Ozone

47.9982

47.98470

233-069-2

66H7ZZK23N

0068

1955|1956

DTXSID0021098

COLORLESS GAS; DARK BLUE LIQ; BLUE-BLACK CRYSTALS|BLUISH GAS|Colorless to blue gas.

41.1

0.10050

colourless gas or dark blue liquid.

0.537 g/cm³

-192.7 °C

-111.9 °C

1.278

(32°F): 0.001%

Store in well-ventilated, cool, dark places. Detached storage is preferred. Avoid storage near combustible materials.

>1 atm

1.66

Inhalation-rat LC50: 4800 PPM/4 hours; inhalation-mouse LC50: 12.6 ppm/3 hours

Combustion

Passage of oxygen containing 2% of ozone through stibine at -90 deg C caused an explosion.

CHARACTERISTIC ODOR IN CONCN LESS THAN 2 PPM|Pungent odor|Very pungent odor.

HEAT OF FORMATION 34.4 KCAL/MOLE @ 25 °C; POWERFUL OXIDIZING AGENT|An allotropic form of oxygen

No rapid reaction with air. No rapid reaction with water.

Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Strong Oxidizing Agent

OZONE is a propellant; ignites upon contact with alcohols, amines, ammonia, beryllium alkyls, boranes, dicyanogen, hydrazines, hydrocarbons, hydrogen, nitroalkanes, powdered metals, silanes, or thiols [Bretherick 1979. p.174]. Aniline in a atmosphere of ozone produces a white galatinous explosive ozobenzene [Mellor 1:911. 1946-47]. A mixture of ether and ozone forms aldehyde and acetic acid and a heavy liquid, ethyl peroxide, an explosive [Mellor 1:911. 1946-47]. Severe explosions occur attempting to form tribromic octaoxide from bromine and ozone [Mellor 2, Supp. 1:748. 1956]. Mixtures of ozone and dinitrogen pentaoxide are flammable or explosive [Mellor 8, Supp. 2:276. 1967]. Ozone and ethylene react explosively [Berichte 38:3837]. Nitrogen dioxide and ozone react with the evolution of light, and often explode [J. Chem. Phys. 18:366 1920]. Contact of very cold liquefied gas with water may result in vigorous or violent boiling of the product and extremely rapid vaporization due to the large temperature differences involved. If the water is hot, there is the possibility that a liquid "superheat" explosion may occur. Pressures may build to dangerous levels if liquid gas contacts water in a closed container, [Handling Chemicals Safely 1980].

12.52 eV

Nonflammable Gas, but a powerful oxidizer.

The gas is heavier than air.

CRITICAL TEMP: -12.1 °C; CRITICAL PRESSURE: 53.8 ATM

III

2.2

1956

3

R10:Flammable. R37:Irritating to the respiratory system.

S16:Keep away from sources of ignition - No smoking .

RS8225000

Xi

Storeroom low temperature, ventilated, dry; fireproof; stored separately from reducing agent

Mixing with reducing agent, combustibles, burning and exploding

Unstable - may decompose spontaneously and violently to oxygen. Mixtures containing a moderate partial pressure of ozone, and pure ozone at even low pressures are both potentially explosive. May react very violently with combustible materials and reducing

P201, P202, P220, P244, P260, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P281, P284, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P312, P314, P320, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P370+P376, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, P501

H270

Evaporation: Provide ventilation to dilute and disperse small amt of ozone into the outside atmosphere.|In the fume hood, wastes to be slowly released to air.

All oxidizable materials (both organic and inorganic).|Explosive with alkenes, aromatic compounds, bromine, combustible gasses, diethyl ether, hydrogen bromide, isopropylidene compounds.|Dangerous /fire hazard/ by chemical reaction with aniline, benzene, bromide, (diallyl methyl carbinol + acetic acid), diethyl ether, nitrogen pentoxide, ethylene, hydrogen bromide, hydrogen iodide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen chloride, NI3, nitroglycerin, organic liquids, organic matter, antimony.|/Other/ incompatabilities: Alkenes, aromatic compounds, rubber, dicyanogen, dinitrogen tetroxide, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-1,6-heptadiene, nitrogen trichloride, stibine, tetrafluorohydrazine.

MENZEL DB; METABOLIC EFFECTS OF OZONE EXPOSURE; ADV MOD ENVIRON TOXICOL 5(INT SYMP BIOMED EFFECTS OZONE RELAT PHOTOCHEM OXIDN) 47 (1983). A REVIEW WITH 15 REFERENCES ON METABOLIC EFFECTS OF OZONE EXPOSURE.|CHOW CK; INFLUENCE OF DIETARY VITAMIN E ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO OZONE EXPOSURE; ADV MOD ENVIRON TOXICOL 5(INT SYMP BIOMED EFFECTS OZONE RELAT PHOTOCHEM OXIDN) 75 (1983). A REVIEW WITH 50 REFERENCES ON THE INFLUENCE OF VITAMIN E ON THE TOXICITY OF OZONE.|FOLINSBEE LJ; EFFECTS OF OZONE EXPOSURE ON LUNG FUNCTION IN MAN: A REVIEW; REV ENVIRON HEALTH 3 (3): 211 (1981). A REVIEW ON THE EFFECTS OF OZONE ON HUMAN LUNG FUNCTION ARE DISCUSSED WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO LEVELS WHICH ARE NEAR THE THRESHOLD OF PRODUCING NO EFFECT.|Menzel DB; Antioxidant Vitamins and Prevention of Lung Disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci669: 141-55 (1992).|For more Special Reports (Complete) data for OZONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

UN 1956

Severe explosion hazard when shocked, exposed to heat or flame, or by chemical reaction with organic substances, especially reducing agents. Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent. Incompatible with alkenes; aromatic compounds; benzene, rubber; bromine; dicyanogen; diethyl ether; dinitrogen tetroxide; hydrogen bromide; 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-1,6-heptadiene; nitrogen trichloride; stibine; tetrafluorohydrazine. Avoid contact with organic materials. (EPA, 1998)|Not combustible but enhances combustion of other substances. Many reactions may cause fire or explosion. Risk of fire and explosion on contact with combustible substances.|Reactive - 3rd degree

|Danger|H270 (99.37%): May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing gases]|P201, P202, P220, P244, P260, P261, P264, P271, P273, P280, P281, P284, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P308+P313, P310, P312, P314, P320, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P370+P376, P391, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 159 companies from 9 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H270 (100%): May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing gases]|P220, P244, P260, P264, P271, P280, P284, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P310, P320, P337+P313, P370+P376, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Aggregated GHS information provided by 22 companies from 1 notifications to the ECHA C&L Inventory. Each notification may be associated with multiple companies.|H270: May cause or intensify fire; oxidizer [Danger Oxidizing gases]|P201, P202, P220, P244, P260, P264, P270, P271, P280, P281, P284, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P307+P311, P308+P313, P310, P314, P320, P321, P337+P313, P370+P376, P403, P403+P233, P405, and P501|Not Classified

In case of fire: keep cylinder cool by spraying water. (EPA, 1998)|In case of fire in the surroundings, use appropriate extinguishing media. Combat fire from a sheltered position.

Excerpt from ERG Guide 123 [Gases - Toxic and/or Corrosive]: As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 100 meters (330 feet) in all directions. SPILL: See ERG Table 1 - Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances on the UN/NA 1955 datasheet. FIRE: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. (ERG, 2016)

Isolate area and deny entry. Stay upwind; keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering them. Workers handling liquid ozone should wear protective equipment designed for exposure to cryogenic liquid. (EPA, 1998)

Skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for personal protective equipment for the body. Eyes: No recommendation is made specifying the need for eye protection. Wash skin: No recommendation is made specifying the need for washing the substance from the skin (either immediately or at the end of the work shift). Remove: No recommendation is made specifying the need for removing clothing that becomes wet or contaminated. Change: No recommendation is made specifying the need for the worker to change clothing after the work shift. (NIOSH, 2016)|WORKERS HANDLING LIQ OZONE SHOULD WEAR PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT DESIGNED FOR EXPOSURE TO CRYOGENIC LIQ, EG GLOVES MADE FROM PLASTICS OR ASBESTOS, EYE & FACE PROTECTION.|Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 1 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any chemical cartridge respirator with cartridge(s) providing protection against the compound of concern. Only nonoxidizable sorbents are allowed (not charcoal). Any supplied-air respirator.|Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 2.5 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any supplied-air respirator operated in a continuous flow mode. Any powered, air-purifying respirator with cartridge(s) providing protection against the compound of concern. Only nonoxidizable sorbents are allowed (not charcoal).|Recommendations for respirator selection. Max concn for use: 5 ppm. Respirator Class(es): Any chemical cartridge respirator with a full facepiece and cartridge(s) providing protection against the compound of concern. Only nonoxidizable sorbents are allowed (not charcoal). Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted canister providing protection against the compound of concern. Only nonoxidizable sorbents are allowed (not charcoal). Any supplied-air respirator that has a tight-fitting facepiece and is operated in a continuous-flow mode. Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Any supplied-air respirator with a full facepiece.|For more Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) (Complete) data for OZONE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page.|(See protection codes)

POWERFUL OXIDIZING AGENT ... EVOLVES MORE HEAT AND USUALLY STARTS AT A LOWER TEMPERATURE THAN OXIDATION WITH BIATOMIC OXYGEN.|Dangerous fire ... risk in contact with organic materials.

IT REACTS WITH NON-SATURATED ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO PRODUCE OZONIDES, WHICH ARE UNSTABLE AND MAY DECOMPOSE WITH EXPLOSIVE VIOLENCE.|Pure solid or liquid is highly explosive.|Evaporation of a solution of ozone in liquid oxygen causes ozone enrichment and ultimately explosion. Organic liquids and oxidizable materials dropped into liquid ozone will also cause explosion of the ozone.|Passage of ozone into acetylene leads to a violent explosion when 50 mg/l of ozone is present.|For more Explosive Limits and Potential (Complete) data for OZONE (10 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

PROCESSES EMPLOYING OZONE SHOULD BE TOTALLY ENCLOSED OR SO EQUIPPED WITH EXHAUST VENTILATION. ... ALL ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT SHOULD BE SUITABLY INSULATED.|SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.

Irritation - eye, nose, throat, skin - Marked.|Gas irritates the upper respiratory system strongly.

Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-1 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/cu m).|Vacated 1989 OSHA PEL TWA 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/cu m); STEL 0.3 ppm (0.6 mg/cu m) is still enforced in some states.

Recommended Exposure Limit: Ceiling Value: 0.1 ppm (0.2 mg/cu m).

Evacuate danger area! Consult an expert! Personal protection: chemical protection suit including self-contained breathing apparatus. Ventilation.

Fireproof if in building. Separated from all substances. Cool.

A harmful concentration of this gas in the air will be reached very quickly on loss of containment.

The substance is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract. The substance may cause effects on the central nervous system. This may result in impaired vigilance and performance. Inhalation of the gas may cause lung oedema. The effects may be delayed. The liquid may cause frostbite.

Repeated or prolonged inhalation of the gas may cause effects on the lungs.

NO open flames, NO sparks and NO smoking. NO contact with combustible substances. Closed system, ventilation, explosion-proof electrical equipment and lighting.

STRICT HYGIENE!

Use ventilation, local exhaust or breathing protection.

Cold-insulating gloves.

Wear face shield or eye protection in combination with breathing protection.

Releases of CERCLA hazardous substances are subject to the release reporting requirement of CERCLA section 103, codified at 40 CFR part 302, in addition to the requirements of 40 CFR part 355. Ozone is an extremely hazardous substance (EHS) subject to reporting requirements when stored in amounts in excess of its threshold planning quantity (TPQ) of 100 lbs.

The contributions of traffic related emissions to the long-term and short-term mesoscale concentrations of ozone (O3) in the The Netherlands were estimated by means of atmospheric transport models using both a Eulerian grid model with simplified chemistry and a trajectory model with a more complex chemistry. The national traffic emissions have only a minor contribution (4%) to the O3 peak values observed in the The Netherlands; European traffic emissions are estimated to be responsible for 26% of the O3 peak values, while anthropogenic emissions in Europe account for 64% of the O3 peak values.|Ozone (O3) concentrations were measured from 1981-83 at each of three urban stations in the cities of Edmonton and Calgary and were compared with O3 values reported earlier in rural Alberta areas. Ozone concentrations in Alberta cities typically exhibit a max in May (up to 35 ppb) and a minimum in Nov (as low as 4 ppb). This behavior is similar to that of rural Alberta O3 concentrations. Annual O3 concentrations at the urban monitoring stations vary from 11 ppb to 22 ppb and are about one-half the values at rural stations. In winter, urban O3 concentrations are always smaller than rural concentrations and the cities act as sinks for O3. Canada's hourly maximum desirable level (50 ppb) is exceeded 11 times more often at the rural stations than at the urban stations.|Ozone (O3) concn were monitored above a 30 m Douglas-fir canopy at Cedar River, Washington from 1 Apr to 30 Sept in 1986 and 1987. Max avg hourly O3 were similar in both yr. O3 concn exceeded 0.12 ppm on 2 days in 1986 and 1 day in 1987. Fifteen and 14 days had ozone concn > or = 0.08 ppm in 1986 and 1987, respectively. O3 concn were pos related to daily radiation and max daily air temp. Only 46% of the variance in ozone concn in 1986 could be explained by solar radiation and even less was explained by max temp (26%). In 1987, 51 and 54% of the variation in O3 concn was explained by solar radiation and temp, respectively. Max avg hourly O3 concn peaked near 1500 hr for days > 0.06 ppm with minimum values near 0600 hr. Highest concn were observed when the wind was blowing from the northwest from the Seattle area.|Data collected by the Texas Air Control Board for the years 1973 through 1983 were examined to determine whether any positive relationships existed between ambient hydrocarbon concentrations and daily maximum ozone levels. When daily peak hourly average ozone concentrations and daily peak hourly average nonmethane hydrocarbon concentrations were plotted, it was demonstrated that essentially any concentration of ozone can result from any concentration of hydrocarbons. Additionally, low concentrations of hydrocarbons were not associated with concurrent low levels of ozone. At very high hydrocarbon levels, ozone levels were likely to be below the standard of 120 ppb, whereas at very low hydrocarbon levels ozone levels were likely to be high. The relationship between ozone and nitrogen oxides were examined (daily peak hourly averages) and trends similar to those with ozone and hydrocarbon concentrations were noted. Ozone concentrations tended to increase as values of the hydrocarbons to nitrogen oxides ratio decreased. Ozone concentrations increased with increasing air temperature.|For more Atmospheric Concentrations (Complete) data for OZONE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

moderately toxic

THYROXINE WORSENED RESPONSE TO OZONE & ANIMALS DIED FROM OTHERWISE TOLERATED DOSES. ANTITHYROID DRUGS INCR RESISTANCE TO OZONE. NERVE-BLOCKING AGENTS (PHENOXYBENZAMINE OR ERGOTAMINE) IN THE ADRENALECTOMIZED RAT ALSO INCR RESISTANCE TO OZONE.|INCR RESPIRATORY RESPONSE TO HISTAMINE INJECTED SC IN GUINEA PIGS TWO HR AFTER TWO-HR EXPOSURE TO 1 TO 5 PPM OZONE. INCR MORTALITY FROM HIGHER LEVELS OF HISTAMINE COULD BE PRODUCED BY AS LITTLE AS 0.5 TO 1 PPM OZONE. THE INCR SUSCEPTIBILITY PERSISTED UP TO 12 HR AFTER A TWO HR EXPOSURE TO 5 PPM OZONE.|ACUTE TOXICITY OF OZONE MAY BE LESSENED BY SIMULTANEOUS OR PRIOR INHALATION OR INJECTION OF ... SULFUR-CONTAINING COMPD. TECHNICAL-GRADE HYDROGEN SULFIDE GIVEN SIMULTANEOUSLY IN MOLAR RATIO OF 2:1 REDUCED MORTALITY PRODUCED BY WHAT WOULD HAVE BEEN LC50 CONCN OF OZONE TO 20%. ... MAJOR PROTECTION WAS OBTAINED BY IP INJECTION OF DIMETHYL DISULFIDE OR HYDROGEN POLYSULFIDE (ABOUT 20 MG/KG) PRIOR TO OZONE EXPOSURE.|ELEVEN HEALTHY MALE SUBJECTS AGED 23 TO 38 YR WERE EXPOSED TO PURIFIED AIR, TO NO2, O3, & SO2 ALONE, TO MIXT OF NO2 + SO2, & NO2 + O3 IN MAX ALLOWABLE CONCN, & TO A MIXT OF NO2 + SO2 + O3 IN MAX ALLOWABLE CONCN. RESPIRATORY GAS EXCHANGE FOR O2 DECR & AIRWAY RESISTANCE INCR WAS OBSERVED IN ALL SERIES WITH NO2 IN MAX ALLOWABLE CONCN. THE COMBINATIONS OF NO2 + O3, NO2 + SO2, OR NO2 + SO2 + O3 DID NOT SHOW A STRONGER EFFECT THAN NO2 ALONE.|For more Interactions (Complete) data for OZONE (20 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

... Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3FI mice were exposed to ozone by inhalation for 4 weeks, 2 years, or for 124 weeks (rats) or 130 weeks (mice). The oxygen used to generate the ozone was greater than 99.9% pure. Additional groups of male F344/N rats were administered injections of 4-(N-methyl-Nnitrosamino)-1 -(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) (~99% pure) ... for 2 years. ... 2 YEAR OZONE STUDY IN RATS: ... Groups of 50 male and 50 female F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 0.12, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone by inhalation for 6 hours per day, 5 days/wk, for 105 wk. LIFETIME OZONE STUDY IN RATS: For this study, rats were exposed to 0.5 and 1.0 ppm ozone for an additional 6 mo to determine the effect of extended exposure on neoplasm incidence. Groups of 50 male and 50 female F344/N rats were exposed to 0, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone by inhalation for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 125 wk. 2 YEAR OZONE STUDY IN MICE: ... Groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 0.12, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone by inhalation for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 105 wk. LIFETIME OZONE STUDY IN MICE: ... Groups of 50 male and 50 female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm ozone by inhalation for 6 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 130 wk. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2 yr and lifetime inhalation studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of ozone in male or female F344/N rats exposed to 0.12, 0.5, or 1.0 ppm. There was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of ozone in male B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity of ozone in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma. ...

Preclude from exposure those personnel with pulmonary diseases.

FORMED LOCALLY IN AIR FROM LIGHTNING, IN STRATOSPHERE BY UV RADIATION|FOUND IN ATMOSPHERE IN VARYING PROPORTIONS (ABOUT 0.05 PPM @ SEA LEVEL), SINCE IT IS PRODUCED CONTINUOUSLY INTHE OUTER LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE BY THE ACTION OF SOLAR UV RADIATION ON THE OXYGEN OF THE AIR.

ALSO OCCURS ... BY ELECTROLYSIS OF ALKALINE PERCHLORATE SOLN.|REACTION BETWEEN ATOMIC OXYGEN & MOL OXYGEN RESULTS IN FORMATION OF OZONE, THE PRINCIPAL OXIDIZING AGENT OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. FURTHER REACTIONS INVOLVE OZONE & REACTIVE HYDROCARBONS (OLEFINS) TO PRODUCE MANY PRODUCTS, NATURE OF WHICH IS NOT YET FULLY KNOWN.|Ozone is ... is formed through complex chemical reactions between precursor emissions of volatile organic compounds like hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in the presence of sunlight.|Simultaneous, high resolution measurements of ozone (O3), NO, CO, dew point temp, and UV flux obtained during the NASA Global Tropospheric Experiment Chemical Instrumentation Test and Evaluation (GTE/CITE l) spring 1984 airborne field exercise over the eastern North Pacific Ocean were analyzed. The mid tropospheric O3 mixing ratio averaged about 48 + or - 15 parts per billion by volume (ppbv). Statistical analysis of the high resolution data indicates the existence of two O3 sources: one related to the downward transport of ozone- rich air from the upper troposphere and stratosphere and the other to the transport of O3-rich air from the continents.

A photochemical model was used to quantify the sensitivity of the tropospheric oxidants ozone (O3) and OH to changes in methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), and NO emissions and to perturbations in climate and stratospheric chemistry. Coefficients of the form delta ln[O3]/delta ln[X] and delta ln[OH]/delta ln[X], where [X]= flux of CH4, CO, NO, stratospheric O3, and H2O have been calculated for a number of chemically coherent regions (e.g. nonpolluted continental, nonpolluted marine, urban) at low and middle latitudes. Sensitivities in O3 and OH vary with regional emissions patterns and are nonlinear within a given region as [X] changes. In most cases incr CH4 an CO emissions will suppress OH (neg coefficients) in incr O3 (pos coefficients) except in areas where NO and O3 influenced by pollution are sufficient to incr OH. Stratospheric O3 depletion will tend to decr O3 (except in high NOx areas) and incr OH through enhanced UV photolysis. Incr levels of water vapor (one possible outcome of a global warming) will also decr O3 and incr OH. In most regions, NO, CO and CH4 emission incr will suppress OH and incr O3, but these trends may be opposed by stratospheric O3 depletion and climate change. A regional survey of OH and O3 levels suggests that the tropics have a pivotal role in determining the earth's future oxidizing capacity.|Ozone concn above 80 ppb are common in the East U.S. in spring and summer, but they are unusual in the West, and ozone shows considerably more day-to-day variability in the East. Variations in ozone levels are highly correlated over distances of several hundred kilometers in the East, indicating that high values are associated with episodes of large spatial scale, > 600,000 sq km. There were 10 and 7 such episodes in 1978 and 1979, respectively, between the mo of Apr and Sept; they persisted for 3-4 days, on avg, with a range of 2-8 days, and were most common in Jun. Daily max ozone values exceeded 90 ppb at over half the sites during these episodes and were often > 120 ppb at one or more sites. An analysis of the meteorology for each episode shows that they occurred preferentially in the presence of weak, slow-moving, and persistent high-pressure systems. Two episodes that occurred outside the summer half of the yr were associated with unseasonably warm weather; only 1 episode, in Mar 1978, appeared to reflect a major stratospheric intrusion. Concn of NOx at rural locations in the East are frequently high enough (> 1 ppb) to permit significant photochemical formation of ozone. It is clear that rural ozone in the East in spring and summer is severely impacted by anthropogenic emissions of NOx and hydrocarbons, and that ozone episodes occur when the weather is particularly conducive to photochemical formation of ozone. Ozone episodes were present on 23% of days in May-Aug in the East in 1978-1979.|Measurements from the eastern north Pacific stratocumulus regime have been used to study components of the regional ozone budget. The surface destruction rate was determined by eddy correlation of ozone and vertical velocity measured during 8 flights of a low flying aircraft. Significant variability (2580 to 6460 s/m) was found in the measured surface resistance; it was partially correlated with friction velocity but appears to have other controlling influences as well. The mean resistance was 4190 + or - 840 s/m, which is higher (slower destruction) than most previous estimates for seawater. Flux and mean measurements throughout the marine boundary layer were used to estimate the net rate of in-situ photochemical production/destruction of ozone. Averaged over the flights, ozone concn was found to be near steady state, and a net photochemical destruction of 0.02 to 0.07 ng/cu m/sec was diagnosed. Ozone vertical distributions above the boundary layer showed a strongly layered structure with very sharp gradients.|The results from a two dimensional model were analyzed to determine the principal modes of balance for ozone (O3) concn in different regions of the stratosphere. The analysis showed that except near the poles, O3 is in photochemical equilibrium above 35 km. In the lower stratosphere, equatorward of 50 degrees, concn of O3 is neither photochemically controlled nor transport controlled, but is set by a balance between transport and chemical processes. The low abundance of O3 in the tropics is a result of the balance between photochemical production and transport out of the region. The seasonal behavior at high latitudes, as evident from the springtime maxima, results from a balance between photochemical removal and transport into the region.|REACTION BETWEEN ATOMIC OXYGEN & MOL OXYGEN RESULTS IN FORMATION OF OZONE, THE PRINCIPAL OXIDIZING AGENT OF PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG. FURTHER REACTIONS INVOLVE OZONE & REACTIVE HYDROCARBONS (OLEFINS) TO PRODUCE MANY PRODUCTS, NATURE OF WHICH IS NOT YET FULLY KNOWN.

Measurements from the eastern north Pacific stratocumulus regime have been used to study components of the regional ozone budget. The surface destruction rate was determined by eddy correlation of ozone and vertical velocity measured during 8 flights of a low flying aircraft. Significant variability (2580 to 6460 s/m) was found in the measured surface resistance; it was partially correlated with friction velocity but appears to have other controlling influences as well. The mean resistance was 4190 + or - 840 s/m, which is higher (slower destruction) than most previous estimates for seawater. Flux and mean measurements throughout the marine boundary layer were used to estimate the net rate of in situ photochemical production/destruction of ozone. Averaged over the flights, ozone concn was found to be near steady state, and a net photochemical destruction of 0.02 to 0.07 ng/cu m/sec was diagnosed. Ozone vertical distributions above the boundary layer showed a strongly layered structure with very sharp gradients.

... FOUND ... AROUND SOURCES OF X-RAYS AND UV RAYS, ELECTRIC ARCS (WELDING AND SPECTROGRAPHIC EQUIPMENT, FOR EXAMPLE), MERCURY VAPOR LAMPS, ULTRA-BILLION-VOLT LINEAR ACCELERATORS AND ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES IN GENERAL.

Compounds that accept electrons in an oxidation-reduction reaction. The reaction is induced by or accelerated by exposure to electromagnetic radiation in the spectrum of visible or ultraviolet light. (See all compounds classified as Oxidants, Photochemical.)

EXPT IN BEAGLE DOGS, RABBITS, & GUINEA PIGS INDICATE THAT MORE THAN HALF THE OZONE INHALED IS TAKEN UP BY THE NASAL & PHARYNGEAL MUCOSA, WITH EXPOSURES TO LESS THAN 2 PPM.|... IN MONKEYS, OZONE APPEARS TO BE ABSORBED ALONG THE ENTIRE RESPIRATORY TRACT,PENETRATING DEEPLY INTO THE PERIPHERAL, NONCILIATED AIRWAYS, & CAUSING ITS MOST CONSPICUOUS LESIONS IN THE RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES & ALVEOLAR DUCTS.|Ozone deposition velocity and ozone permeance were determined for a variety of isolated plant cuticles from the adaxial leaf surfaces. Ozone deposition velocity was lower than determined with whole plants kept in darkness. It declined continuously during exposure to the gas and showed a recovery effect after an interruption of the fumigation. It incr with the moisture content of the cuticles and decr when the ozone concn in the surrounding air was raised. The deposition velocity was much higher than cuticular ozone permeance at equiv ozone concn. Due to the ozone decay in the cuticle, ozone permeance was much lower in thick than in thincuticles. Even with the most permeable cuticles, ozone uptake under natural conditions is smaller than the flux through open stomata by a factor of at least 10,000.|Transpiration and ozone uptake rates were measured simultaneously in sunflower (Helianthus annuus leguminosae) leaves at different stomatal openings and various ozone concn (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 nl/l). Ozone uptake rates were proportional to the ozone concn up to 1500 nl/l. During a light-induced incr in transpiration and in carbon dioxide uptake rates, the ozone uptake rate also increased. The leaf gas phase diffusion resistance (stomatal plus boundary layer) to water vapor was calculated and converted to the resistance to ozone multiplying it by the theoretical ratio of diffusion coefficients for water vapor and ozone in air (1.67). The ozone concn in intercellular air spaces calculated from the ozone uptake rate and diffusion resistance to ozone scattered around zero (0.43 to -7.55 umol/cu m). The ozone concn in intercellular air spaces was measured directly by supplying ozone to the leaf from one side and measuring the equilibrium concn above the other side and it was found to be zero. Total leaf resistance to ozone was proportional to the gas phase resistance to water vapor with a coefficient of 1.68.|Transfer of ozone (O3) to forests is restricted by surface and internal resistances of foliage. O3 is efficiently absorbed through stomata. A multi-layer canopy gas and radiation exchange model (Maestro) was modified to calculate air pollutant deposition. Leaf boundary layer resistances, and stomatal resistances in the model were adjusted for gas molecular diffusivity, and leaf surface resistances and internal resistances were added. By using the proper resistances, Maestro may be used to model the deposition of O3.

THE /SRP: REACTION/ ... OF OZONE IS MAINLY THROUGH THE OXIDATION OF LUNG LIPIDS. /SRP: OXIDATION/ REACTION PRODUCTS THAT MAY BE EXCRETED INCL MALONALDEHYDE, ETHANE, & PENTANE.

Oxygen 18 was used as a tracer for inhaled ozone in mice. The amount of ozone derived oxygen in the lung was determined by measuring the amount of oxygen 18 in excess of the natural abundance level which remained covalently bound to organic constituents of lung following exposure to 1 ppm ozone for up to 60 min. The rate of disappearance of ozone derived oxygen from the lung was determined by quantifying the rate of decrease of oxygen 18 in excess of the natural abundance level in lung from mice exposed to 1 ppm ozone 18 for 45 min. With exposure at 1 ppm ozone, ozone derived oxygen accumulated in lung at a rate of 4.38 pmol/mg dry weight/min. Ozone derived oxygen had a half-life in lung of about 6 hr. At least 44 pmol of ozone reacted with lung tissue every minute of exposure to 1 ppm ozone.

THE BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISM OF PULMONARY INJURY PRODUCED BY OZONE MAY BE DUE TO THE FORMATION OF REACTIVE FREE-RADICAL INTERMEDIATES. OZONE-INDUCED FREE RADICALS MAY BE DERIVED FROM INTERACTION WITH SULFHYDRYL GROUPS, FROM OXIDATIVE DECOMP OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS, OR BOTH. SEVERAL LINES OF EVIDENCE INDICATE THAT ONE OF THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIONS OF OZONE IS REACTION WITH UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS. THE OZONIZATION OF THESE FATTY ACIDS IS ESSENTIALLY EQUIVALENT TO LIPID PEROXIDATION.|OZONE CAUSES DESQUAMATION OF THE EPITHELIUM THROUGHOUT THE CILIATED AIRWAYS & PRODUCES DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN TYPE-I CELLS & SWELLING OR RUPTURE OF THE CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIUM IN THE ALVEOLI. THE TYPE-I CELLS ARE LATER REPLACED BY TYPE-II CELLS.|EFFECTS OF AMBIENT LEVELS OF OZONE ON CELL SIZE & COMPARTMENTS WERE DETERMINED MORPHOMETRICALLY FOR IN SITU & LAVAGED PULMONARY ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES FROM RATS EXPOSED TO FILTERED AIR OR TO FILTERED AIR WITH 0.60 PPM OZONE. THE OZONE EXPOSURE WAS 8 HR/DAY FOR 3 DAYS. SIGNIFICANT EXPOSURE-RELATED COMPARTMENTAL VOLUME & DIAMETER CHANGES OF IN SITU CENTRIACINAR MACROPHAGES WERE: DECREASED ENDOPLASM; INCREASED LYSOSOME-LIKE STRUCTURES; DECREASED PRIMARY LYSOSOMES; INCREASED SMALL & LARGE SECONDARY LYSOSOMES; & DECREASED PHAGOSOMES/AUTOPHAGOSOMES.|RABBITS WERE EXPOSED TO 0.4 PPM OZONE, 7 HR/DAY, 5 DAYS/WK FOR 6 WK, 2 WK AFTER PNEUMONECTOMY. EXPOSURE OF CONTROL ANIMALS TO OZONE RESULTED IN A 15% INCREASE IN LUNG VOLUME. LUNG GROWTH ACCOMPANYING PNEUMONECTOMY WAS NOT COMPROMISED UNDER CONDITIONS OF EXPOSURE TO OZONE, & MALES & FEMALES OF THE SAME AGE & BODY WEIGHT GAVE SIMILAR RESPONSES AS MEASURED BY MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS.

Ozone is highly toxic via inhalation or by contact of liquid to skin, eyes, or mucous membranes. It is capable of causing acute to chronic lung damage, burns, and death or permanent injury. Ozone can be toxic at a concentration of 100 ppm for 1 minute. Ozone is capable of causing death from pulmonary edema. It increases sensitivity of the lungs to bronchoconstrictors and allergens, increases susceptibility to and severity of lung bacterial and viral infections. (EPA, 1998)

Warning: Effects may be delayed for 12 to 24 hours. Caution is advised. Signs and Symptoms of Acute Ozone Exposure: Signs and symptoms of acute exposure to ozone may be severe and include irritation and burns of the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. An increased respiratory rate, shallow breathing, cough, dyspnea (shortness of breath), bronchitis, pulmonary edema, and pulmonary hemorrhage may occur. Tachycardia (rapid heart rate) and hypotension (low blood pressure) may be observed. Neurologic effects include fatigue, dizziness, drowsiness, headache, exhiliration, and depression. Nausea, vomiting, and anorexia may occur. Eye exposure may result in conjuctivitis (red, inflamed eyes). Emergency Life-Support Procedures: Acute exposure to ozone may require decontamination and life support for the victims. Emergency personnel should wear protective clothing appropriate to the type and degree of contamination. Air-purifying or supplied-air respiratory equipment should also be worn, as necessary. Rescue vehicles should carry supplies such as plastic sheeting and disposable plastic bags to assist in preventing spread of contamination. Inhalation Exposure: 1. Move victims to fresh air. Emergency personnel should avoid self-exposure to ozone. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 4. Transport to a health care facility. Dermal/Eye Exposure: 1. Remove victims from exposure. Emergency personnel should avoid self- exposure to ozone. 2. Evaluate vital signs including pulse and respiratory rate, and note any trauma. If no pulse is detected, provide CPR. If not breathing, provide artificial respiration. If breathing is labored, administer oxygen or other respiratory support. 3. Remove contaminated clothing as soon as possible. 4. If eye exposure has occurred, eyes must be flushed with lukewarm water for at least 15 minutes. 5. THOROUGHLY wash exposed skin areas with soap and water. 6. Obtain authorization and/or further instructions from the local hospital for administration of an antidote or performance of other invasive procedures. 7. Transport to a health care facility. Ingestion Exposure: No information is available. (EPA, 1998)|(See procedures)

Fresh air, rest. Half-upright position. Refer for medical attention.

ON FROSTBITE: rinse with plenty of water, do NOT remove clothes. Refer for medical attention .

First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then refer for medical attention.

Treatment is supportive, similar to that for smoke inhalation and chlorine

THE PRIMARY SITE OF ACUTE INJURY IS THE LUNG WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY PULMONARY CONGESTION, EDEMA, AND HEMORRHAGE. THERE ARE INDICATIONS IN MAN THAT THERE ARE SECONDARY SITES OF REACTION ... CHARACTERIZED BY A DEFECT IN OXYGEN DISSOCIATION FROM OXYHEMOGLOBIN.|LIQUID ... ON CONTACT WITH SKIN OR MUCOUS MEMBRANES MAY PRODUCE SEVERE BURNS.|WHEN INHALED AT CONCN NOT ACUTELY INJURIOUS PER SE MAY INITIATE, ACCELERATE OR EXACERBATE RESPIRATORY TRACT DISEASE OF BACTERIAL OR VIRAL ORIGIN. HUMAN VOLUNTEERS EXPOSED AT 0.5 PPM THREE HR A DAY, SIX DAYS A WK, FOR 12 WK, SHOWED SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN LUNG FUNCTION.|... LOWERING OF BLOOD PRESSURE, OWING TO CENTRALLY CONDITIONED DILATION OF THE PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS.|For more Human Toxicity Excerpts (Complete) data for OZONE (26 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Ground Level Ozone

The substance can be absorbed into the body by inhalation.|inhalation, skin and/or eye contact

irritation eyes, mucous membrane; pulmonary edema; chronic resp disease

Sore throat. Cough. Headache. Shortness of breath. Laboured breathing.

ON CONTACT WITH LIQUID: FROSTBITE.

Redness. Pain.

Eyes, respiratory system

Ozone: ACTIVE|DETERIORATION OF RUBBER IS ACCELERATED BY TRACES OF OZONE.|OZONE IS A HIGHLY EFFICIENT DISINFECTANT WHICH MAY HAVE SIGNIFICANT ADVANTAGES IN WATER TREATMENT COMPARED TO CHLORINE. IT HAS, HOWEVER, BEEN SHOWN THAT MUTAGENIC & POSSIBLY CARCINOGENIC BY-PRODUCTS MAY BE PRODUCED UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS OF OZONATION. LIGHT CHLORINATION FOLLOWING OZONIZATION MAY MEET THE HIGHEST STANDARDS OF WATER DISINFECTION. IN MANY CASES OZONE TREATMENT ALONE MAY SUFFICE.|Contributes to formation of photochemical smog.|The ozone generation rate and particle size dependent (0.01-10 micrometers) filtration efficiency of an in-duct residential electronic air cleaner were measured. Filtration efficiencies were typically 70-90%, showing decreasing efficiency with increasing flowrate. Ozone generation rates were about 3 ug/s. Scans of the aerosol concn on the downwind face of the electronic air cleaner were used to locate, then eliminate, areas of aerosol sneakage. Sneakage was detected along the top and bottom of the electronic air cleaner face, apparently due to incomplete aerosol charging for aerosol passing near the ends of the ionizing wires. Areas away from the top and bottom had near-zero aerosol penetration. Based on these results, the inlet to the electronic air cleaner was masked to eliminate airflow through the sneakage areas. The resultant efficiency of the masked electronic air cleaner was nearly 100% for particles larger than 0.1 micrometer diameter; however, the filtration efficiency for particles smaller than 0.1 um was not significantly affected by masking.

NIOSH Method S8. Analyte: Ozone. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Potassium iodide method. Method Evaluation: Method was validated over the range of 0.1 to 0.4 mg/cu m using a 45 liter sample. Method detection limit: Not determined. Precision (CVT): 0.0806. Applicability: Under the conditions of sample size (not given) the useful range is not determined. Interferences: Chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides, and various other oxidants will liberate iodine by this method. Negative interferences from reducing gases such as sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide are very serious (probably on a mole to mole equivalency).|NIOSH Method 153. Analyte: Ozone. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Potassium iodide absorption--colorimetric. Method Evaluation: Method was validated over the range of 0.01 to 10 ppm using a 10 ml sample. Method detection limit: Not determined. Precision (CVT): + or - 5%. Applicability: Under the conditions of sample size (not given) the useful range is not determined. Interferences: Negative interfer interferences are sulfur dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.|NIOSH Method 154. Analyte: Ozone. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Colorimetric alkaline potassium iodide method. Method Evaluation: Method was validated over the range of 0.1 to 0.4 mg/cu m using a 45 liter sample. Method detection limit: 0.04 mg/cu m. Precision (CVT): 0.08. Applicability: Under the conditions of sample size (not given) the useful range is not validated. Interferences: Chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, organic peroxides, and various other oxidants will liberate iodine by this method.|CAN BE MEASURED DIRECTLY IN ATMOSPHERE BY ... KRUGER UV PHOTOMETER.|For more Analytic Laboratory Methods (Complete) data for OZONE (8 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

Fire Hazards -> Reactive - 3rd degree