA MEMBRANES & ENTER CELLS THROUGHOUT BODY. ... TRICHLOROETHANOL...CONJUGATED WITH GLUCURONIC ACID, & PRODUCT (UROCHLORALIC ACID)...EXCRETED MOSTLY INTO URINE & TO LIMITED EXTENT INTO BILE. PLASMA T/2 OF TRICHLOROETHANOL...4-12 HR. /CHLORAL HYDRATE/|TRICHLOROETHANOL, TRICHLOROETHANOL GLUCURONIDE, & TRICHLOROACETIC ACID, /METABOLITES OF CHLORAL HYDRATE/ ARE SLOWLY EXCRETED IN URINE. SOME TRICHLOROETHANOL GLUCURONIDE MAY BE...EXCRETED IN FECES. CHLORAL HYDRATE IS NOT EXCRETED IN URINE UNCHANGED. /CHLORAL HYDRATE/

Long-term exposure to the environmental contaminant trichloroethylene (TCE) in drinking water has been shown to promote autoimmune disease in association with the expansion of activated CD4+ T cells. The effects of TCE on CD4+ T cells were linked in the present study to the ability of TCE metabolite, trichloroacetaldehyde hydrate (TCAH), to inhibit activation-induced cell death (AICD) in CD4+ T cells. TCAH attenuated AICD in CD4+ T cells by decreasing FasL (CD178) expression but not by altering Fas (CD95) expression or by interfering with Fas-signaling events following direct engagement of the Fas receptor. The TCAH-induced decrease in FasL expression did not appear to be mediated at the transcriptional level but was instead due to increased shedding of FasL from the surface of the CD4+ T cells. The ability of TCAH to cleave FasL and thereby decrease AICD appeared to be mediated by metalloproteinases and correlated with a TCAH-induced increase in matrix metalloproteinase-7. Thus, this study presents the novel finding that the environmental contaminant TCE works via its metabolite TCAH to attenuate AICD by increasing metalloproteinase activity that cleaves FasL from CD4+ T cells. This represents a mechanism by which an environmental trigger inhibits AICD in CD4+ T cells and may thereby promote CD4+ T cell-mediated autoimmune disease.|... The purpose of the present study was to characterize the kinetics of trichloroethylene (TRI) oxidation in male and female mouse, rat, and human liver microsomes to possibly allow for a better assessment of human risk. Methods were developed to detect and quantitate chloral, trichloroethanol, trichloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, chloroacetic acid, glyoxylic acid, and oxalic acid, known TRI metabolites in rodents or humans. However, only chloral and its further metabolite, trichloroethanol, were consistently detected in the various liver microsomes in the presence of NADPH. Chloral was the major metabolite detected, and its levels were species- and sex-dependent; the amounts of trichloroethanol detected were also species- and sex-dependent but never exceeded 15% of total metabolites. Double-reciprocal plots of metabolite formation with male and female rat and human liver microsomes indicated biphasic kinetics, but this trend was not observed with microsomes from male or female mouse liver. The Vmax data are consistent, with male and female mice being more susceptible to TRI-induced liver carcinogenicity than male rats. However, the Vmax/Km ratios in male and female rat liver microsomes, in comparison with the male mouse liver microsomes, did not correlate with tumor incidences in these tissues. Furthermore, as only two out of six human liver samples examined exhibited Vmax/Km ratios similar or higher than the ratio obtained with male mouse liver, humans may vary in their toxic response after TRI exposure.|CD-1 mice exposed to 450 ppm trichloroethylene, 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 2 weeks showed a marked vacuolation of lung Clara cells after the first exposure of each week and a marked increase in cell division after the last exposure of each week. The damage seen in mouse lung Clara cells is caused by an accumulation of chloral resulting from high rates of metabolism of trichloroethylene but poor clearance of chloral to trichloroethanol and its glucuronide. The activity and distribution of the key metabolizing enzymes in this pathway have been compared in mouse, rat, and human lung. While mouse lung microsomal fractions were able to metabolize trichloroethylene to chloral at significant rates, the rate in rat lung was 23-fold lower and a rate could not be detected in human lung microsomes at all. Immunolocalization of cytochrome P450IIE1 in lung sections revealed high concentrations in mouse lung Clara cells with lesser amounts in type II cells. Lower levels of enzyme could be detected in Clara cells of rat lung, but not at all in human lung sections. Western blots of lung tissues from the three species and of mouse lung Clara cells were entirely consistent with these observations...|CHLORAL HYDRATE ... METABOLIZED ... TO ... TRICHLOROETHANOL ... TRICHLOROETHANOL MAY BE CONJUGATED WITH GLUCURONIC ACID TO FORM TRICHLOROETHANOL GLUCURONIDE (UROCHLORALIC ACID), AN INACTIVE METABOLITE, OR FURTHER METABOLIZED TO TRICHLOROACETIC ACID. /CHLORAL HYDRATE/

CHLORAL HYDRATE HAS CNS DEPRESSANT EFFECTS ... MECHANISM OF ACTION OF DRUG IS NOT COMPLETELY KNOWN. CNS DEPRESSANT EFFECT ... IS BELIEVED TO BE CHIEFLY DUE TO ITS METABOLITE, TRICHLOROETHANOL ... /CHLORAL HYDRATE/

Technical-grade chloral ranges in purity from 94 to 99 wt %, with water being the main impurity. Other impurities sometimes present are chloroform, hydrogen chloride, dichloroacetaldehyde, and phosgene.

INHALATION: Sore throat, shortness of breath, drowsiness, irritation of respiratory tract, unconsciousness. EYES: Redness, pain and blurred vision. SKIN: Redness and pain. INGESTION: Dizziness, drowsiness, nausea, and unconsciousness. Acute hazard: Poison may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed, or absorbed through skin. (USCG, 1999)

EYES: First check the victim for contact lenses and remove if present. Flush victim's eyes with water or normal saline solution for 20 to 30 minutes while simultaneously calling a hospital or poison control center. Do not put any ointments, oils, or medication in the victim's eyes without specific instructions from a physician. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim after flushing eyes to a hospital even if no symptoms (such as redness or irritation) develop. SKIN: IMMEDIATELY flood affected skin with water while removing and isolating all contaminated clothing. Gently wash all affected skin areas thoroughly with soap and water. If symptoms such as redness or irritation develop, IMMEDIATELY call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital for treatment. INHALATION: IMMEDIATELY leave the contaminated area; take deep breaths of fresh air. If symptoms (such as wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, or burning in the mouth, throat, or chest) develop, call a physician and be prepared to transport the victim to a hospital. Provide proper respiratory protection to rescuers entering an unknown atmosphere. Whenever possible, Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) should be used; if not available, use a level of protection greater than or equal to that advised under Protective Clothing. INGESTION: DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. Volatile chemicals have a high risk of being aspirated into the victim's lungs during vomiting which increases the medical problems. If the victim is conscious and not convulsing, give 1 or 2 glasses of water to dilute the chemical and IMMEDIATELY call a hospital or poison control center. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. If the victim is convulsing or unconscious, do not give anything by mouth, ensure that the victim's airway is open and lay the victim on his/her side with the head lower than the body. DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING. IMMEDIATELY transport the victim to a hospital. (NTP, 1992)

Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand-valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR as necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if necessary. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 ml/kg up to 200 ml of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool. Administer activated charcoal ... . Cover skin burns with sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/|Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag-valve-mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias if necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's (LR) if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia,administer fluid cautiously. Consider vasopressors if patient is hypotensive with a normal fluid volume. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... .Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons and related compounds/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ It is corrosive to tissue.|/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ The causative interrelationship between long-term, low level exposure to chlorinated volatile organic solvents (VOSs) and neurodegenerative diseases (polyneuropathy, encephalopathy) are still an issue of controversial debate. Endogeneously formed chlorinated tetrahydro-beta-carbolines found by Bringmann 1995 (TaClo hypothesis) may contribute, in particular, to the development of (idiopathic) Parkinson's disease (PD) in the presence of the sufficient amount of trichloroacetaldehyde, an intermediate in metabolism of trichloroethylene (TRI). Long-term storage of specific VOSs over years, evident frrom exhalation pattern during the postexposure period, may serve as a promoting factor to form continuously TaClo non-enzymatically from tryptamine and trichloroacetaldehyde. Thus, the induction of TaClo-mediated neurotoxic processes extends over years. The onset of Parkinson's disease in three chronic TRI-exposed individuals during the postexposure period could be associated with the presence of TaClo in ng-range. Consequently, determination of TaClo and its derivatives in blood of humans exposed to chlorinated VOSs may serve as a marker of risk indicating either causative or supportive processes of neurodegeneration that may lead to manifestation of PD after many years.

chloral

ABOUT 40% AS A CHEM INT FOR THE INSECTICIDE DDT; ABOUT 10% AS A CHEM INT FOR THE INSECTICIDES METHOXYCHLOR, DDVP, AND NALED; ABOUT 50% IN OTHER APPLICATIONS (EST)(1975)

Technical-grade chloral ranges in purity from 94 to 99 wt %, with water being the main impurity. Other impurities sometimes present are chloroform, hydrogen chloride, dichloroacetaldehyde, and phosgene.|GRADES: TECHNICAL, 94% MIN|Trade names for chloral include Grasex and Sporotal 100.

Pesticide, fertilizer, and other agricultural chemical manufacturing|Acetaldehyde, 2,2,2-trichloro-: ACTIVE|Chloral is oxidized by nitric acid to produce trichloroacetic acid.|Manufactured as a by-product of ethylene oxychlorination to produce vinyl chloride.|Chloral is reacted with fluorobenzene to produce the insecticide GIX (DFDT), 1,1-bis(4-fluorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichlorethane.|... is produced by 14 companies in China, seven in India, and one company each in Brazil, France, Japan, Mexico, Russia, and the US|For more General Manufacturing Information (Complete) data for CHLORAL (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Gas chromatography can be used for quantitative analysis of chloral and its hydrate, which breaks down to chloral on vaporization.|A common analytical method is to treat the chloral for 2 min with 1N sodium hydroxide, which cleaves chloral to chloroform and sodium formate; the excess alkali is then titrated with acid. Alternatively, chloral is treated with quinaldine ethyl iodide to form a blue cyanine dye whose quantity is measured spectrophotometrically.

Fire Hazards -> Flammable - 2nd degree, Reactive - 1st degree