High Quality USP/BP Pharmaceutical Raw Powder Sulfamethoxazole CAS 723-46-6 in ready stock

Sulfamethoxazole More Info

Sulfamethoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic that acts by competitively inhibiting the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthase, which catalyzes the conversion of para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) to dihydrofolic acid. This inhibition blocks the synthesis of tetrahydrofolate, an essential cofactor for bacterial purine and DNA synthesis, resulting in a bacteriostatic effect by preventing bacterial growth and replication.

Mechanism of Action

Sulfamethoxazole is a structural analog of PABA and competes with it to bind dihydropteroate synthase.
By inhibiting the production of dihydrofolic acid, it disrupts folate synthesis, which bacteria require for DNA, RNA, and amino acid synthesis.
Humans do not synthesize folate and acquire it through diet, so sulfamethoxazole selectively targets bacterial cells.

Applications

Sulfamethoxazole is commonly used in combination with trimethoprim (as co-trimoxazole) to treat a variety of infections caused by susceptible bacteria, including:
Urinary tract infections
Acute otitis media in children
Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
Enteric infections such as shigellosis
Traveler’s diarrhea caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli
Prophylaxis and treatment of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, especially in immunocompromised patients such as those with HIV
Additional uses in some countries include cholera, bacillary dysentery, nocardiosis, and brucellosis (in combination therapy).

Synergy with Trimethoprim

Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim inhibit sequential steps in the folate biosynthesis pathway, leading to potent synergistic bactericidal activity.
Sulfamethoxazole inhibits dihydropteroate synthase, while trimethoprim inhibits dihydrofolate reductase, together effectively blocking tetrahydrofolate production.

Pharmacokinetics

Rapidly absorbed orally with bioavailability around 85–90%.
Widely distributed in body tissues and fluids.
Metabolized partially in the liver and excreted primarily via the kidneys.
Half-life supports twice-daily dosing in combination therapy.

Safety and Side Effects

Common side effects include rash, nausea, vomiting, and gastrointestinal upset.
Serious adverse reactions can include severe allergic reactions (e.g., Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis), blood disorders (e.g., agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia), and metabolic disturbances such as hyperkalemia and hyponatremia.
Hypersensitivity reactions may be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention.
It can cause severe skin reactions and other systemic effects; patients should discontinue use and seek help if rash or other severe symptoms develop.
Monitoring is advised for electrolyte imbalances and blood cell counts during prolonged use.

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